The proportional resonant (PR) controller provides gains at a certain frequency (resonant frequency) and

eliminates steady-state errors. Therefore, the PR controller can be successfully applied to single-phase grid-connected
VSIs. The transfer function of an ideal PR controller is given as follows:
K s
GPR  s   K ph  2 rh 2 (3)
s  h
where K ph , K rh , and h are the proportional gain, resonant gain, and frequency for the h-order harmonic, respectively.
Examples of Bode diagram of several PR controllers with the fundamental resonant frequency are shown in Fig. 4. In
this practice, Kph is set to 1, Krh is set to 100, 1000, and 10000, respectively.
Bode Diagram
400
350
300
250
Magnitud

200
e (dB)

150
100
50
0
-50

90

45 Ki = 1000
Phase
(deg)

0 Ki = 100

-45
Ki=10000
-90
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency
(Hz)

Figure 4. Bode diagrams of PR controllers with the fundamental resonant frequency.

The frequency response characteristics of the PR controller at the selected resonant frequency are calculated as
follows:

K P2 h2   2   K rh2  2
2

GPR  j   (5)
 2
h 2 

 K rh 
GPR  j   arctan   (6)
 K P h    
2 2

To reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of grid current below 5% as mentioned in the IEEE1547 standard for
interconnecting distributed generations and mitigate odd harmonics of 3 rd, 5th, and 7th orders, a harmonic compensator
(HC) is cascaded with the PR controller in (4). The transfer function of the HC and PR controller is thus given as
follows:
K rh s
GPR  s   GPR1  s   GPR 3  s   GPR 5  s   GPR 7  s    K ph   (7)
h 1,3,5,7,... h 1,3,5,7,... s 2
 h2
At the cross-over frequency, the magnitude-frequency response of the system is unity, and the controller gain Kph of
PR controllers is determined as follows:
 
  GPRh  j   C  Gvi  j   C  1
 h 1,3,5,7... 
(8)
1
  K ph 
h 1,3,5,7... Gvi  j   
C

The unity gain of the PR controller can be divided among harmonic orders of grid voltage. For example, if the tracking
for the fundamental current and low order harmonics is given a higher priority compared to other harmonic orders,
GPR1  j    Gvi  j    is given the highest value while the corresponding quantities for tracking 3th, 5th, and hth
C C

can be set to smaller values.

The PM of the PR controller is determined based on the desired value PM of the system’s open-loop transfer function
the cross-over frequency c Error! Reference source not found., which is given as follows:
PM   GPRh  j    + Gvi  j     1800 (9)
C C

Since the PM of system is limited by its minimum and maximum values, the PM of the PR controller is thus
calculated as follows:

min  PM     Gvi  j     1800    GPRh  j     max  PM    Gvi  j     1800 

 C  C  C  (10)
or: A1   GPRh  j     A2
C

where:
A1  min  PM     Gvi  j     1800 
 C 
(11)
A2  max  PM     Gvi  j     1800 
 C 
Substituting (6) into (11), the lower and upper thresholds of Krh are determined as follows:
 K rhc 
A1  arctan    A2
 K p h  c  
2 2

K rhc
 tan  A1    tan  A2 
K p 02  c2  (12)

tan  A1  K p h2  c2  tan  A2  K p h2  c2 

  K rh 
c c
 min  K rh   K rh  max  K rhi 
fs
The relation between the cross-over frequency fc, the sampling frequency fs is f c  .
10