Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference

RWTH Aachen University

DAYLIGHTING DRIVEN DESIGN: OPTIMIZING KALEIDOCYCLE

FACADE FOR HOT ARID CLIMATE

Y. Elghazi1, A. Wagdy2, S. Mohamed3 and A. Hassan4

1
Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
2
The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
3
Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
4
Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt

ABSTRACT reduced artificial lighting consumption (Reinhart,

Facade design has significant impact on daylight. This
paper presents a facade based on origami:
kaleidocycle rings that can be morphed enhancing
daylight performance in residential spaces, which
complies with both LEED V4 and Daylight
availability. Daylighting analysis was integrated using
Grasshopper, Diva and Genetic optimization for a
south-oriented living room facade in Cairo, Egypt,
through two phases. First phase dealt with base cases
of specific typology. Second phase was conducted
using parametric optimization process. Results
demonstrate that Kaleidocycle rings of 30 cm size and
64 rotation’s angle reached results that exceed LEED
v4 requirements while passing Daylight availability
standards.
INTRODUCTION
As the world gives increased focus on energy
efficiency and occupant comfort, there is now an
emerging need to include sustahnability–related
performance aspects within design, most notably
energy and daylighting (Lagios et al., 2010). Façade
openings play an important role in providing daylight,
which is considered the best source of light that
matches human visual response and required colour.
Thus, they have a substantial positive impact on the
occupants (Li & Tsang, 2008). More recently, New
methodologies have been developed to use daylight
simulation as a driven tool for design, which showed
the benefits of parametric driven façade to reach
maximum daylight quality.
In this research; daylighting will be the key
performance criteria to design non-simplified double
façades using parametric design and optmization tools
for residential spaces.The paper presents initial
findings of an ongoing research.
Daylighting in residential spaces
2001). Significant energy savings can be gained if the
design process encompasses thoughtful daylighting
strategies incorporated into the design process on the
early design phases (Jason & El Sheikh, 2011).
Daylight Autonomy
Daylighting design is a key aspect of building rating
systems such as Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design system (LEED). It uses
metrics such as Daylight autonomy (DA), which is the
percentage of annual work hours during which all or
part of a building’s lighting needs can be met through
daylighting alone (Reinhart et al., 2006).
Two metrics in LEED v4 are codified for evaluating
daylight autonomy design, which allow a daylit space
to be evaluated for a one year period using two
different performance parameters: sufficiency of
daylight Illuminance and the potential risk of
excessive sunlight penetration (IES, 2012). These two
metrics are: Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and
Annual Sun Exposure (ASE) metrics, which forms
together a clear picture of daylight performance that
can help architects to make good design decisions.
sDA describes how much of a space receives
sufficient daylight, which is for residential spaces
must achieve (sDA 300 lux / 50% of the annual
occupied hours) for at least 55% of the floor area as
shown in Table 1. sDA has no upper limit on
luminance levels, therefore, ASE is used to describe
how much of space receives too much direct sunlight,
which can cause visual discomfort (glare) or increase
the cooling loads. In LEED v4 ASE measures the
percentage of floor area that receives at least 1000 lux
for at least 250 occupied hours per year (C.Sterner,
2014), which must not exceed 10% of floor area
(USGBC, 2013).
Table 1: LEED v4 - Points for daylit floor area:
Spatial daylight autonomy

Daylight is an important element for residential spaces sDA (for regularly occupied floor area) Points
that can contribute to maintain the minimum
illuminance level required to improve indoor 55% 2
environmental quality and user comfort. The benefits
of a carefully planned daylighting concept range from 75% 3
an enhanced lighting quality for the inhabitants to a

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 Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference
RWTH Aachen University
Hybrid Double Façade
Egypt’s climate is classified as hot desert arid climate
according to Köppen’s climate classification system
(Peel et al., 2007). It is characterized by high direct
solar radiation and clear sky which demands special
façade treatments to minimize heat gain while
providing appropriate daylighting.
Double-skin façades are one of the building’s
envelope solutions that can improve indoor climate
while reducing the use of energy if designed properly
(Poirazis, 2006). Traditional double façade types of
buffer, twin face and extract-air, where the exterior
layer is glazed, have been evolved for hot arid climate
resulted in a hybrid approach which employs a
shading screen as the exterior face coupled with a high
performance curtain wall system as the interior layer
of the façade (Boake, 2014). Energy savings are
dependent on the specific configuration of the exterior
shading screen. Screen patterns, tessellated layers,
cellular units or origami crease patterns may present
efficient solution to minimize heat gain while
providing appropriate daylighting.
Origami-Based Design
Recently building skin explorations are carried out
using inspired new ideas of the ancient art of origami.
Origami offers a finite set of paper-folding techniques
that can be cataloged and tested with parametric
modeling software. Origami is based on the sequence,
shape and relationship between surface and points
which can be defined by rules (Figure 1). It can be
viewed as a type of manual algorithm that can be
translated to parametric models (Gao & Ramani).
Figure 1: Origami forms based on geometrical rules
and folding morphology.
Many origami planar explorations of the triangulated-
based skins have been tested rather than volumetric 3d
folding explorations. Lee & Leounis (2011) presented
a surface manipulation tool that can transform the
arrangement of folding planar surfaces, while
Crawford (2010) studied a family of folding geometry
to provide ventilation using parametric modeling. On
the practical platform, the 25-story twin office towers
in the United Arab Emirates feature a computer-
monitored and sensor-controlled screen as shown in
Figure 2, which responds dynamically to the sun,
folding like origami to shade or expose the building.
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Figure 2: Al Bahar Towers in Abu Dhabi by Aedas,
The folding shading system, opens and closes
according to sun's position.
Gao & Ramani presented initial prototypical
explorations for 3d folding as well as the associated
transformative design concept called Kaleidogami.
This method is used for developing spatial objects that
can be flattened, folded and reconfigured. They
developed the concept for a tetrahedral basic structural
unit to enable new forms of 3D folding. By
rearranging, combining and reconfiguring, one can
obtain different configurations with tetrahedral basic
structural unit or shape variation of folding
representation, encompassing multi-primitive and
reconfigurable foldable units (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Tetrahedral basic structural unit
exploration (Gao & Ramani).
Kaleidocycle Skin: Concept and Approach
Rotating rings of tetrahedrons called kaleidocyles are
well known from recreational mathematics. Each
tetrahedron in the cycle is linked to its predecessor and
successor at opposite edges. The mobility criterion
treats each tetrahedron as a rigid object (Fowler &
Guest, 2005).
There is a Lot of different kinds of kaleidocycles but
the most rigid, stable yet interesting is the Hexagonal
Kaleidocycle. Moloney experiments with pattern
showed that increasing the number of edges beyond
six proved counterproductive, as edge differentiation
became harder. Moreover, the hexagon provided a
relatively neutral orientation when a large number
were combined in an offset (Moloney, 2011). A closed
Hexagonal kaleidocycle is tested which is made up of
six irregular tetrahedrons with three symmetry-
distinct configurations (Fowler & Guest, 2005). These
must be made so that: the hinge edges are orthogonal,
and bases of isosceles triangles whose altitudes to the
vertex angles are the same length as their bases.
The kaleidocycle skin is a mix of triangular and
hexagon shapes that provide good edge detection and
reasonable shading detection. The primary concept of
the proposed skin, shown in Figure 4, is that when it
rotates, the hole at the center periodically disappears
(it closes up) to control different levels of daylight
 Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference
RWTH Aachen University
penetration using parametric modelling tool. The
kaleidocycles are scripted to act as apertures, with a
variable hole opening diameter, which will be
optimized to improve daylighting performance.
Figure 4: Shows the Kaleidocycle rotation motions.
Parametric modelling potentials
Parametric tools in architecture have been gaining mo-
mentum over the past few years. The term refers to
digitally modeling a series of design variants whose
relationships to each other are defined through
mathematical operations and different parameters.
These relationships form a parametric space that could
generate numerous of related but distinct forms
(Schumacher, 2009). This new design approach
provides architects with the possibility of making
modifications on any parameters without the need to
recreate the entire model (Wagdy, 2013), and offering
a great potential for geometric design explorations.
Using this approach provides architects with a high
ability to optimize buildings with respect to various
performance aspects. The impact of such a trend is yet
to be seen on building forms and envelopes and their
behavior with respect to different climate.
Grasshopper
In recent years, the design professions have begun
experimenting with parametric design tools such as
Grasshopper which was developed by David Rutten
at Robert McNeel& Associates in 2007 as a
parametric modelling plug-in for Rhinoceros 3D
modeling software (McNeel, 2010). Grasshopper is a
graphical algorithm editor that allows designers with
no formal scripting experience to quickly generate
parametric forms from the simple to the awe-inspiring
(Day, 2009) as there are components within
Grasshopper that allow custom scripts to be written in
VB.NET or C# (Lagios et al., 2010).
Daylight simulation tools
Since green building rating systems such as the US
Green Building Council’s (USGBC) LEED system
encourage the use of simulations, designers are
increasingly reporting that they are using daylight
simulations within their designs (Gasiu & Reinhart,
2008).
There have been various plug-ins developed for
Grasshopper that connect the Rhino geometry to
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simulation softwares. The Geco plug-in allows the
digital model to be analyzed by Autodesk's Ecotect
program (Frick & Grabner, 2011). Similarly, DIVA ,
which stands for Design Iterate Validate Adapt, for
Rhinoceros 3D tools, and provides Grasshopper
components to perform daylight analysis on an
existing architectural model via integration with
Radiance and DAYSIM (Reinhart et al., 2011).
Parametric simulations can give an idea of the
variation in daylighting performance related to the
variation of one or more parameters (Torres et al.,
2007).
Genetic optimization algorithms
Optimization in building design is an interesting point
of study because of the integrated nature of both
environmental and energy performance.It is used to
extensively search the design alternatives looking for
high performance solutions in terms of specified
goals. The simulation-based optimization can
overcome the drawbacks of evaluative trial and error
approach. In order to combine parametric modeling
with an optimization technique to support design
explorations and form finding, Genetic algorithms
(GAs) have been considered. GAs can perform a series
of simulations in a multi-dimensional search space,
increasing the relevance of the cases simulated. They
are used to find the configuration that best matches
desired performance goals (Monks, Oh, & Dorsey,
2000; Turrin, Buelow, & Stouffs, 2011; Rakha &
Nassar, 2011 ).
Genetic algorithms were shown to be effective in
presenting new solutions to optimize light penetration
and shading, taking into account many different
aspects that influencing the performance of a façade
(Zemella et al., 2011). The prediction of daylight
levels by model-fitting was addressed by Coley and
Crabb (Coley D, 1997) using genetic algorithms. Park
et al. also (Park et al., 2003) maximised daylighting
from a double-skin facade using non-linear
programming. The principle was then developed into
a real-time optimization program using genetic
algorithms (Yoon et al., 2011).
The above literature review demonstrates that
previous research did not present any case study which
adopts the new LEED V4 daylighting simulation
methodology, especially in hot climate conditions.
Limited publications were concerned with the
exploitation of window size and shading devisces that
control the solar penetration, and thus improvement of
daylighting performance while diminishing the direct
sunlight expusure could pave the way for their
deploying better sustinable designs which can be
appropriate LEEDV4 evaluation process.
 Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference
RWTH Aachen University

OBJECTIVES
The main goal of this research was the enhancement
of the daylighting of living room by employ a non-
simpleficed shading techique formed by kaleidocycle
rings. In order to achive this goal, an objective was
defiend to identify ideal size/rotation of kaleidocycle
rings by fullfilling both LEED V4 daylighting
requirements and the Daylight Availability dynamic
metric. Investigations focused on the use of parametric
optimization approach to determine the “near-
optimum” kaleidocycle configuration that suit living
Figure 5: Standard South-facing living room with
room space located in hot arid climate of cairo, Egypt.
kaleidocycle skin modelled for daylight analysis.
METHODOLOGY
Table 2: Parameters of the used living room.  

The methodology implemented in this paper was

divided into two successive stages. First stage focused
on the analysis of daylighting performance for base
cases with specific typology, while second phase is
conducted using parametric optimization for different
facade parameters to achieve the near optimum
daylighting adequacy. The two phases used Diva -for-
Rhino (a plug-in for Rhinoceros modelling software).
DIVA uses RADIANCE and DAYSIM as its basic
daylight simulation engines. Radiance and DAYSIM
employ a reverse ray-tracing algorithm based on the
physical behavior of light in a volumetric, three-
dimensional model which should most accurately
represent reality (Ward, 1994).
RADIANCE/DAYSIM has been validated in many
studies (Reinhart & Walkenhorst, 2001; Reinhart &
Breton, 2009; Reinhart & Wienold, 2011). They
represent accurately occupant comfort, behavior and
the distribution of natural light in a space especially
when compared to EnergyPlus (Ramos & Ghisi,
2010).
In this research, a sidelit space has been defined and
constructed a base model on a hypothetical indoor
residential space (living room) of 20 m2 at the first
floor, facing the south direction , which is located in
Cairo, Egypt. Kaliedocycle rings will be applied to
this south-oriented façade.
It should be noted that the reliability of the simulation
results is dependent on a number of factors; the most
notable of these is the modelling of the living room
details and complex Kaleidocycle skin systems, as
well as the geometrical and photometrical properties
used. In order to improve the reliability of results, the
suggested Kaleidocycle skin was modelled in full
detail Figure 5. The properties of the living room,
Kaleidocycle skin and the window were fully
described in Table 2. Radiance renderings and
visualizations of the tested solar screens were
examined before simulation runs in order to ensure
that the model geometry was correctly exported to the
Radiance software.
Indoor Space Parameters
Internal Surfaces Materials
Walls Reflectance= 50%
Ceiling Reflectance= 80%
Floor Reflectance= 20%
Kaleidocycle Reflectance= Metal diffuse
Window Parameters
Glazing VT= 80%
Kaleidocycle Facade logic
Rhinoceros and Grasshopper have been chosen as a
software platform to generate a parametric folding
model focusing on solids’ motion, particularly, by
which kaleidocycle transform from one configuration
to another. The parametric model served as a mean for
better understanding of the geometry of the rings.
Each Kaleidocycle ring motion is defined off the
original geometry through a series of commands:
rotate, move and mirror. Analyses of the movement of
each ring in the system led to a discovery; it is possible
to maintain the movement of the system by rotating
along their axis of symmetry in order to open and close
the skin. This allowed us to apply a closed cycle path
of movement from end to end.
The parametric model starts with a hexagon, where
each side of the hexagon represents the axis of
symmetry for each tetrahedron. While simulating the
movement of each ring the tetrahedrons must be kept
connected edge-to-edge. The edges that are forming
the tetrahedrons were generated from the vertex of the
hexagon to be perpendicular / parallel to the hexagon
plane. Each tetrahedron is drawn as surfaces joining
the two opposite edges, rotating these edges from its
mid points along an axe joining the midpoint with the
center of the hexagon, while in the same time moving
it towards or away from the center of the hexagon.
The concept of the proposed skin depends on the space
created between the tetrahedrons as they rotate to open
and close the Kaleidocycle rings. Different
combinations of Kaleidocycle sizes and angle of

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 Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference
RWTH Aachen University
rotations led to different daylight performance. Those
two variables are considered the main parameters of
the design which were controlled with numeric sliders.
Figure 6 shows various Kaleidocycle size
configurations ranging from 20cm to 65cm for each
unit with a step size of 5 cm, while Kaleidocycles with
different rotation angels ranging from 0 to 90 degrees
wit a step size of 10 degrees are illustrated in Figure 7.
Figure 6: shows the Kaleidocycle size configuration
ranging from 20cm to 65cm (step size= 5 cm).
Figure 7 shows the Kaleidocycle rotation angels
ranging from 0 to 90 degrees (step size= 10 degrees).
Simulation logic
The simulation process that was conducted on this
research can be considered as one of first application
of LEED v4 daylighting methodology; the available
graphical interface tools such as DIVA or Ladybug do
not provide a straightforward procedure which can be
used to evaluate the second criterion of Annual
Sunlight Exposure (ASE), therefore the methodology
which is presented in this research is original and
follows precisely the Approved Method IES Spatial
Daylight Autonomy (sDA) and Annual Sunlight
Exposure (ASE) descripted in Illuminating
Engineering Society report number LM-83-12.
The simulation process conducted in this
paper complied with both LEED V4 daylighting
requirements and Daylight availability (DA). LEEDv4
concentrates on (sDA) and (ASE) which were
described before in the literature review. Three
Daylight Availability evaluation levels were used:
“daylit”, “partially daylit” and “over lit” areas. The
“daylit” areas are those that received sufficient
daylight at least half of the year-round occupied time.
The “partially daylit” areas are those that did not
receive sufficient daylight at least half of the year-
round occupied time. The “over lit” areas are those
areas that received an oversupply of daylight, where
10 times the target Illuminance was reached for at least
5% of the year-round occupied time (Reinhart &
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Wienold, 2011). This section is focusing on the
recreation methodology that was used on this research.
Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA)
The simulation parameters was set to measure daylight
Illuminance sufficiency for the living room, DIVA
parameters were set to calculate the percentage of
analysis points that exceeds a specified Illuminance
level (300 lux) for at least 50% of the total occupied
hours from 8am-6pm over the year (IES, 2012), while
the percentage of sDA should be at least 55% or 75%
to achieve 2 to 3 LEED points. However, the authors
used an optimization approach to maximize the
percentage of sDA more than 75%. For sDA and
Daylight availability metric Radiance parameters were
set as shown in Table 3.
Table 3: The Radiance parameters set for sDA and
Daylight Availability metric.
Ambient Ambient Direct
bounces Divisions threshold
6 1000 0
Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE)
Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE) is the second metric
used by LEED, which searches for any potential
source of visual discomfort, particularly the presence
of direct sunlight. This metric calculates the
percentage of the analysis points that exceeds a
specified illuminance level, 1000 lux, for at least 250
hours of the occupied hours without any contribution
from the sky (IES, 2012). Grasshopper was used to
collect and filter the Illuminance values of each
analysis point over 3650 hours, and present the final
ASE percentage along with the total number of hours
for each analysis points which is exposed to direct
sunlight. Grasshopper facilitates the process for all
analysis points in order to make it feasible for
optimization. Table 4 shows the Radiance parameters
that were used to calculate the ASE.
Table 4: The Radiance parameters set for the ASE.
Ambient Ambient Direct
Bounces Divisions threshold
0 1000 0
PHASE ONE: BASE CASE SIMULATION
First simulation phase dealt with base cases for
Kaleidocycle rings of 20 cm size but with different
rotation angles ranging from 30 to 90 degrees with a
step of 15 degrees as a part of Daylight Availability
(DA) simulation as shown in Figure 8.
 Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference
RWTH Aachen University
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
o o o o
30 45 60 75 90
Partially lit Day lit Over lit
Figure 8 : Shows the Daylight Availability (DA)
Performance of the Base case
The results showed good potentials for the
Kaleidocycle rings in enhancing daylighting
performance that could be optimized to comply with
LEED V4 daylighting requirements as well as
Daylight availability (DA) standards.
PHASE TWO: PARAMETRIC
OPTIMIZATION
This stage aims to optimize the Kaleidocycle
configurations by conducting a parametric
optimization process.
Optimization Parameters
All model parameters were fixed except two variables
which are used for the optimization as show in Table
5.
Table 5: The Optimization Parameters.
Optimization Parameters
Opening Size 20 cm to 65cm (step 1cm)
Rotation Angle 0⁰ to 90⁰ (step 1⁰)
Optimization results
The optimization stopped after 73 generations, the
best results of each generation is presented in the
graphs Figure 9, while each generation contained 30
trials. The graphs show that the daylighting
performance results are gradually enhanced till the
optimized ones. The optimization objective was set to
maximize the daylit area and to minimize the over lit
and ASE areas. The last generation of the optimization
process reached the optimum solution which
eventually gives a better performance than the one
required by LEED v4. The optimum solution in shows
the Kaleidocycle size became small to have Figure 10
more openings with large angle which allows for
better daylighting distribution. On other hand, the
daylighting performance of this solution can easily get
3 LEED points because sDA = 100% which is more
than the required 75%, and the ASE is equal to 5%
which is less two times than the required (10%).
Furthermore the daylight availability metric shows a
comparable performance, even with 6 bounces the
Illuminance levels did not exceed 3000 lux at any
point except the same three points which were
declared by ASE metric. A comparison evaluation was
made to verify the reliability of the optimization
results, the comparison results are illustrated in Table
5. All configurations was tested at 70% WWR which
represent the same ratio of the optimized solution.
o
Table 5: Shows the Daylight Availability (DA)
Performance of the comparing cases.
Day lit
Case Partially Lit Over lit
A 0 55 45
B 0 60 40
C 50 30 20
D 0 75 25
E 0 90 5
A:Simple window without shading.
B:Simple window with electrochromic 60% VT.
C:Simple window with electrochromic 30% VT.
D:Double Façade with Kaleidocycle rings, Size =20
cm, Angle=75 degrees.
E:Optimized Double Façade with Kaleidocycle rings,
Size =30 cm, Angle=64 degrees.
CONCLUSION
This paper presents a hybrid double façade design
driven by daylight performance through incorporating
daylighting simulation tools and genetic optimization
with a parametric facade model of an origami-based;
kaleidocycle rings. The simulations were conducted
for a south oriented façade of a standard living room
for hot arid climate of Cairo, Egypt. Several
Kaleidocycle parameters were modelled but all of
them were fixed except two variables; opening sizes
and rotation angles which were used for the
optimization process. A two stage methodology was
adopted, while the first phase showed potentials in
enhancing daylighting performance by changing
façade typology, the second phase proved that
Kaleidocycle rings of 30 cm size and 64 rotation’s
angle reached better daylighting distribution that
exceed LEED v4 requirements and passing Daylight
Availability standards (Figure 10). The paper
demonstrate that integrating daylighting simulation
tools and genetic algorithm to drive parametric façade
typology contribute in reaching better daylighting
performance. In the future, this study will be extended
to consider thermal loads in façade design.
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 Fifth German-Austrian IBPSA Conference
RWTH Aachen University

Optimum Soultions
Daylight Autonomy LEED v4 Accepted
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

DA
Annual Sunlight Exposure
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

ASE
Daylight Availability
100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

Partially-Daylit Daylit Overlit

Figure 9: Shows DA, ASE and Daylight Availability performance through each generation of the optimization
Daylighting Performance

Partially – daylit = 0%
Rotation Angle = 64 Degree Daylight Autonomy = 100% ASE = 5%
Daylit = 95% Overlit = 5%
Opening Size = 30 cm

Figure

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