SECTION 8 SANITARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL KEVIN D. WILLS, M.S.E., P.E. Consulting Engineer Stanley Consultants, Inc. Design of a Complete-Mix Activated Sludge Reactor Design of a Circular Settling Tank Thickening of a Waste-Activated Sludge Using a Gravity-Belt Thickener Design of an Aerobic Digester Design of an Aerated Grit Chamber Design of Solid-Bowl Centrifuge for Sludge Dewatering Sizing of a Traveling-Bridge Filter Design of a Rapid-Mix Basin and Flocculation Basin Sizing a Polymer Dilution/Feed System Design of a Trickling Filter Using NRC Equations Design of a Plastic Media Trickling Filter Sizing a Rotary-Lobe Sludge Pump Design of an Anaerobic Digester Design of a Chlorination System for Wastewater Disinfection Sanitary Sewer System Design Selection of Sewage-Treatment Method DESIGN OF A COMPLETE-MIX ACTIVATED SLUDGE REACTOR 8.1 8.10 B12 8.16 8.19 8.26 8.28 8.29 8.33 8.36 8.41 8.45 8.49 Domestic wastewater with an average daily flow of 4.0 Mgd (15,140 m?/d) has a five day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD;) of 240 mg/L after primary settling. The effluent is to have a BOD; of 10 mg/L or less. Design a complete-mix activated sludge reactor to treat the wastewater including reactor volume, hydraulic retention time, quantity of sludge wasted, oxygen requirements, food to microorganism ratio, volumetric loading, and WAS and RAS requirements.8.2 SANITARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL Calculation Procedure: 1. Compute the reactor volume The volume of the reactor can be determined using the following equation derived from Monod kinetics: _ &.QM(S,-8 7 Xe +k) where V,= Reactor volume (Mgal) (m) 6, = Mean cell residence time, or the average time that the sludge remains in the reactor (sludge age). For a complete-mix activated sludge process, 6. ranges from 5 to 15 days. The design of the reactor is based on 8, on the assumption that substantially all the substrate (BOD) conversion occurs in the reactor, A 6, of 8 days will be assumed. Average daily influent flow rate (Mgd) = 4.0 Mgd (15,140 m?/d) Maximum yield coefficient (mg VSS/mg BOD). For the activated sludge process for domestic wastewater ¥ ranges from 0.4 to 0.8. A Y of 0.6 mg ‘VSS/mg BOD, will be assumed. Essentially, ¥ represents the maximum mg of cells produced per mg organic matter removed. Influent substrate (BOD.) concentration (mg/L) = 240 mg/L Effluent substrate (BOD,) concentration (mg/L) = 10 mg/L Concentration of microorganisms in reactor = Mixed Liquor Volatile Sus- pended Solids (MLVSS) in mg/L. It is generally accepted that the ratio MLVSS/MLSS ~ 0.8, where MLSS is the Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids concentration in the reactor. MLSS represents the sum of volatile suspended solids (organics) and fixed suspended solids (inorganics). For a complete-mix activated sludge process, MLSS ranges from 1,000 to 6,500 mg/L. An MLSS of 4,500 mg/L will be assumed. = > MLVSS = (0.8)(4500 mg/L) = 3600 mg/L. k4= Endogenous decay coefficient (¢-") which is a coefficient representing the decrease of cell mass in the MLVSS. For the activated sludge process for do- mestic wastewater k, ranges from 0.025 to 0.075 d'1. A value of 0.06 @' will be assumed, st ny Bue wt Therefore: (8 d)(4.0 Mgd)(0.6 mg VSS/mg BOD;)(240 ~ 10)mg/L : (3600 mg/L\(1 + (0.06 (8d) = 0.83 Mgal (110,955 f°) (3140 m°) 2. Compute the hydraulic retention time The hydraulic retention time (8) in the reactor is the reactor volume divided by the influ- ent flow rate: V,/Q. Therefore, 8 = (0.83 Mgal)/(4.0 Mgd) = 0.208 days = 5.0 hours. For a complete-mix activated sludge process, @ is generally 3-5 hours. Therefore, the hydraulic retention time is acceptable. 3. Compute the quantity of sludge wasted The observed cell yield, Yoy, = ¥/1 + ka0- = 0.6/(1 + (0.06 d-!(8 d)) = 0.41 mg/mg repre- sents the actual cell yield that would be observed. The observed cell yield is always less than the maximum cell yield (¥).SANITARY WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL, 83 The increase in MLVSS is computed using the following equation: P.= YorxASo~ S(8.34 Ib/Mgal/mg/L) where P, is the net waste activated sludge produced each day in (Ib VSS/d). Using values defined above: mg VSS P,= (041 me BOD: ME _ iy ME pda ) omega (240 Lo Jase = 3146 Ib VSS/d (1428.3 kg VSS/d) This represents the increase of volatile suspended solids (organics) in the reactor. Of course the total increase in sludge mass will include fixed suspended solids (inorganics) as well. Therefore, the increase in the total mass of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) = Pigs, = (3146 Ib VSS/d)/(0.8) = 3933 Ib SS/d (1785.6 kg SS/d). This represents the total mass of sludge that must be wasted from the system each day. 4. Compute the oxygen requirements based on ultimate carbonaceous oxygen demand (BOD,) The theoretical oxygen requirements are calculated using the BODs of the wastewater and the amount of organisms (P,) wasted from the system each day. If all BOD were convert- ed to end products, the total oxygen demand would be computed by converting BOD, to ultimate BOD (BOD,), using an appropriate conversion factor. The “Quantity of Sludge Wasted” calculation illustrated that a portion of the incoming waste is converted to new cells which are subsequently wasted from the system. Therefore, if the BOD,, of the wast- ed cells is subtracted from the total, the remaining amount represents the amount of oxy- gen that must be supplied to the system. From stoichiometry, it is known that the BOD, of one mole of cells is equal to 1.42 times the concentration of cells. Therefore, the theo- retical oxygen requirements for the removal of the carbonaceous organic matter in waste- water for an activated-sludge system can be computed using the following equation: Ib Oy/d = (total mass of BOD, utilized, Ib/d) ~ 1.42 (mass of organisms wasted, Ib/d) Using terms that have been defined previously where f= conversion factor for con- verting BOD, to BOD, (0.68 is commonly used): Oo 5824 rah) de Ib Od = —(1.42,(P,) Using the above quantities: (4.0 Mgd)(240 mg/L ~ 10 mg/L)(8.34) Ib O,/d= De — (1.42)(3146) Ib/d), = 6816 Ib On/d (3094.5 kg O,/d) This represents the theoretical oxygen requirement for removal of the influent BODs. However, to meet sustained peak organic loadings, it is recommended that aeration equip-