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Sample Technical Reports
Sample Technical Reports
NTA LEVEL 6
PROJECT 1
ADMISSION NO : 160321110605
SUPERVISOR : MR NASSORO,N.S
CLASS : OD 16BEE
JANUARY,2019
DECLARATION
I JANE MALISA, declare that, what is written in this book is original copy of my work.
……………………….. ………………………….
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AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to send my sincere thanks to those who contribute in one way or another before
completion of this project. My sincere gratitude should go to MR NASSORO,N.S for his proper
I also extend my sincere thanks to all members of DIT staff in Department of Electrical
Engineering, my fellow students for their good advice for this project. Moreover, I wish to
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Table of contents
DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………..………i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………..…......ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYM………………………………………...…...v
LIST OF FIGURE……………………………………………………………………….……vi
LIST OF TABLE…………………………………………………………….…………..…..vii
1.0 CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………..……….1
1.1 INTRODUCTION…......................................................................................................1
1.1.1GENERAL INTRODUCTION…………………………..…….……………..….............1
1.1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT…………………..………………….…….……...........…....1
1.1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE..…………………………………………….…........ …..…......1
1.1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVE..………………...…………………………….….... …......…......1
1.1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE…………………………………………….….….........…......1
1.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT……………………………………….…..............……2
1.1.5 METHODOLOGY USED……….…………………………….…….……..….........…..2
2.0 CHAPTER TWO………………………………………………………...…………….3
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………….......………..….………...3
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION………………...……………………………........……..……………3
2.1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM………………………….. ……………….……........……..……..3
2.1.2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM……......….…….……………...3
2.1.2.2 DISADVANTAGE OF EXISTING SYSTEM…………........………..……………....3
2.1.3 STUDY OF PROPOSED SYSTEM...…..…..………………………… ………..….......4
2.1.3.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM……………….………………………………..….…...............4
2.1.3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED SYSTEM…….……….......……………..…....4
2.1.3.2.1 TRANSMITER SECTION......................................................................... …………4
2.1.3.2.2 RECEIVER SECTION............................................................................. …………..5
2.1.3.3 ADVANTAGE OF PROPOSED SYSTEM…….……………….………………...….5
2.1.4 PROPOSED DEVICE……………………………………………………..…………….6
2.1.4.1 TRANSMITER SECTION……………………………………......………….…...…..6
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2.1.4.1.1 MEMS .............................................………………………………………...... ……6
2.1.4.1.2 MICRO-CONTROLLER...........................…………………..……………. ……….6
2.1.4.1.3 BUZZER OR SPEAKER............ ………………………………………... .. ……....6
2.1.4.1.4 ENCODER......... ….………………...…………………………………………......6
2.1.4.1.5 RF TRNSMITER.……………....……………………………….……. ……….…..6
2.1.4.1.6 POWER SUPPLY…………...….……………………………………………….…6
2.1.4.2 RECEIVER SECTION………...…………………………………...........………..…7
2.1.4.2.1 DECORDER…………….…………………………...............…...........………...…7
2.1.4.2.2 LCD DISPLAY……................………………………………….............……….…7
2.1.4.2.3 VOICE IC…………..……………………………...................................…………7
2.1.4.2 RF RECEIVER .................……………………... ……………….............………….7
3.0 CHAPTER THREE…...………………………………………………….……..….….....8
3.1 DATA COLLECTION…………………………………………………………….……..8
3.2 REFERENCE…………...………………………………………………………..………8
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LIST OF ABREVIATION AND ACRONYM
v
LIST OF FIGURE
vi
LIST OF TABLE
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
So I came up with the idea of designing a smart paroxysm prediction and movement detector
system for paralysis patient which will continuously monitor and detect any movement of
paralyzed patient to help doctor monitor the movements effectively.
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1.1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT
• It saves time since the time routine for checkup of patients will be reduced.
• It helps the doctors to know if the medication which are given to the patients are working
or not.
• It doesn’t involves patient disturbance compared to the local method patients are asked to
move.
1. Literature review.
2. Data collection.
3. Data analysis.
4. Designing a prototype.
6. Testing of a prototype.
7. Report writing.
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CHAPTER TWO
The existing system is a local way used to detect the movement of the paralyzed patients which
involves asking the patients to move some parts of the body. This helps them to know if the
medication is working or not.
HAND-
DOCTORS/NU
RSES HELD PATIENT
RULER
Figure 2.1.2.1
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2.1.3 STUDY OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
In this section describes about proposed system, block diagram of proposed system, advantages
of the proposed system and devices.
POWER SUPPLY
ANTENNA
RF
TRANSMITTER
Accelerometer
HT12E Encoder
ATmega 328P
Figure 2.1.3.2.1
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2.1.3.2.2 RECEIVER SECTION
POWER SUPPLY
ANTENNA
RF RECEIVER
BUZZER
HT12D
Decoder
ATmega 328P
Figure 2.1.3.2.2
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2.1.4 PROPOSED DEVICES
The project consists of two sections, transmitter and receiver sections. This sections will
describe about devices that are going to used.
2.1.4.1.4 ENCODER
Is a device, circuit, transducer or algorithm that coverts information from one format to
another, for purpose of standardization, speed or compression. It is used to convert signals
from the microcontroller into a form suitable for transmission.
2.1.4.1.5 RF TRANSMITTER
It transmits the information to the receiver section.
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2.1.4.1.6 POWER SUPPLY
Power supply is a component that supplies electrical power to an electrical device.
2.1.4.2.1 DECODER
2.1.4.2.3 VOICE IC
2.1.4.2.4 RF RECEIVER
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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is the process of collecting necessary information which will be used for
designing a proposed system after being analyzed. This information is obtained from a
particular site of a study.
Table 3.1.1
BODY PARTS TO BE MEASURES
MEASURED
Arm 5-10mm
Leg 5-15mm
Alert sound can spread room (nurse station) about 4m (to not disturb other patients)
Table 3.1.2
The Parameters of Arm Standard Measurements
Parameter Measures
Number of Axes 3
Frequency Range 0.1 to 25 Hz
Maximum Acceleration +/- 5 g
Amplitude
3.2 REFERENCE
The following are the source of information which I used to get the materials
1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/paroxysm
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2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nhi.gov/m/pubmed/18300959
CHAPTER FOUR
Data Analysis
4.0 Introduction
The collected data is interpreted in the manner that they give the necessary outputs of different
proposed circuits. So, determination of components values is done here so as to ensure proper
and reliable components are used in project designing.
This type of arduino uses Atmega 328p Microcontroller with many additional features
compared to the other types of Arduino boards such arduino uno that uses an ATmega16U2
,Arduino nano and others.
This type of arduino board allows faster transfer rates and more memory. It is the most popular
arduino board recently.
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The Uno R3 also adds SDA and SCL pins next to the AREF. In addition, there are two new
pins placed near the RESET pin. One is the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage
provided from the board. The other is a not connected and is reserved for future purposes. The
Uno R3 works with all existing shields but can adapt to new shields which use these additional
pins.
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too
much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The
Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now
evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the
reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or outdated boards see
the Arduino index of boards.
Reference: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardUno
Microcontroller: ATmega328
Operating Voltage: 5V
Input Voltage (recommended): 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits): 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins: 6
DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA
Flash Memory: 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed: 16 MHz
Due to the above features arduino uno R3 has very low power consumption, high memory,
and many configuration pins.
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4.2 RF 433MHz Transmitter & Receiver
Nowadays the most popular and reliable RF modules used are 334MHz Transmitter and
Receiver modules. The major reason I choose these modules, it is because of their favorable
features. The RF modules are very small in dimension and have a wide operating voltage
range i.e. 3V to 12V.
The transmitter draws no power when transmitting logic zero while fully suppressing the
carrier frequency thus consume significantly low power in battery operation. When a logic
one is sent carrier is fully on to about 4.5mA with a 3volts power supply. The data is sent
serially from the transmitter which is received by the tuned receiver. The transmitter and the
receiver are duly interfaced to two microcontrollers for data transfer.
It is very easy to interface RF 433MHz modules with Arduino compared to other types of RF
modules. Using a 433mhz transmitter-receiver pair in projects can help make them mobile
and avoid the use of long wires at the same time keeping the projects simple.
For more accurate operation they should be coupled with Encoders and Decoders
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In the case of RF module Encoders and Decoders are used for protecting the data from
unambiguous usage or for avoiding tempering of data protection of data.
In this project, ICs PAINT IC) and HT12D (Decoder IC) are used for transmission of data
between a transmitter and receiving at the receiver end. These ICs transmit the address and
data bus with the encoded form which will get receive in the same pattern of address bus
defined over the transmitter end. So this is the encoded address information with data stored
at a particular address which gets decoded at the receiver end.
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4.3 Accelerometer
In measuring vibrating body in this project ADXL3xx series Accelerometer will be used
since they are the most used and easily available accelerometers available in the market.
Their specifications are the best. They can easily be used together with Arduino Uno R3.
Most accelerometers will have a selectable range of forces they can measure. These ranges
can vary from ±1g up to ±250g. Typically, the smaller the range, the more sensitive the
readings will be from the accelerometer. For example, to measure small vibrations on a
tabletop, using a small-range accelerometer will provide more detailed data than using a 250g
range.
In this project the main aim is to detect any movement made by the patient. For a prject to be
simple a buzzer from SEOH will be used. SEOH Electric Buzzer has a range of 3-24 V and it
produces very audible sound.
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Figure 05. buzzer
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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Introduction
The circuit is designed using proteus 8.7 version software.The circuit normally shows how the system
components and parts are connected together. Then after designing the circuit will be simulated by
compiling the program and fed it into the circuit in proteus software so as to observe the output.
This is basic step in the designing of any electrical or electronic system. Power supply required for
system should be designed in the very best way. The steps involved in the designing of the power
supply are as follows,
Determine the total current that the system sinks from the supply.
Determine the voltage rating required for the different components.
For the system to be designed the supply voltage required is 5V as a maximum voltage with 2A or
less supply currrent
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12 or 9V battery or power adapter is connected to the voltage regulator LM7805. All the
capacitors are there to filter the voltage ripple so as to get pure DC supply. Green led is used
as power indicator. R1 is used as a limiting resistor.
This is the second part of the system. The transmitter circuit is built up by the vibration
Sensor (Accelerometer) that will be used to detect any vibraration made by the patient and
then send the signal to the microcontroller (Atmega 328P). After the microcontroller receives
the signal from the accelerometer, the signal will be analysed per commands and then send
signal to receiver circuit.
The HT12E encoder will be used to encode the signal from the microcontroller and then the
encoded signal will be sent to the receiver circuit via RF transmitter Module.
The main purpose of HT12E encoder is to prevent data loss and interference.
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5.3 Receiver Circuit
The receiver circuit is made up by RF receiver module connected with HT12D decoder.
Here the decorder is used to decode the signal received from the RF receiver and then send
them to the microcontoller, then the microcontroller.switches buzzer and led to indicate that
the patient has made some movements.
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