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MA6251 Engineering Mathematics II Regulation 2013 Lecture Notes All Units PDF
MA6251 Engineering Mathematics II Regulation 2013 Lecture Notes All Units PDF
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UNIT I ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Part – A
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Problem 1 Solve the equation D 2 D 1 y 0
Solution:
1 1 4 1 3i
The A.E is m2 m 1 0 m .
lus
2 2
1 3i 1 3
m and ;
2 2 2
G.S : y e A cos x B sin x
x
1
3x
x 3x
G.S : y e A cos B sin where A, B are arbitrary constants.
2
2 2
hip
Problem 2 Find the particular integral of D 2 a 2 y b cos ax c sin ax.
Solution:
Given D 2 a 2 y b cos ax c sin ax.
art
1 1
P.I b cos ax c. 2 sin ax.
D a2 2
D a2
bx sin ax cx cos ax
2a 2a
dy
x
b sin ax c cos ax .
2a
Solution:
Vi
1
P.I e x cos x
D 1
2
e x
cos x
D 1 1
2
w.
1
e x cos x
D2
1
e x sin x
ww
D
x
e cos x.
m
Problem 4 Find the particular integral of D 2 4 y x 4 .
Solution:
1
P.I x4
.co
D 42
1
x4
D 2
4 1
4
1
1 D2 4
lus
1 x
4 4
1 D2 D4 4
1 x
4 4 16
1 4.3x 2 4.3.2.1
x4
4
1
4
3
x 4 3x2 .
4 2
16
hip
Problem 5 Solve D 2 6 D 9 y e 2 x x3 .
art
Solution:
The A.E is m 2 6m 9 0
m 3 0
2
m 3, 3
C.F: A Bx e 3x
dy
1
e 2 x x 3
D 3
2
e 2 x
x3
Vi
D 2 3
2
e 2 x
x 3 e2 x 1 D x3
2
1 D
2
P.I e 2 x 1 2 D 3D 2 4 D 3 x 3
w.
e 2 x x3 2 3 x 2 3 3.2 x 4 3.2.1
e 2 x x 3 6 x 2 18 x 24
G.S. y A Bx e 3 x x 3 6 x 2 18 x 24 e 2 x .
ww
m
Problem 6 Solve D 2 2 D 1 y x
Solution:
2 4 4
The A.E is m 2 2m 1 0 m
.co
y
2
m 1 2
1 2 x 1 2 x
C.F: Ae Be Ae x e 2x
Be x e 2x
1
P.I 2 x
D 2D 1
lus
1
x
1 2 D D 2
1 2D D 2 x
1
P.I 1 2 D D 2 x x 2
G.S: y e x Ae 2x
Be 2x
hip
x 2.
Problem 7 Find the particular integral D 2 4 D 5 y e2 x cos x
Solution:
art
1
P.I e2 x cos x
D 4D 5
2
1
e2 x cos x
D 2 1
2
dy
1
e 2 x cos x
D 2 2 1
2
1
e 2 x cos x
D 1
2
xe 2 x
Vi
P.I sin x.
2
m
1
1
P.I 2 D 2
1 2 2
D 2 1
G.S: x A cos t B sin t 2.
.co
Problem 9 Solve D3 3D 2 6 D 8 y x .
Solution:
The A.E is m3 3m 2 6m 8 0
m 1 m 2 m 4 0
lus
m 1, 2, 4
C.F is C1e x C2e 2 x C3e 4 x
1
P.I 3 x
D 3D 6 D 8
2
1
D 3D 2 6 D
8 1
3
8
1 D3 3D 2 6 D
1 x
x
1
hip
8 8
1 D 3 3D 2 6 D
art
1 .. x
8 8
1 6 1 3
x x .
8 8 8 4
Complete solution is y C.F P.I
dy
1 3
y C1 e x C2 e 2 x C3e 4 x x .
8 4
Solution:
Given D 2 4 D 13 y e 2 x
The A.E is m 2 4m 13 0
4 16 52
w.
m
2
4 36
2
4 6i
ww
2 3i
2
C.F y e2 x A cos 3x B sin 3x
m
1
P.I. e2 x
D 4 D 13
2
1 1
e2 x e2 x
4 8 13
.co
9
G.S: y C.F P.I
e2 x
y e 2 x A cos 3 x B sin 3x .
9
lus
Solution:
Given D 5 D y 12e x
The A.E is m5 m 0
m m 4 1 0
m4 1 0
m 0 or m 4 1 0
m 2
1 m 2 1 0
hip
m 0, m 1, m i
C.F C1 e0 x C2 e x C3e x C4 cos x C5 sin x
art
1
P.I 12e x
D D 5
1
12e x Replacing D by 1
1 1
dy
x
12e x Replacing D by 1
5D 4 1
x x
12e x 12e x 3xe x
5 1 4
G.S. y C.F P.I
Vi
The A.E is m5 5m 6 0
m 2 m 3 0
m 2, 3
C.F. is C1 e 2 x C2 e 3 x
ww
1
P.I 2 e 7 x sinh 3x
D 5D 6
m
7 x e e 3 x
3x
1
e
D 2 5D 6 2
1 1 1
2 e 4 x 2 e10 x
.co
2 D 5D 6 D 5D 6
1 e 4 x
e 10 x
2 16 20 6 10 50 6
1 e4 x e10 x
2 2 34
lus
e 4 x e 10 x
G.S. y C1e 2 x C2 e 3 x .
4 68
1
3 ex Replacing D by 1
2
1 3 1 4 1 2
dy
1 1
ex ex
1 3 4 2 0
x
ex
3D 6 D 4
2
1
e x Replacing D by 1
Vi
36 4
xe x
G.S: y C.F . P.I
Ae x e x B cos x C sin x xe x .
w.
d2y dy
Problem 14 Solve the equation 2
4 4 y e 2 x
dx dx
Solution:
Given D 2 4 D 4 y e 2 x
ww
The A.E is m 2 4m 4 0
m2 2 m 2 0
7
m
m 2, 2
C.F.: Ax B e2 x
1
P.I e 2 x
.co
D 4D 4
2
1
e 2 x Replacing D by - 2
2 4 2 4
2
1
e2 x Dr is 0
4 8 4
lus
x
e2 x Replacing D by -2
2D 4
x
e 2 x
2 2 4
x 2 2 x
e Dr is 0
2
G.S is y Ax B e 2 x
x 2 2 x
2
e .
hip
Problem 15 Solve the equation D 2 2 D 1 y e x 3
art
Solution:
Given D 2 2 D 1 y e x 3
The A.E is m 2 2m 1 0
m 1 m 1 0
m 1, 1
dy
C.F.: Ax B e x
P.I = P.I1 P.I 2
1
P.I1 2 e x
D 2D 1
Vi
1
e x Replacing D by -1
1 2 1 1
2
1
e x
1 2 1
w.
x
e x Dr is 0
2D 2
x
e x Replacing D by -1
2 1 2
ww
1
PI 2 3e0 x
D 2D 1
2
m
1
3e0 x Replacing D by 0
0 2 0 1
2
x2 x
G.S is y Ax B e x e 3.
.co
2
Part-B
lus
Solution:
The A.E. is m 2 2m 8 0
m 4 m 2 0
m 2, 4
C.F.: Ae 2 x Be 4 x
R.H.S 4 cosh x sin 3 x e 2 x e x 1
4
e x e x e3 x e 3 x
2
2
2
hip
e e 1
2x x 2
e e e e e 4 x 2e3 x e 2 x 1
4x 2 x 2x 4 x
art
e 2 x e 4 x 2e3 x 1e0 x
P.I.
1
D 4 D 2
e2 x
1
D 4 D 2
e4 x 2e3x e0 x
1 e 4 x 2e3 x 1
e 2 x
dy
2 4 D 2 8 2 1 5 4 2
xe2 x e4 x 2e3 x 1
6 16 5 8
2 x
xe e4 x 2e3 x 1
G.S is y Ae 2 x Be 4 x .
Vi
6 16 5 8
m
1
cos 6 x cos 4 x 1 cos 2 x
4
2 cos A cos B cos A B cos A B A 3 x, B 2 x
.co
1
P.I. sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x
D 1
2
lus
2 4 1 4 36 1 4 16 1 4 4 1 4
2
Problem 3 Solve
Solution:
12
d 2x
dy 2
60
hip
140
10 x cos8 y.
4
cos8 y
G.S. is x A cos 10 y B sin 10 y
54
d2y dy
Problem 4 Solve 2
6 9 y sin x cos 2 x .
dx dx
w.
Solution:
The A.E is m 2 6m 9 0
m 3 0
2
m 3, 3.
ww
C.F.: A Bx e 3x
2sin x cos 2 x 1
R.H.S sin 3x sin x
2 2
10
m
1
sin 3x sin x
2
2sin A cos B sin A B sin A B A x, B 2 x
.co
1 1 1 1
P.I. sin 3 x sin x
2 D 3 2
2 D 3 2
1 1 1 1
sin 3x sin x
2 D 6D 9
2
2 D 6D 9
2
lus
1 1 1 1
P.I. sin 3 x sin x
2 9 6 D 9 2 1 6 D 9
1 1 1 1
sin 3x sin x
12 D 2 8 6D
cos 3x
4 3D sin x
12 3 4 4 3D 4 3D
1
36
1
cos 3x
cos 3x
1 1
4 16 9 D 2
1 4sin x 3cos x
hip
4sin x 3cos x
36 4 16 9
cos 3x sin x 3cos x
art
36 25 100
The A.E. is m 2 4 0
m 2i
C.F.: A cos 2 x B sin 2 x
1 1 1 cos 2 x
P.I 2 x4 2
D 4 D 4 2
Vi
1 1 1 1 1 1
x4 e0 x cos 2 x
4 D 2
2 D 4
2
2 D2 4
1
4
x sin 2 x
1
1 D2 4 1
w.
1 x
4 4 2 4 2 2 2
1 D 2 D 4 4 1 x sin 2 x
1 x
4 4 16 8 8
ww
x 4 12 x 2 4.3.2.1 1 x sin 2 x
4 16 64 8 8
11
m
4 3 x 2 x 4 x sin 2 x
G.S. is y A cos 2 x B sin 2 x
8 4 4 8
.co
Solution:
The A.E is m 2 2m 1 0
2 4 4
m 1 2
2
lus
1 2 x 1 2 x
C.F.: Ae Be
e x e x
P.I. 2
1
x 2 xe e D 2 2D 1 cos 2 x 2
2 x x 1
D 2 D 1
1 1
x2 x2
1 2 D D
D 2 2
D 1 2
hip
1 2 D D 2 2 D D 2 .... x 2
1 2 D D 4 D x x
2 2 2
2
2
x 2 4 x 5 2
art
1
x 2 x 2 4 x 10
D 2D 1
2
2 2e x
xe x
x
D 2D 1
2
D 1 2 D 1 1
2
dy
1
2e x 2 x
D 2D 1 2D 2 1
2e x
2 x
D 4D 2
Vi
2e x 1
x
2 D2
1 2 D
2
1
D2
e 1 2 D
x
x
w.
2
D2
e x 1 2 D ... x
2
e 1 2 D x
x
ww
2
xe x e x x 2 x 2 e x
D 2 D 1
2
12
m
1 1 e2 x
e 2x
e 2x
D 2 2D 1 4 4 1 7
1 e x cos 2 x 1 e x cos 2 x
.co
D 2 2D 1 2 D2 2D 1 2
e x
1 e x 1
cos 2 x cos 2 x
2 D 1 2 D 1 1
2
2 D 1 2 D 1 1
2
ex 1 e x 1
cos 2 x cos 2 x
2 D2 2D 1 2D 2 1 2 4 2
lus
e x 2 D 1 cos 2 x e x
cos 2 x
2 2 2 D 1 2 D 1 12
ex 1 e x cos 2 x
2.2sin 2 x cos 2 x
2 2 4 D 2 1 12
4 16 1
e x cos 2 x 4sin 2 x
17
hip
e x 4sin 2 x cos 2 x e x cos 2 x
12
e x cos 2 x
12
The General Solution is
art
1 2 x 1 2 x e2 x
y Ae Be 10 4 x x
2
x 2 ex
7
x x
e e
cos 2 x 4sin 2 x cos 2 x
17 12
dy
m 2 i
C.F.: A cos 2 x B sin 2 x
P.I 2
1
D 4
x 2 cos 2 x
e2ix
w.
1
R.P of 2 x 2ei 2 x R.P. of x2
D 4 D 2i 4
2
1
P.I. R.P of e 2ix x2
D 4iD 4 4
2
ww
1 1
R.P of e2ix 2 x 2 R.P of e2ix x2
D 4iD D D 4i
13
m
1 1
R.P of e2ix x2
D D
4i 1
4i
.co
1
e 2ix 1 D 2
R.P of 1 x
4i D 4i
e2ix 1 D D 2 2
R.P of 1 x
4i D 4i 16
ie 2ix x3 x 2 x
lus
R.P of
4 3 4i 8
ie2ix x3 ix 2 x
R.P of
4 3 4 8
e 2ix x3i x 2 ix
R.P of
R.P of
4 3 4 8
4
hip
cos 2 x sin 2 x x3i x 2 ix
3 4
8
1 x 2 cos 2 x x3 sin 2 x x sin 2 x
4 4 3 8
art
1 x 2 cos 2 x x3 sin 2 x x sin 2 x
P.I.
4 4 3 8
x 2 cos 2 x x3 sin 2 x x sin 2 x
G.S.: y A cos 2 x B sin 2 x .
16 12 32
dy
m2 a 2
m ai
C.F.: A cos ax B sin a x
1
P.I sec a x 1
D ai D ai
w.
1 C1 D ai C2 D ai
ww
1 1
C1 , C2
2ia 2ia
14
m
1 1 1 1
P.I. sec ax sec a x
2ia D ai 2ia D ai
1 1 eaix aix
2ia
sec ax e sec a x dx
.co
2ia D ai
e aix aix e aix aix
2ia 2ia
e sec a x dx e sec a x dx
lus
e aix eaix
1 i tan ax dx
2ia 2ia
P.I. 1 i tan ax dx
e aix i e
aix
i
x log sec ax x log sec ax
2ia a 2ia a
2 x e e 2i
aix aix
e e
aix aix
2
log sec ax
x
a
1
2a
1
2i
2ia
sin ax 2 log sec ax cos ax
a
hip 2
m 1 m 3 0
m 1, 3
C.F.: Ae x Be 3 x
1 1
Vi
e x sin x e3 x x
D 2 D D 4 D 6
D2 1
e x cos x e3 x 2 x
D 2 D 2 D 10 D 24
ww
1 e3 x 1
e x sin x 2 cos x x
D2 4 24
1
10 D D 2
24 24
15
m
1
1 e3 x 5 D D 2
P.I. e x
1
24 12 24
sin x 2 cos x x
D2 4
e x sin x 2 cos x e3 x 5 D
.co
1 x
1 4 24 12
e x
sin x 2 cos x x
e3 x 5
5 24 12
x
sin x 2 cos x x .
e e3 x 5
G.S. is y Ae x Be 3 x
lus
5 24 12
Let 3x 2 e or t log 3 x 2
dt
3
t
hip
Let 3 x 2 D 2 3 3 x 2 D 36 y 3x 2 4 x 1
dx 3x 2
3x e 2
z
art
1 2
x ez
3 3
Let 3x 2 D 3D
3x 2 D 2 9 D D 1
2
dy
1 2 1 2
9 D D 1 3 3D 36 y 3 e z 4 e z 1
3 3 3 3
1 4 4 4 8
9 D2 9 D 9 D 36 y 3 e 2 z e z e z 1
9 9 9 3 3
Vi
1 4 4 4 8
9 D2 36 y e2 z e z e z 1
3 3 3 3 3
1 2z 1
e
3 3
w.
A.E is 9m 36 0
2
9m 2 36
m2 4
m 2
C.F Ae 2 z Be 2 z
ww
A 3x 2 B 3x 2
2 2
16
m
1 e2 z
P.I1
9 D2 36 3
1 1
. e2 z
3 36 36
.co
1 1 2z
z e
3 18D
1 e2 z
z
54 2
1
lus
ze2 z
108
1
log 3x 2 3x 2
2
108
1 e0 z
P.I 2
9 D12 36 3
1 1 0z
.
3 36
y C.F P.I1 PI 2
e
1
108
A 3x 2 B 3 x 2
hip
1 1
3x 2 log 3x 2
2 2 2
108 108
art
1
A 3x 2 B 3x 2 3x 2 log 3x 2 1 .
2 2 2
108
Solution:
The A.E m2 5m 4 0
m 4 or m 1
C.F Ae 4 x Be x
1
e x sin 2 x 2 x 2 1
Vi
P.I 2
D 5D 4
e3 x
1
sin 2 x
1
x 2 1
D 1 5 D 1 4 D 5D
2 2
4 1
4
w.
1 5D 5D 2 2
x 1
1
e3 x 2 sin 2 x 1
D 3D 4 4 16
e x
2sin 2 x 3cos 2 x x 2 x
1 5 13
4 8
ww
26 2
G.S : y C.F . P.I
17
m
e x
2sin 2 x 3cos 2 x x2 x .
1 5 13
y Ae 4 x Be x
26 4 2 8
2
d y dy
Problem 12 Solve x 2 2 4 x 6 y sin log x .
.co
dx dx
Solution:
d2y dy
Given equation is x 2
4 x 6 y sin log x .
2
dx dx
x D 4 xD 6 y sin log x 1
2 2
lus
Put x e z or z log x
xD D 2
d
x 2 D 2 D D 1 3 Where D denotes
dz
P.I.= 2 sin z
D 3 D 2
1
sin z
1 3 D 2
1
sin z
Vi
3D 1
3D 1
sin z
9 D 2 1
3D 1 sin z Replace D2 by 1
9 1 1
w.
18
m
Sub z log x or x e z , we get
3cos log x sin log x
y Ae log x Be 2log x
10
log x
.co
3cos log x sin
y Ax 1 Bx 2
10
A B
y 2
3cos log x sin log x
x x 10
This gives the solution of the given differential equation.
lus
Problem 13 Solve the simultaneous ordinary differential equation
D 4 x 3 y t , 2 x D 5 y e2t
Solution:
Given D 4 x 3 y t 1
2 x D 5 y e 2t 2
2 1 D 4 2
6 y D 4 D 5 y 2t D 4 e 2t
hip
6 D 2 9 D 20 y 2t 2e 2t 4e zt
D 2 9D 14 y 6e2t 2t
art
The A.E. is m2 9m 14 0
m 7 m 2 0
m 2, 7
C.F.: Ae 2t Be 7 t
dy
6 2
P.I. 2 e 2t 2 t
D 9 D 14 D 9D 14
6e 2t 2 1
t
4 18 14 14 9D D2
Vi
1
14 14
1
6e 2t 1 9 D D 2
1 t
36 7 14 14
e2t 1 9 D e 2t 1 9
w.
1
t t
6 7 14 6 7 14
2t
e t 9
G.S. is y Ae 2 t Be 7 t
6 7 98
To Calculate x
ww
2e 2 t 1
Dy 2 Ae 2t 7 Be 7 t
6 7
19
m
5e 2t 5t 45
5 y 5 Ae 2t 5 Be 7 t
6 7 98
7e2t 5t 1 45
D 5 y 3 Ae2t 2 Be 7 t
.co
6 7 7 98
2 2 x D 5 y e 2t
7e2t 5t 31 2t
3 Ae2t 2 Be7t e
6 7 98
3 A 2t 7 5t 31
x e Be 7 t e 2 t
lus
2 72 14 196
The General solution is
3 A 2t e2t 5t 31
x e Be7t
2 12 14 196
e 2t t 9
y Ae2t Be 7 t .
Problem 14 Solve:
Solution:
6 7 98
d2y
dx 2
hip
y tan x by method of variation of parameters
A.E is m 2 1 0
art
m i
C.F = c1 cos x c2 sin x
P.I PI1 PI 2
f1 cos x ; f 2 sin x
dy
f1 sin x ; f 2 cos x
f 2 f1 f1f 2 1
f2 X
Now, P dx
f f ff
1 2 1 2
Vi
= cos x
y = C.F + Pf1 + Qf2
20
m
= c1 cos x c2 sin x + [ log sec x tan x sin x]cos x cos x sin x
= c1 cos x c2 sin x log(sec x tan x) cos cos x .
.co
d2y
Problem 15 Solve by the method of variation of parameters 4 y sec 2 x
dx 2
Solution:
The A.E is m 2 4 0
m 2i
C.F = c1 cos 2 x c2 sin 2 x
lus
P.I = Pf1 + Qf2
f1 = cos 2x; f2 = sin 2x
f1 2sin 2 x ; f 2 2 cos 2 x
f f ff 2
2 1 1 2
Now, P
f2 X
f1 f 2 f1 f 2
21
m
UNIT II VECTOR CALCULUS
Part-A
.co
Problem 1 Prove that div( grad ) 2
Solution:
div( grad ) .
i j k
lus
x y z
i j k i j k
x y z x y z
2 2 2
x 2 y 2 z 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
x y z
2 .
hip
Problem 2 Find a, b, c, if F x 2 y az i bx 3 y z j (4 x cy 2 z )k is
art
irrotational.
Solution:
F is irrotational if F 0
i j k
dy
F
x y z
x 2 y az bx 3 y z 4 x cy 2 z
i 4 x cy 2 z bx 3 y z j 4 x cy 2 z x 2 y az
Vi
y z x z
k bx 3 y 2 z x 2 y az
x y
i c 1 j a 4 k b 2
w.
F 0 0i 0 j 0k i c 1 j a 4 k b 2
c 1 0, a 4 0, b 2 0
c 1, a 4, b 2.
ww
Problem 3 If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and r is the position
vector of a point, prove r.n ds 3V
S
m
Solution:
Let r xi y j zk
By Gauss divergence theorem
F n ds FdV Here F .r
.co
S V
ds
r
S
n rdV
V
i j k . xi y j zk dV
V
x y z
lus
1 1 1 dV
r n ds 3V .
S
Problem 4 If r a cos nt b sin nt , where a, b, n are constants show that
dr
r
dt
n ab
Solution:
hip
Given r a cos nt b sin nt
art
dr
na sin nt nb cos nt
dt
dr
r
dt
a cos nt b sin nt na sin nt nb cos nt
n a b cos 2 nt b a sin 2 nt
dy
n a b cos 2 nt a b sin 2 nt a b b a
n a b 1 n a b
Vi
.
x y z
A1 A2 A3
i 3 2 j 3 1 k 2 1
ww
y z x z x y
3 2 3 1 2 1
x y z y x z z x y
m
2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1
xy xz yz yx zx zy
div curl A 0
.co
Problem 6 Find the unit normal to surface xy 3 z 2 4 at 1, 1, 2
Solution:
Let xy 3 z 2 4
y 3 z 2 i 3 xy 2 z 2 j 2 xy 3 zk
lus
1,1,2 1 2 i 3 1 1 2 j 2 1 1 2 k
3 2 2 2 3
4i 12 j 4k
Unit normal to the surface is n
4i 12 j 4k
16 144 16
4 i 3 j k
hip
176
art
4 i 3 j k i3j k
.
16 11 11
Problem 7 Applying Green’s theorem in plane show that area enclosed by a simple
1
xdy ydx
2
dy
closed curve C is
Solution:
Q P
Pdx Qdy x y dx dy
Vi
C R
P y, Q x
P Q
1, 1
y x
x dy ydx 1 1 dxdy 2 dx dy
w.
R R
= 2 Area enclosed by C
1
Area enclosed by C = xdy ydx .
2
ww
m
B is irrotational i.e., B 0
. A B B. A A. B
B 0 A0 0
.co
A B is solenoidal.
Problem 9 If F grad x3 y 3 z 3 3xyz find curl F
Solution:
F x 3 y 3 z 3 3xyz
lus
3x 2 3 yz l 3 y 2 3 xz j 3 z 2 3xy k
i j k
F
x y z
3 x 3 yz 3 y 3 xz 3 z 3 xy
2
2
z
2
hip
x
z
i 3 z 2 3 xy 3 y 2 3 xz j 3 z 2 3xy 3x 2 3 yz
y
k 3 y 2 3 xz 3 x 2 3 yz
x y
art
i 3x 3x j 3 y 3 y k 3 z 3 z
i 0 j0 k 0 0 .
If F x 2 i y 2 j , evaluate F d r along the straight line y x from
dy
Problem 10
0,0 to 1,1 .
Solution:
F .d r x 2 i y 2 j dxi dy
Vi
x 2 dx y 2 dy
Given y x
dy dx
1
F d r x 2 dx y 2 dy
w.
C 0
1
1
x3
1
2
x dx x dx 2 x dx 2
2 2 2
0 0 3 0 3
ww
m
n .
.co
Problem 12 State the condition for a vector F to be solenoidal
Solution:
.F divF 0
Problem 13 If a is a constant vector what is a ?
lus
Solution:
Let a a1 i a 2 j a 3 k
i j k
a 0
x y z
a1 a2 a3
hip
Problem 14 Find grad at 2, 2, 2 when x 2 y 2 z 2 2
Solution:
grad
art
i x 2 y 2 x 2 2 j x 2 y 2 z 2 2 k x2 y2 z 2 2
x y z
2 x i 2 y j 2 zk
2,2,2 4i 4 j 4k
dy
Part –B
Problem 1 Find the directional derivative of x 2 yz 4 xz 2 at the point 1, 2, 1 in
the direction of the vector 2i j 2k .
ww
Solution:
x 2 yz 4 xz 2
m
2 xyz 4 z 2 i x 2 z j x 2 y 8 xz k
1, 2, 1 2 1 2 1 4 1 i 1 1 j 1 2 8 1 1 k
2 2 2
4 4 i j 2 8 k
.co
8i j 10k
.a
Directional derivative a is
8i j 10k . 2i j 2k
lus
4 1 4
16 1 20 37
.
3 3
point 2, 1, 2 .
Solution:
Let 1 x 2 y 2 z 2 9
1 2 xi 2 y j 2 zk
Vi
4i 2 j 4k . 4i 2 j 2k
16 4 16 16 4 4
m
16 4 8
36 24
12 1
.co
6 2 6 6
1
cos 1 .
6
Problem 4 Find the work done, when a force F x 2 y 2 x i 2 xy y j moves a
lus
particle from the origin to the point 1,1 along y 2 x .
Solution:
Given F x 2 y 2 x i 2 xy y j
d r dxi dy j dzk
F . d r x 2 y 2 x dx 2 xy y dy
Given y 2 x
2 ydy dx
F .d r x 2 x x dx 2 y 3 y dy
hip
x 2 dx 2 y 3 y dy
art
1 2 1
F dr x dx 2 y y dy
3
C 0 0
1 1
x 2 y4 y2
3
3 0 4 2 0
dy
1 2 1
0 0 0
3 4 2
1 1 1
3 2 2
Vi
1 2
1
3 3
2
Work done F .dr
3
w.
Problem 5 Prove that F y 2 cos x z 3 i 2 y sin x 4 j 3 xz 2 k is irrotational and
find its scalar potential.
Solution:
ww
m
i j k
F
x y z
.co
y cos x z 2 y sin x 4 3xz 2
2 3
i 0 0 j 3 z 2 3 z 2 k 2 y cos x 2 y cos
0i 0 j 0k 0
F 0
lus
Hence F is irrotational
F
y 2 cos x z 3 i 2 y sin x 4 j 3xz 2 k i x j y yz
Equating the coefficient i, j , k
x
1 y 2 sin x z 3 x C1
hip
y 2 cos x z 3 y 2 cos x z 3 dx
2 y sin x 4 2 y sin x 4 dy
x
art
y2
2 2 sin x 4 y C2
2
3xz 2 3 xz 2 dy
x
z3
3 3 x C3
dy
3
y 2 sin x xz 3 4 y C
Problem 6 If F 3 xyi y 2 j evaluate F .dr when C is curve in the xy plane
Vi
y 2 x 2 , from 0, 0 to 1, 2
Solution:
F 3 xyi y 2 j
dr dxi dy j dzk
w.
F .dr 3 xydx y 2 dy
Given y 2 x 2
dy 4 xdx
F .d r 3 x(2 x 2 )dx 2 x 2 4 x dx
2
ww
6 x3dx 4 x 4 (4 x)dx
6 x3dx 16 x5 dx
m
1
Fd r 6 x 16 x dx
3 5
C 0
1
x 4 16 x 6
6
.co
4 6 0
6 16 7
.
4 6 6
Problem 7 Find F . d r when F x 2
y 2
i 2 xy j where the cure C is the
lus
C
BC , y b, dy 0
CO, x 0, dx 0
C F .d r x 2 dx 2aydy x b 2 dx 0
2
C OA AB BC CO
Vi
a b 0
x 2 dx 2a ydy x 2 b 2 dx
0 0 a
a b o
x y x3
3
2
2a b 2 x
3 0 2 o 3 a
w.
a 3
b 2
a3
0 2a 0 0 0 ab 2 2ab 2 .
3 2 3
Problem 8 If F 4 xy 3x z i 2 x j 2 x zk check whether the integral
2 2 2 3
F .d r is
ww
m
F 4 xy 3 x 2 z 2 i 2 x 2 j 2 x 3 zk
d r dxi dy j dzk
F .d r 4 xy 3x z dx 2 x dy 2 x zdz
2 2 2 3
.co
C C C C
This integral is independent of path of integration if
F F 0
i j k
F
lus
x y z
4 xy 3x 2 z 2 2 x 2 2 x3 z
i 0, 0 j 6 x 2 z 6 x 2 z k 4 x 4 x
0i 0i 0 j 0k 0.
Hence the line integral is independent of path.
Problem 9
hip
Verify Green’s Theorem in a plane for
Solution:
art
Let P x 2 (1 y )
P
x2
y
Q y 3 x3
dy
Q
3x 2
x
By green’s theorem in a plane
Q P
C Pdx Qdy C x y dxdy
Vi
Q P
Now x y dx dy
R
a a
3x x 2 dx dy
2
w.
a a
a a
dy 2 x dx
2
a a
a
2 x3
y a
a
ww
3 a
a a a3 a3
2
3
10
m
8a 4
(1)
3
Now Pdx Qdy
.co
C AB BC CD DA
Pdx Qdy x 1 y dx x
a
2 3
y 3 dy
AB a
lus
a
x 2 (1 a )dx 0
a
a
x3
1 a
3 a
1 a 3 2a 3 2a 4
a a
Along BC
3
x a, dx 0
Y varies from a to a
3
3
3
hip
Pdx Qdy x 1 y dx x y dy
a
2 3 3
art
BC a
a
(a 3 y 3 )dy
a
a
3 y4
a y
dy
4 a
a4 a4
a 4 a 4 2a 4
4 4
Along CD
Vi
y a, dy 0
X varies from a to a
a
Pdx Qdy x 1 y dx x y 3 dy
2 3
CD a
w.
a
x 2 (1 a )dx
a
a
x3
1 a dx
3 a
ww
a 3 a 3
1 a
3
11
m
2a 3 2a 4
3 3
Along DA ,
x a, dx 0
.co
Y Varies from a to a
a
Pdx Qdy x 1 y dx x y 3 dy
2 3
DA a
a
a 2 1 y dx y 3 a 3 dy
lus
a
a
y4
a3 y
4 a
a 4
a4
a 4 a 4 2a 4
4 4
Pdx Qdy
C
4a 4 a 4
4
2a 3 2a 4
3
3
2a 4
3
hip
2 a 3 2a 4
3
2a 4
3
4
8a
art
......(2)
3
From (1) and (2)
Q P 8a 4
Pdx Qdy R x y
dxdy .
C
3
dy
C
Vi
x y2 , y x2 .
Solution:
Green’s theorem states that
v u
C udx vdy R x y dxdy
w.
Q p
Pdx Qdy x y dxdy
C R
3x 8 y 2 dx 4 y 6 xy dy
2
Given
ww
P 3x 8 y 2
2
12
m
P
16 y
y
Q 4 y 6 xy
Q
.co
6 y
x
Evaluation of Pdx Qdy
C
(i) Along OA
y x 2 dy 2 xdx
lus
Pdx Qdy 3x 8 x 4 dx 4 x 2 6 x 3 2 xdx
2
OA OA
1
3x 2 8 x 4 8 x 3 12 x 4 dx
0
1
20 x 4 8 x 3 3 x 2 dx
x5
0
20 8
5
x 4 3x3
4 3 0
1
hip
20 8 3
art
5 5 3
4 2 1 1
Along AO
y 2 x 2 ydy dx
Pdx Qdy 3 y 8 y 2 2 y dy 4 y 6 y 3 dy
4
dy
Ao Ao
(6 y 16 y 3 4 y 6 y 3 )dy
5
AO
0
6 y 5 22 y 3 4 y dy
Vi
1
0
y6 y4 4 y2
6 22
6 4 2 1
0
11 5
y6 y4 2 y2
w.
2 1 2
5 3
Pdx Qdy 1 (1)
C OA AO
2 2
Q P
x y dx dy
ww
Evaluation of
R
v u
x y dxdy 6 y 16 y dxdy
R R
13
m
1 y 1
10 y dx dy 10 xy x y dy
x y
0 y2 0
1
10 y
.co
y y 2 dy
0
32 1
10 y y 3 dy
0
1
5
y 2 y4
lus
10
5 4
2 0
2 1
10
5 4
8 5
10
20
30 3
20 2
(2)
hip
For (1) and (2)
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
art
Problem 11 Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F yi x j z 2 k over the cylindrical
region bounded by x 2 y 2 9, Z 0 and Z 2 .
Solution:
Gauss divergencetheorem is
dy
F .n
S
ds div F dV
V
div F y x z 2 2 z
x y z
Vi
3 9 x2 2
div F dV
V 3 9 x 2 0
2 z dzdy dx
9 x2 2
3
z2
2 2 dydx
2
w.
3 9 x 0
3 9 x2
4 dydx
3 9 x 2
4 3
2
36 .................(1)
14
m
F .n ds
S S1 S2 S3
S1 is the bottom of the circular region, S2 is the top of the circular region and S3 is the
.co
cylindrical region
On S1 , n k , ds dxdy , z 0
F . n ds z dxdy 0
2
S1
On S 2 , n k , ds dxdy, z 2
lus
F .n ds z dx dy
2
s2
4 dxdy
4 (Area of circular region)
4 3
2
36
On S3 , x 2 y 2 9
n
2 xi
2 y
j
4 x2 y 2
hip
xi y j
art
3
2 xi y j
S F .n ds yi x j z k 3 ds
3
yx yx 2
ds xy ds
dy
3 3 S
Let x 3cos , y 3sin
ds 3 d dy
varies from 0 to 2
z varies from 0 to 2
Vi
2 2
2
9sin cos 3 d dz
30 0
2 2
18
sin 2 d dz
2 0 0
w.
2
cos 2
2
9 dz
0
2 0
2
9
1 1 dz 0
2 0
ww
F .n ds 0 36 0 36 ...............(2)
S
15
m
from (1) and (2)
C
F .n ds FdV
div
V
.co
Problem
12
Verify Stoke’s theorem for the vector field defined by
F x 2 y 2 i 2 xy j in the rectangular region in the xy plane bounded by the lines
x 0, x a, y 0, y b.
Solution:
F x 2 y 2 i 2 xy j
lus
By Stoke’s theorem F . d r curl F .n ds
C S
i j k
curl F
x
x y 2 xy 0
2 2
y z
hip
i 0 0 j 0 0 k 2 y 2 y 4 yk
As the region is in the xy plane we can take n k and ds dxdy
curl F .n ds 4 yk.k dx dy
art
S
b a
4 y dx dy
0 0
b
y2
4 x 0
a
dy
2 0
2ab 2 ..............(1)
F .dr
C
OA AB BC CO
Vi
Along OA
y 0 dy 0,
x varies from 0 to a
a
x 2 y 2 dx 2 xy dy
w.
OA 0
a
a
x3 a3
x dx
2
0 3 0 3
ww
Along AB
x a dx o, y varies from 0 to b
16
m
b
a 2 y 2 .0 2ay dy
AB 0
b
y2
2a ab 2
.co
2 0
Along BC
y b, dy 0
x varies from a to 0
0
x b 2 dx 0
2
lus
BC a
0
x3
b2 x
3 a
a3
ab 2
Along CO
x 0, dx 0,
y varies from b to 0
0
3
hip
0 y 2 0 0 0
art
CO b
a 3 a3
F . d r ab ab 2 0
2
c
3 3
2ab 2 .........(2)
For (1) and (2)
dy
C
F . d r F . nds
curl
S
Here Stoke’s theorem is verified.
Problem 13 Find F .nds if F x y 2
i 2 x j 2 yzk where S is the surface in
Vi
Then 2i j 2k
2i j 2k 2i j 2k
4 1 4 3
1
The unit outward normal n to the surface S is n 2i j 2k
ww
3
Let R be the projection of S on the xy plane
17
dx dy
m
F .n ds F .n
S R1 n.k
1 2
n.k 2i j 2k .k
.co
3 3
1
F .n x y 2 i 2 x j 2 yzk . 2i j 2k
3
2
3
x y 2 x yz
2
3
4
3
lus
y 2 2 yz
2
3
2
y y 2z
3
2
y y 6 y 2 x
3
2
y 6 2 x
3
4
y 3 x
3
hip
dx dy
F .n ds F .n
art
S S n.k
4 dxdy
y 3 x
3 2/3
2 3 x dx dy
dy
R1
3 6 2 x
2
0
3 x dx dy
0
62 x
3
y2
2 3 x dx
Vi
0 2 0
3
4 3 x d x
3
0
3
(3 x)4
4
w.
4 0
81 units.
Problem 14 Evaluate x y dx 2 x 3xy
C
where C is the boundary of the
Solution:
18
m
where S is the surface of the triangle and n is
Stoke’s theorem is F .dr curl F .nds
C S
.co
F x y i 2x z j y z k
dr i dx jdy k dz
i j k
lus
curl F
x y z
x y 2x z y z
i 1 1 j 0 0 k 2 1
curl F 2i k
Equation of the plane ABC is
x y z
1
2 3 6
3x 2 y z 6
hip
Let 3x 2 y z 6
3i 2 j k
art
Unit normal vector to the surface ABC or is
n 3i 2 j k
14
3i 2 j k 6 1
dy
curl F . n 2i k .
7
14 14 14
Hence curl F . nds 7
S
S 14
ds
Vi
7 dxdy
14 R nk
where R is the projection of surface ABC on XOY plane
7 dxdy 3i 2 j k 1
R 1 n k .k
14 14 14
w.
14
7 dxdy
R
7 Area of le OAB
ww
7 3 21.
19
m
Problem 15 Verify Stoke’s theorem for F y z i yz j xzk where S is the
surface bounded by the planes x 0, x 1, y 0, y 1, z 0 and z 1 above the
XOY plane.
.co
Solution:
Stoke's theorem is F .d r F .nds
C S
F y z i yz j xzk
lus
i j k
F
x y z
y z yz xz
yi z 1 j k
S
F .n ds
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
hip
is not applicable, since the given condition is above the XOY plane.
S6
yi z 1 j k .idydz
art
S1 AEGD
AEGD
ydy dz
1
1 1
y2 1
y dy dz dz
0
2 0
dy
0 0
1 1 1
z 0
2 2
S2 OBFC
yi z 1 j k . i dydz
Vi
1
1 1
y2 1
1
y dy dz dz
0
2 0 2
0 0
yi z 1 j k jdxdz
w.
S3 EBFG
1 1 1
z 1 dx dz xz x 0 dz
1
0 0 0
1
z 1
2
1
z 1
ww
2 0 2 2
yi z 1 j k j dxdz
S4 OADC
20
m
1 1
z 1 dx dz
0 0
1 1
xz x 0 z 1 dz
1
.co
0 0
1
z2 1 1
z 1
2 0 2 2
yi z 1 j k .kdxdy
lus
S5 DGFC
1 1 1
1dxdy x 0 dy
1
0 0 0
1
1 dy y 0 1
1
S S1 S2
1 1 1 1
1 1
2 2 2 2
S3 S4 S5 hip
L.H .S F .dr
art
C OA AE EB BO
y z dx yzdy xzdz
OA OA
0 0 y 0, z 0, dy 0, dz 0
OA
y z dx yzdy xzdz
dy
AE AE
0 0 x 1, z 0, dx 0, dz 0
AE
y z dx yzdy xzdz
Vi
EB EB
0
1 dx y 1, z 0,
1
x 1 0 1 1
0
y z dx yzdy xzdz
w.
BO BO
00 x 0, z 0
BO
0
ww
C OA AE EB BO
0 0 1 0 1
21
m
UNIT III ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Part-A
.co
Problem 1 State Cauchy – Riemann equation in Cartesian and Polar coordinates.
Solution:
Cartesian form:
u v u v
,
x y y x
lus
Polar form:
u 1 v v 1 u
,
r r r r
Problem 2 State the sufficient condition for the function f(z) to be analytic.
Solution:
hip
The sufficient conditions for a function f z u iv to be analytic at all the points in a
region R are
(1) u x v y , u y vx
(2) u x , u y , vx , v y are continuous functions of x and y in region R .
art
Problem 3 Show that f z e z is an analytic Function.
Solution:
f z u iv e z
dy
e x iy
e x eiy
e x cos y i sin y
u e x cos y, v e x sin y
Vi
u x e x cosy, vx e x siny
u y e x siny, vy e x cosy
i.e., u x v y , u y vx
Hence C-R equations are satisfied.
w.
f z e z is analytic.
Given f z z x iy
i.e., u x , v y
m
u v
1, 0
x x
u v
0, 1
.co
y y
ux vy
C-R equations are not satisfied anywhere.
Hence f z z is not analytic.
lus
Problem 5 State any two properties of analytic functions
Solution:
(i) Both real and imaginary parts of any analytic function satisfy Laplace equation.
2u 2u 2v 2v
i.e., 2 2 0 or 2 2 0 .
x y x y
Problem 6
hip
(ii) If w u iv is an analytic function, then the curves of the family u x, y c, cut
orthogonally the curves of the family v x, y c .
Solution:
art
2
f ( z ) f (0) z zz
Lim Lim Lim Lim z 0
z 0 z 0 z 0 z z 0 z z 0
f z is differentiable at z 0 .
Let z x iy
dy
z x iy
z z z x iy x iy x 2 y 2
2
f z x2 y 2 i0
u x2 y2 , v 0
Vi
u x 2 x, v x 0
u y 2 y, v y 0
The C-R equation u x v y and u y vx are not satisfied at points other than z = 0.
Therefore f z is not analytic at points other than z 0 . But a function can not be
w.
Solution:
Given f z 2 xy i x 2 y 2
i.e., u 2 xy , v x2 y2
m
u v
2 y, 2x
x x
u v
2 x, 2 y
.co
y y
u x v y and u y vx
C-R equations are not satisfied.
Hence f z is not analytic function.
lus
Problem 8 Show that v sinhx cosy is harmonic
Solution:
v sinhxcosy
v v
coshxcosy, sinhxsiny
x y
2v
x 2
sinhxcosy
2v 2v
x 2 y 2
,
2v
y 2
sinhycosy
sinhxcosy sinhycosy 0
hip
Hence v is a harmonic function.
art
Problem 9 Construct the analytic function f ( z ) for which the real part is e x cosy .
Solution:
u e x cos y
u
e x cos y
dy
x
u
Assume x, y 1 z, 0
x
1 z,0 e z
Vi
u
e x siny
y
u x, y
Assume 2 z, 0
y
w.
2 z,0 0
f z f ' z dz 1 z , 0 dz i 2 z , 0 dz
e z dz i 0
ww
f z ez C .
m
Problem 10 Prove that an analytic function whose real part is constant must itself be a
constant.
Solution:
Let f z u iv be an analytic function
.co
u x v y , u y vx .............(1)
Given
u c a constant
ux 0 , u y 0
lus
vy 0 & vx 0 by 1
We know that f z u iv
f z u x ivx
f z 0 i0
f z 0
Integrating with respect to z , f z C
hip
Hence an analytic function with constant real part is constant.
dw w w
Problem 12 If w f ( z ) is analytic prove that i where w u iv and
dy
dz x y
2w
prove that 0
z z
Solution:
w u x, y iv x, y is an analytic function of z .
Vi
f ' z u x ivx v y iu y i u y iv y
dw
Now
dz
w.
u v u v
i i i
x x y y
u iv i u iv
x y
ww
w w
i
x y
m
w
W.K.T. 0
z
2w
0
.co
z z
lus
The transformation w , a d bc 0 where a, b, c, d are complex
cz d
numbers is called a bilinear transformation.
dw
The condition for the function to be conformal is 0.
dz
2
Problem 14 Find the invariant points or fixed points of the transformation w 2 .
Solution:
The invariant points are given by z 2
hip 2
z
z
2
i.e., z 2
z
art
z 2 2z 2
z2 2z 2 0
2 4 4 1 2
z
2 1
dy
2 4 8 2 2i
2 2
1 i
The invariant points are z 1 i, 1 i
Vi
1
Problem 15 Find the critical points of (i) w z (ii) w z 3 .
z
Solution:
1
w.
(i). Given w z
z
dw
For critical point 0
dz
dw 1
1 2 0
ww
dz z
z i are the critical points
m
(ii). Given w z 3
dw
3z 2 0
dz
z 0
.co
z 0 is the critical point.
Part-B
lus
Problem 1 Determine the analytic function whose real part is
u x 3xy 3x 2 3 y 2 1 .
3 2
Solution:
Given u x3 3xy 2 3x 2 3 y 2 1
u
1 x, y 3x 2 3 y 2 6 x
2 x , y
x
1 z,0 3z 2 6 z
u
y
6 xy 6 y
hip
2 z,0 0
art
By Milne Thomason method
f z 1 z , 0 dz i 2 z , 0 dz
3 z 2 6 z dz 0
3 2
z z
3 6 C z 3 3z 2 C
dy
3 2
Solution:
v e x x cos y y sin y
v
2 x , y
x
e x cos y x cos y y sin y e x
w.
2 z , 0 e z z e z e z ze z e z 1 z
u
1 x, y e x x sin y y cos y sin y 1
y
1 z,0 e z 0 0 0 0
ww
m
0 dz i 1 z e z dz
e z e z
i 1 z 1 C
1 1
2
.co
i 1 z e z e z C
i e z ze z e z C i ze z C
sin 2 x
Problem 3 Determine the analytic function whose real part is
lus
.
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
Solution:
sin 2 x
Given u
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
u cosh 2 y cos 2 x 2 cos 2 x sin 2 x 2sin 2 x
1 x, y
1 z , 0
x
hip
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
1 cos 2 z
2
1 cos 2 z 2 cos 2 z 2 1 cos 2 z 1 cos 2 z
1 cos 2 z
2
1 cos 2 z 1 cos 2 z
2 1
1 cos 2 z 1 cos 2 z
Vi
2
1
2 cos ec 2 z
sin z
u cosh 2 y cos 2 x 0 sin 2 x 2 sinh 2 y
2 x , y
y cosh 2 y cos 2 x
2
w.
2 sin 2 x sinh 2 y
cosh 2 y cos 2 x
2
2 z, 0 0
ww
m
Problem 4 Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function w u iv
satisfy Laplace equation in two dimensions viz 2u 0 and 2 v 0 .
Solution:
.co
Let f z w u iv be analytic
To Prove: u and v satisfy the Laplace equation.
2u 2u 2v 2v
i.e., To prove: 2 2 0 and 2 2 0
x y x y
Given: f z is analytic
lus
u and v satisfy C-R equations
u v
….. (1)
x y
u v
and ….. (2)
y x
2v
….. (4)
y yx
art
The second order mixed partial derivatives are equal
2v 2v
i.e.,
xy yx
2u 2 u 2 v 2v
(3) + (4) 2 2 0
x y xy yx
idy
v v v
2 2 2
v2
(5) + (6) 2 2 0
x y yx xy
2 v 2 v
0
w.
i.e.,
x 2 y 2
v Satisfies Laplace equation
2 2
Problem 5 If f(z) is analytic, prove that 2 2 f (z) 4. f (z)
2 2
ww
x y
Solution:
Let f(z) = u + iv be analytic.
m
Then ux = vy and uy = -vx (1)
Also uxx + uyy = 0 and vxx + vyy = 0 (2)
Now |f(z)|2 = u2 + v2 and f(z) = ux + ivx
| f (z) | 2 2u.u x 2v.v x
.co
x
and
2
x 2
| f (z) | 2 2 u 2x u.u xx v 2x v.v xx (3)
Similarly
2
y 2
| f (z) | 2 2 u 2y u.u yy v 2y v.v yy (4)
lus
Adding (3) and (4)
2 2
2 2 | f (z) | 2 2 u 2x u 2y u (u xx u yy ) v 2x v 2y v( v xx v yy )
x y
2u 2
x v 2x u (0) v 2x u 2x v(0)
4u
2
x
4. f (z)
v 2x
2
hip
Problem 6 Prove that 2 Re f z 2 f z
2 2
art
Solution:
Let f z u iv
Re f z u 2
2
2
u 2uux
idy
x
2 2
x 2
u 2uux
x
2 uuxx uxux
2 uu xx u x 2
V
2 2
2
u 2 uu yy u 2y
y
2 2
2 2 u 2 2 u u xx u yy u x2 u y2
w.
x y
2 u 0 u x2 u y2
2 f z
2
ww
m
Problem 7 Find the analytic function f z u iv given that
2u v e x cos y sin y
Solution:
.co
Given 2u v e x cos y sin y
f z u iv............... 1
if z iu v............... 2
1 2 2 f z 2u i 2v...........(3)
lus
3 2 (2 i) f z 2u v i 2v u ............(4)
F z U iV
2u v U e x cos y sin y
U
1 x, y e x cos y e x sin y
2 x, y
x
1 z, o e z
u
x
e x sin y e x cos y
hip
2 z, o e z
art
By Milne Thomson method
F z 1 z, o i2 z, o
F z dz e dz i e dz
z z
F z 1 i e z C (5)
dy
C
f z e
5 2i
Problem 8 Find the Bilinear transformation that maps the points 1 i, i, 2 i of the
z-plane into the points 0, 1, i of the w-plane.
w.
Solution:
Given z1 1 i, w1 0
z2 i, w2 1
z3 2 i, w3 i
ww
Cross-ratio
w w1 w2 w3 z z1 z2 z3
w1 w2 w3 w z1 z2 z3 z
10
m
w 0 1 i z 1 i i 2 i
0 1 i w 1 i i 2 i z
w 1 i z 1 i i 2 i
.co
1 i w 1 i i 2 i z
w 1 i z 1 i 2
w i 1 2i 2 i z
w 1 i 2 z 1 i
w i 1 2i 2 i z
lus
w 2 z 1 i
w i 1 2i 1 i 2 i z
w
2 z 1 i
w i 1 i 2i 2 2 i z
w
2 z 1 i
w i 3 i 2 i z
w i 3 i 2 i z
w
2 z 1 i
hip
i 3 i 2 i z
1
art
w 2 z 1 i
i 3 i 2 i z
1
w 2 z 1 i
i 3 i 2 i z
1
dy
w 2 z 1 i
i 2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z
w 2 z 1 i
w 2 z 1 i
Vi
i 2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z
2i z 1 i
w
2 z 1 i 3 i 2 i z
2i z 1 i
w.
w
2 z 2 2i 6 3i 3z 2i 1 zi
2i z 1 i
w .
z 5 3i zi
ww
11
m
By C.R equations satisfied
i.e., u x v y , u y vx
f z u iv
.co
f z u 2 v2 C
f z u 2 v2 C 2
2
u 2 v 2 C 2 ...............(1)
Diff (1) with respect to x
u v
lus
2u 2v 0
x x
uu x vvx 0.............(2)
Diff (1) with respect to y
u v
2u 2v 0
y y
uvx vu x 0............(3)
(2) u (3) v u 2 v 2 u x 0
ux 0
hip
(2) v (3) u u 2 v 2 v x 0
art
vx 0
W.K.T f z ux ivx 0
f z 0
Integrate w.r.to z
dy
f z C
Solution:
If f z u iv is an analytic function of z , then it satisfies C-R equations
u x v y , u y vx
Given u x, y C1.............(1)
w.
v x, y C2 .............(2)
By total differentiation
u u
du dx dy
x y
ww
v v
dv dx dy
x y
12
m
Differentiate equation (1) & (2) we get du 0 , dv 0
u u
dx dy 0
x y
.co
v v
dx dy 0
x y
dy u / x
m1 ( say )
dx u / y
dy v / x
m2 ( say )
lus
dx v / y
u / x v / x
m1 m2 ( u x v y u y vx )
u / y v / y
m1 m2 1
The curves u x, y C1 and v x, y C2 cut orthogonally.
conjugate.
hip
Problem 11 Show that the function u log x 2 y 2 is harmonic and determine its
1
2
Solution:
log x 2 y 2
1
art
Given u
2
u 1 1 x
2
. 2 2x 2
x 2 x y x y2
u 1 1 y
2
. 2 2y 2
dy
y 2 x y x y2
2u x y x 2 x
2 2
y 2 x2
x 2 x2 y2 x2 y 2
2 2
2u x y 1 2 y
2 2 2
x2 y 2
Vi
x 2 x2 y 2 x2 y2
2 2
2 u 2u y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
0
x 2 y 2 x2 y 2
2
w.
1
1 z , o
z
13
m
u y
2 x , y 2
y x y 2
2 z, o 0
.co
By Milne Thomson Methods
f z 1 z, o i2 z, o
1
f z dz z dz 0
log z c
lus
f z log rei
f z u iv log r i
u log r , v
2 1 y
u log x 2 y 2 r x y , tan x
2 2
y
hip
y
v tan 1 Conjugate of u is tan 1 .
x x
1 1
Problem 12 Find the image of the infinite strips y under the
4 2
1
transformation w .
art
z
1 1
Solution: w z
z w
1 u iv
z 2 2
u iv u v
dy
u
x 2 2 ........(1)
u v
v
y 2 2 ........(2)
u v
Vi
1 1 1
Given strip is y when y
4 2 4
1 v
2 2 (by 2)
4 u v
u (v 2)2 4..........(3)
2
w.
2 2 (by 2)
2 u v
u 2 v 2 2v 0
u 2 (v 1)2 1..........(4)
14
m
z
Problem 15 Prove that w maps the upper half of the z-plane onto the upper half
1 z
of the w-plane.
Solution:
.co
z
w w(1 z ) z
1 z
w wz z
w w 1 z
w ( w 1) z
lus
w
z
w 1
Put z x iy, w u iv
u iv
x iy
u iv 1
u iv u 1 iv
u iv 1 u 1 iv
u u 1 iuv iv u 1 v 2
u 1
2
v2
hip
u 2
v 2 u iv
art
u 1
v2
2
v
y 0 0
u 1 v2
2
v
y 0 0 v0
u 1 v2
2
Vi
Thus the upper half of the z plane is mapped onto the upper half of the w plane.
w.
ww
17
m
UNIT IV COMPLEX INTEGRATION
Part-A
.co
z
Problem 1 Evaluate z 1
C
3
dz where C is z 2 using Cauchy’s integral formula
Solution:
z
Given z 1 dz
lus
3
C
C
zdz
z 1
3
0. hip
Problem 2 State Cauchy’s Integral formula
Solution:
art
If f z is analytic inside and on a closed curve C that encloses a simply
1 f z
connected region R and if ' a ' is any point in R , then f a dz .
2 i C z a
dy
1
Problem 3 Evaluate e z dz where C is z 2 1 .
C
Solution:
1
Vi
1
z
e
Problem 4 Classify the singularities of f z .
z a
2
Solution:
Poles of f z are obtained by equating the denominator to zero.
ww
m
The principal part of the Laurent’s expansion of e1/ z about z = 0 contains infinite number
terms. Therefore there is an essential singularity at z = 0.
1 e2 z
.co
Problem 5 Calculate the residue of f z at the poles.
z3
Solution:
1 e2 z
Given f z
z3
Here z 0 is a pole of order 3
lus
Lt 1 d 2 3 1 e
2z
Re s f z z 0 3
z 0 2! dz 2
z 0
z
2
1 Lt d
2
1 e 2 z
2! z 0 dz
1 Lt d
2! z 0 dz
1 Lt
2! z 0
2e2 z
4e 2 z
hip
1
4 2 .
2
art
cos z
Problem 6 Evaluate
C
z 1
dz if C is z 2 .
Solution:
f z
dy
We know that, Cauchy Integral formula is za dz 2 if a if ' a ' lies inside C
C
cos z
dz , Here f z cos z
C
z 1
Vi
z 1 lies inside C
f 1 cos 1 1.
cos z
dz 2 i 1 2 i .
C
z 1
w.
z z0
finitely
m
sin z Lt
Example: For f z , z = 0 is a removable singularity since f z 1
z z 0
.co
1
Problem 8 Test for singularity of and hence find corresponding residues.
z 1
2
Solution:
1 1
Let f z
z 1 z i z i
2
lus
z i is a simple pole
Lt 1
Res z i z i
z i z i z i
Lt 1 1
z i z i 2i
Res z i
Lt
z i
z i
1
1
z i z i 2i
hip
.
e dz e ie d ........... 1
i
z e i
dy
C 0
Put t e dt ei d
i
When 0, t 1 , 2 , ssss t 1
1 1
(1) e dz e dt e 0
z t t
Vi
C 1 1
3z 2 7 z 1 1
Problem 10 Evaluate C z 1 dz , where z 2 .
w.
Solution:
3z 2 7 z 1
Given z 1 dz
C
Here f z 3 z 2 7 z 1
ww
1
z 1 lies outside z
2
m
3 z 2 72 1
Here dz 0 .(By Cauchy Theorem)
C
z 1
.co
Problem 11 State Cauchy’s residue theorem
Solution:
If f z be analytic at all points inside and on a simple closed curve C , except for
a finite number of isolated singularities z1 , z2 ,..., zn inside C
lus
then f z dz 2 i sum of the residue of f z at z1 , z 2 ,..., zn .
C
e2 z
Problem 12 Calculate the residue of f z at its pole.
z 1
2
Solution:
Given f z
e2 z
z 1
Here z 1 is a pole of order 2
2
hip
Lt 1 d e2 z
Resf z z 1
2
z 1
art
z 11! dz z 1
2
Lt
2e 2 z 2e 2 .
z 1
cos z 2
dy
1 A B
, A 1 B 1
z 1 z 2 z 1 z 2
w.
Here f z cos z 2
3
z 1 lies inside z
2
ww
3
z 2 lies outside z
2
Hence by Cauchy integral formula
m
cos z 2
z 1 z 2 dz 2 i f z
C
2 i 1
.co
2 i [ f z cos z , f 1 cos 1]
lus
r1 r2
and if f z is analytic on C1 and C2 and throughout the annular region R
between them, then at each point z in R ,
bn
f z an z a
n
,
n 1 z a
n
n 0
f z dz f z dz
where an
Problem 15
1
2 i C z a n 1
z3 1
.
1
2 i C z a n1
, n 1, 2,3,...
z3 1
Solution:
art
z3 1
The zeros of f z are given by f z 0 , 0
z3 1
1
i.e., z 3 1 0, z (1) 3
z 1, w, w2 (Cubic roots of unity)
dy
Part-B
dz
z 1 z 2
Vi
3
circle z .
2
Solution:
w.
1
Here f z
z2
m
1
f z
( z 2)2
Hence by Cauchy integral formula
f z 2 i n
.co
C z a n1 dz n ! f a
1
C z 12 z 2 C [ z z (21)]2 dz
dz
lus
2 i
f (1)
1!
1 1
2 i 2
f z
z 2
1 2
2
1
2 i
2
i .
9
9
hip
z2
Problem 2 Evaluate z ( z 1) dz where C is the circle z 3 .
art
C
Solution:
1 f z
W.K.T f a dz
2 i C z a
z2
dy
Also f z z 2
1 A B
Now
Vi
z ( z 1) z z 1
Put z 0 A 1
z 1 B 1
1 1 1
z ( z 1) z z 1
w.
2 i 1 (2)
2 i 2 1 2 i .
m
z 1
Problem 3 Find the Laurent’s Series expansion of the function , valid
z 2 z 3
in the region 2 z 3 .
.co
Solution:
z 1
Let f z
z 2 z 3
z 1 A B
z 2 z 3 z 2 z 3
lus
z 1 A( z 3) B ( z 2)
Put z 2
2 1 A( 2 3) 0
A3
Put z 3
3 1 A 0 B 3 2
4 B
B4
f z
3
4
hip
z2 z3
Given region is 2 z 3
art
2 z and z 3
2 z
1 and 1
z 3
3 4
f z
dy
2 z
z 1 3 1
z 3
1 1
3 2 4 z
1 1
z z 3 3
Vi
3 2 2 4 z z 2
2
7z 2
Problem 4 Expand f z valid in 1 z 1 3
w.
z z 2 z 1
Solution:
7z 2
Given f z
z z 2 z 1
ww
7z 2 A B C
f z
z z 2 z 1 z z 2 z 1
m
7 z 2 A z 2 z 1 Bz z 1 Cz z 2
Put z 2
B2
Put z 0
.co
A 1
Put z 1
C 3
1 2 3
f z
z z 2 z 1
lus
Given region is 1 z 1 3
Let u z 1 1 u 3
z u 1 1 u & u 3
1 u
1 & 1
u
f z
3
1
2
u 1 u 3 u
1
1
3
2
u
3
hip
u (1 ) 3(1 ) u
u 3
art
1 1
1 1 2 u 3
1 1
u u 3 3 u
1 1 1 2 u u 2 3
2
1 ... 1 ...
u u u 3 3 3 u
dy
1 2 z 1 z 1 2
2
1 1 3
1 ... 1 ...
z 1 z 1 z 1 3 3 3 z 1
2 z 1
n
2 1
f z .
z 1 n 2 z 1 n 3 n 0 3n
Vi
z2 1
Problem 5 Expand f z as a Taylor series valid in the
z 2 z 3
w.
region z 2 .
Solution:
z2 1
Given f z
z 2 z 3
ww
Now z 2 z 3 z 2 5 z 6
z2 1 5 z 7
1
z 2 z 3 z 2 z 3
8
m
5 z 7 A B
Now
z 2 z 3 z 2 z 3
5 z 7 A z 3 B z 2
.co
Put z 2
A3
Put z 3
B 8
3 8
f z 1
z2 z3
lus
Given z 2
3 8
f z 1
z z
2 1 3 1
2 3
1 1
3 z
2 2
3 z z
2 2 2
8 z
1 1 1
3 3
2
8 z z 2
hip
1 1 ... 1 ...
3 3 3
n n
3 n z 8 n z
1 1 1
art
2 n0 2 3 n 0 3
n 3 8
f z 1 1 n1 n 1 z n .
n 0 2 3
sin 6 z
dy
6
circle z 1 .
Vi
Solution:
Here f z sin 6 z
f z 6sin 5 cos z
f z 6 sin 6 z cos 2 z.5sin 4 z
w.
Here a , clearly a lies inside the circle z 1
6 6
By Cauchy integral formula
f z 2 i
C z a 3 2! f a
ww
m
sin 6 z 2 i
f
6
3
2!
z
C
6
.co
i 6 sin 6 5cos 2 sin 4
6 6 6
1 5 3
6 i
64 16 4
1 15
6 i
lus
64 64
15 1 21 i
6 i
64 16
Problem 7 Expand f z sin z into a Taylor’s series about z
Solution:
Given f z sin z
f z cos z
hip 4
.
f z sin z
art
f z cos z
Here a
4
1
f sin
dy
4 4 2
1
f cos
4 4 2
1
f sin
Vi
4 4 2
1
f cos
4 4 2
W.K.T Taylor’s series of f z at z a is
w.
z a f a ...
2
za
f z f a f a
1! 2!
2
z z
4 f 4
f z f f ...
ww
10
m
2
1 1 z 4 1
z ...
2 4 2 2 2
.co
z sec z
Problem 8 Evaluate 1 z dz where
C
2
C is the ellipse 4 x 2 9 y 2 9 , using
lus
Equation of ellipse is
4x2 9 y 2 9
x2 y2
1
9/4 1
x2 y2
i.e.,
3
2
2
1
3
1
z 1 1 z cos z 2 cos1
Lt z
Re s f z z 1 z 1
z 1
1 z 1 z cos z
ww
Lt z
z 1 1 z cos z
11
m
1 1
2 cos1 2 cos1
z sec z
dz 2 i sum of the residues
1 z2
.co
C
1 1
2 i
2 cos1 2 cos1
2 i sec1 .
lus
z4
Problem 9 Using Cauchy integral formula evaluate (i) z
C
2
2z 5
dz , where C is
4 3z 3
the circle z 1 i 2 (ii) dz , C is the circle z .
C
z ( z 1)( z 2) 2
Solution:
(i) Given z 1 i 2
hip
z 1 i 2 is a circle whose centre is 1 i and radius 2.
i.e., centre 1,1 and radius 2
z 2 2 z 5 z 1 2i z ( 1 2i
1 2i i.e., 1, 2 lies inside the C
art
1 2i i.e., 1, 2 lies out side the C
2 4 20
z 2 z 5 0 z 2 , z 1 2i
2
dy
z4
dz
z 1 2i z 1 2i
C
z4
z 1 2i
Vi
dz
C
z 1 2i
z4
Hence f z
z 1 2i
Here by Cauchy integral formula
w.
f z
z a dz 2 i f a
C
z4
z 2 i f 1 2i
2
2z 5
ww
1 2i 4
2 i
1 2i 1 2i
12
m
3 2i
2 i 3 2i .
4i 2
4 3z
.co
(ii) z ( z 1)( z 2) dz
C
3
z 0, z 1 lie inside the circle z
2
z 2 lies outside the circle
4 3z A B C
lus
z ( z 1)( z 2) z z 1 z 2
4 3 z A( z 1)( z 2) B ( z )( z 2) C ( z )( z 1)
Put z 0
4 4A
A 1
Put z 1
B 1
Put z 2
C 1
4 3z 2 1 1
hip
z ( z 1)( z 2) z z 1 z 2
art
4 3z 2 1 1
C z ( z 1)( z 2) dz C z dz C z 1 dz C z 2 dz
f z 2 i n
z a n 1
f 0
C
n!
dy
2 [2 i f 0 ] 2 i f 1 0
4 i f (0) 2 i f 1
4 i (1) 2 i 1
2 i f 0 1 f 1 1
Vi
dz
Problem 10 Using Cauchy’s integral formula evaluate where C is circle
z 4
2 2
C
z i 2
w.
Solution:
1 1
z 4 z 2i z 2i
2 2 2 2
ww
13
m
1
z 2i
2
dz
dz
z 2 4 c z 2i
2 2
C
.co
1
Here f z
z 2i
2
2
f z
z 2i
3
lus
2 2
f 2i
2i 2i 4i
3 3
2i i
64 32
Hence by Cauchy Integral Formula
f z
C z 2
4
2 i n
C z a n1 dz n ! f a
f z
2
2 i
1!
f 2i .
16
hip
art
Problem 11 Find the Laurent’s series which represents the function
z
in (i) z 2 (ii) z 1 1
z 1 z 2
Solution:
dy
z
(i). Let f z
z 1 z 2
z A B
Now
z 1 z 2 z 1 z 2
z A z 2 B z 1
Vi
Put z 1
A 1
Put z 2
B 1
w.
1 2
f z
z 1 z 2
2 1
Given z 2, 2 z i.e., 1 1
z z
ww
1 2
f z
z 1 z 2
14
m
1 2
1 2
z 1 z 1
z z
.co
1 1
1 1 2 2
1 1
z z z z
(ii). z 1 1
Let u z 1
i.e., u 1
lus
1 2
f z
z 1 z 2
1 2
u 1 u
1
2 1 u
1
u
1
u
1
2(1 u u 2 ...)
2 1 (1 z ) (1 z ) 2 ...
hip
1 z
2
Problem 12 Prove that 2 d 2
art
, given a2 < 1.
0 a 2a cos 1 1 a
2
2
d
Solution: Let I 0 a 2
2a cos 1
Put z = ei
dy
dz 1 1
Then d and cos = z
iz 2 z
dz
I iz
a a z 1z 1
2
where C is |z| = 1.
Vi
1 dz
ai C a a z z 2 1
1
i dz
a C z a 1a z 1
2
w.
i 1
f (z)dz where f (z) 2
C a z a 1a z 1
i 1
a z a z 1a
ww
1 1
The singularities of f(z) are simple poles at a and . a2 < 1 implies |a| < 1 and 1
a a
15
m
The pole that lies inside C is z = a.
i 1
Res[f(z); a] Lim (z a ).
z a a z a z 1a
.co
i 1
a a 1a
i
2
a 1
i 2
Hence I 2i. 2
a 1 1 a 2
lus
2
cos 2.d
Problem 13 Show that 0 5 4 cos 6
2
Solution: Let I
Put z = ei
Then d
dz 1
and cos = z
cos 2.d
0 5 4 cos
1
hip
iz 2 z
2 i 2
e .d
art
I Re al Part of
0 5 4 cos
z 2 . dz iz
Re al Part of C 5 2z 1z where C is |z| = 1.
dy
1 z 2 .dz
2i C z 2 52 z 1
Re al Part of
1 z 2 .dz
Re al Part of
2i z 1 z 2
C 2
Vi
1 z2
Re al Part of f (z)dz where f (z)
2i z 12 z 2
.
C
z2
Resf(z); - 1 2 Lim (z 1 2 ).
1
2i z 12 z 2
.
z - 12
1 14 1
.
3
2i 2 12i
ww
1
I = Real Part of 2i.
12i
16
m
Lt 1 1
z i 2 2
2
z i 1!
z 1
.co
Lt 1 d 1
z 2 1 z i z i
z i 1! dz ( z i ) 2
Lt 2
z i z i 3
2 2 1
lus
i i 2i 3
4i
z dz 2 i Sum of residues of z at its poles which lies in C
C
1
2 i ..........(2)
4i 2
Let R , then z so that z 0
z
Lt
z dz 0.........(3)
hip
Sub (2) and (3) in (1)
z dz x dx
art
C
dx
x 1
2
2 2
dy
dx
2
x 1
2
0
2 2
dx
.
x 1
2
0
2 4
Vi
x sin x
Problem 15 Evaluate x
0
2
a2
dx
Solution:
w.
x sin x x sin x
2 2 dx 2 dx
0
x a 2
x a2
x sin x 1 x sin x
0 x 2 a 2 dx 2 x 2 a 2 dx
ww
1 z sin z
2 dz
2 z a 2
18
m
1
I ........(1)
2
Now z sin z is the imaginary part of zeiz
.co
z sin z
2 dz
z a2
zeiz
.. dz
z2 a2
z eiz zeiz
Let z
lus
z 2 a 2 z ia z ia
The poles are z ia , z ia
Now the poles z ia lies in the upper half – plane
But z ia lies in the lower half – plane.
Hence
Res z z ia
Lt
Lt
z ia
zeiz
z ia z ia
z ia
hip zeiz
z ia z ia
iae a e a
art
2ia 2
zeiz
dz 2 i Sum of the residues at each poles in the upper half plane
z 2 a2
ea
2 i
2
dy
ie a
zeiz
I=I.P. of 2 dz
z a2
= I.P. of ie a
Vi
e a ...........(2)
Sub (2) in (1)
x sin x 1 1 a
0 x 2 a 2 dx 2 x 2 e
w.
ww
19
m
UNIT V LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Part – A
.co
Problem 1 State the conditions under which Laplace transform of f t exists
Solution:
(i) f t must be piecewise continuous in the given closed interval a, b where a 0 and
(ii) f t should be of exponential order.
lus
Problem 2 Find (i) L t 3/ 2 (ii) L e at cos bt
Solution:
(i) We know that
n 1
L t n
s n 1
3 3 3
1
L t n / 3 3
2
1
2 2
s 5/ 2
hip
n 1 n n
s2
3 1
1
art
2 2
s5 / 2
3 1 1
.
2 2 2
S 5/ 2
dy
3
5/ 2 1/ 2
4s
ii)
L e at cos bt L cos bt s s a
Vi
s
2
s b s s a
2
sa
s a b
2
w.
m
1
2
L sin12t L sin 4t
1 12 4
2 2
2 s 144 s 16
.co
cos12t 3cos 4t cos 3 3cos
L cos3 4t L cos3
4 4
L cos12t 3L cos 4t
1
4
1 3s
lus
s
2 2
4 s 144 s 16
1 5
L 5 5L 1 5 .
s s
1 12 4 1 s 3s 5
L sin 8t cos 4t cos3 4t 5 2 2 2 2 .
0 ; when 0 t 2
3 ; when t2
.
Solution:
W.K.T L f t e st f t dt
art
0
2
e st
f t dt e st f t dt
0 2
2
dy
e st 0.dt e st 3dt
0 2
e st
3 e dt 3
st
2 s 2
Vi
e e 2 s 3e 2 s
3 s .
s
a a
(OR)
State and prove change of scale property.
Solution:
W.K.T L f t e st f t dt
ww
m
L f at e st f at dt
0
Put at x when t 0 , x 0
.co
adt dx when t , x
x
s
L f at e
dx
a
f x
0
a
s
1 t
e a f t dt x is a dummy variable
a0
lus
1 s
F .
a a
cos at
Problem 6 Does Laplace transform of exist? Justify
t
Solution:
1 hip f (t )
If L f (t ) F ( s ) and f (t ) has a limit as t 0 then L
cos at 1
t t S
F s ds .
Here tLim
0
t 0
art
cos at
L does not exist.
t
Problem 7 Using Laplace transform evaluate te 3t sin 2t dt
dy
Solution:
W.K.T L f t e st f t dt
0
Vi
d d 2
L sin 2t 2
ds s 3 ds s 4 s 3
w.
4 s
s 2 4 2
s 3
4s 12
ww
.
s 2 4
2
169
s 3
m
t sin u
Problem 8 Find L du
0
u
Solution:
.co
t 1
By Transform of integrals, L f x dx L f t
0 s
sin u 1 sin t 1
t
1
1
L du L L sin t ds 2 ds
0 u s t ss s s s 1
1
lus
1
tan 1 s tan 1 s
s s s2
1
cot 1 s
s
0 a
e st dt
a
e st e e as e as
Vi
s
s a s
e as
Thus L U a t
s
w.
1
Problem 10 Find the inverse Laplace transform of
(s a)n
Solution:
L t n
n!
ww
s n 1
m
L t n 1
n 1!
sn
(n 1)!
L e at t n 1 n
n 1!
.co
s s s a ( s a )
n
n 1 !
e at t n1 L1 n
( s a)
1
e at t n 1 n 1 ! L1 n
s a
lus
1 1
L1 n
e at t n 1
s a n 1 !
1
Problem 11 Find the inverse Laplace Transform of
Solution:
1
t
W.K.T L1 F s L1 F ( s ) dt
hip s s a2
2
s 0
t 1
art
1
L1 L1 2 dt
s s a 0 s a
2 2 2
a
t
1
L1 2 dt
s a
2
0
a
dy
t
1
a 0
sin at dt
t
1 cos at
a a 0
Vi
1
2 cos at 1
a
1
2 1 cos at .
a
w.
s
Problem 12 Find L1
s 2
2
Solution:
ww
s d
L1 2
L1 sF ( s ) L1 F ( s )
s 2 dt
m
1 n!
Where F ( s ) , L t n n 1
s 2
2
s
1 1
L1 F s L1 , L t 2
.co
2
( s 2) s
1
L1 F s e2t L1 2 e2t t
s
s d 2 t
L1 2
e t t 2e 2t e 2t
( s 2) dt
lus
s 2 t
L1 2
e 1 2t
( s 2)
s2 1 .
Problem 13 Find L
Solution:
L
1 s 2
s 2 4 s 5 2
L
1
s2
hip
2
s 4s 5
2
s 2 1
2 2
art
s
e 2 t L1 .......(1)
s 2 1 2
s s
dy
1
L t L 1
ds
s 1
2 2
s s 1
2 2
du
t L1 let u s 2 1, du 2 sds
2u 2
1
Vi
t
L1
2 u
t 1 1
L
2 s 2 12 s
w.
t 1 1
L
2 s2 1
t
sin t........(2)
2
Using (2) in (1)
ww
s2 e 2t . t sin t 1 te 2t sin t.
L1
s 2 4s 5
2
2 2
m
100
Problem 14 Find the inverse Laplace transform of
s s 100
2
.co
Solution:
100 A Bs
Consider 2
s s 100 s s 100
2
100 A s 2 100 Bs C ( s)
Put s 0, 100 A 100
lus
A 1
s 1, 100 A(101) B C
B C 1
Equating s 2 term
0 A B
B 1
B C 1 i.e., 1 C 1
C0
100
L1 2
1
L1 2
s
hip
s ( s 100) s s 100
1 s
art
L1 L1 2
s s 100
1 cos10t
dx dy
Problem 15 Solve 2 y cos 2t and 2 x sin 2t given x (0) 1; y (0) 0
dy
dy dt
Solution:
x 2 y cos 2t
y 2 x sin 2t given x (0) 1; y (0) 0
Taking Laplace Transform we get
Vi
s
sL x x (0) 2 L y L cos 2t 2
s 4
s
sL x 2 L y 2 1..........(1)
s 4
w.
2
sL y y (0) 2 L x L sin 2t 2
s 4
2
2 L x sL y 2 ........(2)
s 4
1 2 s 2 gives,
ww
2
s2 4 L y
s 4
2
m
2
y L1 2
s 4
sin 2t
.co
dy
2 x sin 2t
dt
sin 2t 2 cos 2t
1
x cos 2t sin 2t
2
Part-B
lus
t
sin t
Problem 1 Find the Laplace transform of e t dt
0
t
Solution:
t sin t 1 sin t
L
0 t
sin t
L
t s
dt L
s t
L sin t ds
hip
1
ds
s 1
art
2
s
tan 1 ( s )
tan 1 s
2
co t 1 s
dy
t sin t 1
L dt co t 1 s
0 t s
t sin t 1
L e t dt co t 1 s
Vi
0 t s s s 1
co t s 1
1
.
s 1
Problem 2 Find te 2t sin 3t dt using Laplace transforms.
w.
3
Solution: L sin 3t
s 9 2
d 1 6s
L t sin 3t 2 2
ww
ds s 9 s 9 2
m
6s
.co
s 9
2 2
6s
i.e., te st sin 3t dt
s 9
2 2
0
12
te
2 t
Putting s 2 we get sin 3t dt
lus
0
169
t
sin 5t
Problem 3 Find the Laplace transform of t te4t cos 3t dt dt
0
t
Solution:
t 4 t
0
d 1
d 4t
ds 0
t
L t e cos 3t dt L e cos 3t dt
L e 4t cos 3t
hip
ds s
d 1
L cos 3t s s 4
art
ds s
d 1 s
2
ds s s 9 s s 4
d 1 s4
dy
ds s ( s 4) 2 9
d 1 s 4
ds s ( s 8s 25)
2
d s4
Vi
ds s 8s 2 25s
3
s 3 8s 2 25s 1 s 4 3s 3 16 s 25
2
s 3
8 s 2
25 s
w.
3
s 8s 2 25s 3s 3 16s 2 25s 12 s 2 64 s 100
2
s 3
8 s 2
25 s
2 s 3 20 s 2 64s 100
ww
s 3 8s 2 25s 2
m
3
s 10 s 2 32 s 50
2
s 3 8s 2 25s 2
.co
sin 5t
L L sin 5t ds
t s
5
ds
s
s 25
2
1 s
lus
5. tan 1
5 5 s
s
tan 1
5 s
s
tan 1
t
2
s
co t 1
5
5
sin 5t t 4 t
hip sin 5t
L t e 4t cos 3t dt L t e cos 3t dt L
0 t 0 t
art
2 s 3 10 s 2 32 s 50 s
cot 1
s 8s 25s 5
3 2 2
Solution:
2
2 d
L t e cos 2t 1
2 2t
2
L e 2t cos 2 t
ds
d s
2
2 2
Vi
ds s 4 s s 2
d2 s 2
s 2 4
2
ds 2
w.
d2 s 2
2 2
ds s 4s 8
d s 4s 8 1 s 2 2 s 4
2
ds s 2 4s 8
2
ww
10
m
d s 2 4s 8 2s 2 4 s 4s 8
ds s 2 4s 8
2
.co
d s 2 4s
ds s 2 4 s 8 2
s 2
4s 8 2 s 4 s 2 4s 2 s 2 4 s 8 2 s 4
s 4s 8
lus
2 4
s 2
4 s 8 2s 4 s 2 4s 2s 4
s 4s 8
2 3
2s 3 8s 2 16 s 4 s 2 16s 32 4 s3 8s 2 16 s 2 32 s
2 s 3 12s 2 32
s 2
4s 8
3
.
s hip
2
4s 8
3
art
Problem 5 Verify the initial and final value theorems for the function
f t 1 e t sin t cos t
Solution: Given f t 1 e t sin t cos t
L f t L 1 e t sin t e t cos t
L 1 L e t sin t L e t cos t
dy
1 1 s 1
s s 1 1 s 12 1
2
1 s2
Vi
s s 12 1
Initial value theorem:
t 0 f t s sF s
Lt Lt
RHS sLt sF s
1 s2
Lts s
s s 1 1
2
ww
s 2 2s
sLt 1 2
s 2s 2
11
m
2s 2 4 s 2
Lts 2
s 2s 2
2 4 / s 2 / s2
s 2
.co
Lt
2
1 2 / s 2 / s
LHS RHS
Hence initial value theorem is verified.
Final value theorem:
t f t s 0 sF s
Lt Lt
lus
LHS tLt f t
tLt 1 e t sin t e t cos t 1 e
0
RHS sLt0 sF s
1 1 s 1
Lts0 s
s s 1 1 s 1 1
sLt0 1
2
s 2 2s
s 1 1
2 1
2
hip
LHS RHS
Hence final value theorem is verified.
art
s 2 1
Problem 6 Find L1 log 2 .
s
Solution:
dy
1
L1 F s L1 F s .......(1)
t
s 1
2
F s log 2
s
Vi
L1 F s L1 2 2
s 1 s
s 1
2 L1 2
s 1 s
2 cos t 1
ww
s 2 1 1
L1 log 2 2 cos t 1
s t
12
m
2 1 cos t
.
t
s3
Problem 7 Find the inverse Laplace transform of
s 1 s 2 2s 3
.co
s 3 A Bs C
Solution: 2 ....(1)
s 1 s 2s 3 s 1 s 2s 3
2
s 3 A s 2 2 s 3 Bs c s 1
Put s 1
lus
2=2A
A=1
Equating the coefficients of s 2
0 = A+B B = -1
Put s = 0
1
3 = 3A+C
C=0
s3
s 1 s 2s 3
2
1
2
s
hip
s 1 s 2s 3
1 s
s 1 s 12 2
art
1 s 1 1
s 1 s 1 2 s 1 2 2
2
s 3 s 1 1
1 1 1
L1 L L1
L
s 1 s 2 s 3
s 1
s 1 2 s 1 2
2 2
dy
s t 1 1
e t e t L1 2 e L 2
s 2 s 2
2
e t e t cos 2t e t sin 2t
Vi
s 1
Problem 8 Find L1 s log
2
s 1
w.
Solution:
s 1
L1 s log 2 f t
s 1
s 1
L f t s log 2
ww
s 1
s log s 1 s log s 1 2
13
m
L t f t
d
s log s 1 s log s 1 2
ds
s s
log s 1 log s 1
s 1 s 1
.co
s 1 s s 1 s s 1
log
s 1 s2 1
s 1 s s s s
2 2
log
s 1 s2 1
lus
s 1 2s
log 2
s 1 s 1
s 1 1 s
tf t L1 log 2L 2
s 1 s 1
s 1
L1 log
s 1
To find L1 log
s 1
hip
2 cosh t....(1)
s 1
s 1
Let f t L1 log
s 1
art
s 1
L f t log
s 1
L t f t log s 1 log s 1
d
ds
dy
1 1 2
2
s 1 s 1 s 1
1
t f t 2 L1 2 2sinh t
s 1
Vi
2sinh t
f t .....(2)
t
Using (2) in (1)
2sinh t
tf t 2 cosh t
t
w.
2sinh t 2 cosh t
f t
t2 t
sinh t t cosh t
2 .
2
t
ww
14
m
s 1
Problem 9 Using convolution theorem find L
s 2 a2 2
.co
Solution:
L1 F s G s L1 F s * L1 G s
L1
s L1 s * L1 1
s2 a2
2 s 2 a 2 s 2 a 2
lus
s 1 1 a
L1 2 * L 2
s a a s a
2 2
1
cos at* sin at
a
1
cos at*sin at
a
1
t
cos a u sin a t u du
a0
1
t
hip
sin at au cos a u du
a 0
art
1 sin at au au sin at au au
t
a 0
du
2
t
1
sin at sin a t 2u du
2a 0
dy
cos a t 2u
t
1
sin at u
2a 2 a 0
1 cos at cos at
t sin at
2a 2a 2a
Vi
t sin at
.
2a
1
Problem 10 Find the Laplace inverse of using convolution theorem.
s 1 s 2 9
w.
Solution:
L1 F s .G s L1 F s * L1 G s
1 1
ww
1
L1 L1
.
s 1 s 9 s 1 s 9
2 2
15
m
1 1 1
L1 *L 2
s 1 s 9
1
.co
et * sin 3t
3
t
1
e u sin 3 t u du
30
t
1 u
e sin 3t 3u du
3 0
lus
t
1 u
e sin 3t cos 3u cos 3t sin 3u du
3 0
t t
1 1
sin 3t e u cos 3u du cos 3t e u sin 3u du
3 3
0
sin 3t e u
3 10
sin 3t e u
cos 3u 3sin
0
3u hip
0
1
t
cos 3t e u
3 10
cos 3t 3sin 3t 1
sin 3u 3cos 3u
t
0
3 10 10
sin 3t e u
art
1
sin 3t 3cos 3t 3
3 10 10
s2
Problem 11 Find L1 using convolution theorem
s a s b
dy
2 2 2 2
Solution:
L1 F s .G s L1 F s * L1 G s
s s s 1 s
L1 2 . 2 2
L1 2 *L 2
s a s b
Vi
s a s b
2 2 2
2 ab a b 0
2 a b ab a b a b
1 sin at sin at sin bt sin bt
2 a b a b a b a b
ww
1 2a sin at 2b sin bt
2 2 2
2 a b2 a b
16
m
1 2a sin at 2b sin bt
2 a2 b2
a sin at b sin bt
.
.co
a2 b2
lus
Solution:
L1 F s .G s L1 F s * L1 G s
L
1 1 L1 1 * L1 1
s2 a2
2 s 2 a 2 s 2 a 2
sin at sin at
1
a
t
*
a
2 sin au sin a t u du
a 0
hip
t
1
cos 2au at cos at du 2sin A sin B cos A B cos A B
2a 2 0
art
1 sin 2au at
t
2 cos at u
2a 2a 0
1 sin at sin at
dy
2 t cos at
2a 2a 2a
1 2sin at
2
t cos at
2a 2a
1
3 sin at at cos at
Vi
2a
Given y 9 y cos 2t
L y t 9 y t L cos 2t
L y t 9 L y t L cos 2t
s
ww
s 2 L y t sy 0 y 0 9 L y t 2
s 4
17
m
As y 0 is not given, it will be assumed as a constant, which will be evaluated at the
end. y 0 A.
s
L y t s 2 9 s A
.co
s 42
s
L y t s 2 9 s A
s 4 2
s s A
L y t 2 2 2 .
s 4 s 9 s 9 s 9
2
lus
s As B Cs D
Consider 2
s 2
4 s 9
2
s2 4 s 9
s As B s 2 9 Cs B s 2 4
As 3 9 As Bs 2 9 B Cs 3 4 s 1 s 2 4
Equating coefficient of s 3
Equating coefficient of s
Equating coefficient of s
2
5
1
C
5
Solving (2) & (4)
9B 9D 0
Vi
9 B AD 0
D0
B 0& D 0 .
s 1 s s
2
s 4 s 9 5 s 4 5 s 9
w.
2 2 2
1 s s s A
L y t 2 2 2 2
5 s 4 s 9 s 9 s 4
1 1 A
y t cos 2t cos 3t cos 3t sin 3t
ww
5 5 3
1 4 A
cos 2t cos 3t sin 3t
5 5 3
18
m
Given y 1
2
1 A
1
.co
5 5
12
A
5
1 4 4
y t cos 2t cos 3t sin 3t
5 5 5
lus
d 2 y 3dy
Problem 14 Using Laplace transform solve 2 y 4 given that
dx 2 dx
y 0 2, y 0 3
Solution:
L y t 3L y t 2 L y t L 4
s 2
3s 2 L y t 2 s 3 6
hip
s 2 L y t sy 0 y 0 3sL y t 3 y 0 2 L y t
4
4
5
s
s 2
3s 2 L y t
4
2s 3
art
s
2 s 2 3s 4
L f t
s s 2 3s 2
2 s 2 3s 4
L f t
dy
s s 1 s 2
2 s 2 3s 4 A B C
s s 1 s 2 s s 1 s 2
2s 2 3s 4 A s 1 s 2 Bs s 2 Cs s 1
Vi
Put s = 0 4 = 2A => A = 2
s=1 3 B B 3
s2 6 2c C 3
2 3 3
L y t
w.
s s 1 s 2
y t 2 3e 3e 2t
t
dx dy
Problem 15 Solve y sin t; x cos t with x 2 and y 0 when t 0
ww
dy dt
Solution:
Given x t y t sin t
19
m
x t y t cos t
L x t L y t L sin t
1
sL x t x 0 L y t
.co
s 1
2
1
sL x t L y t 2.........(1)
s 1
2
L x t L y t L cos 2t
1
L x t sL y t y 0
lus
....(2)
s 1
2
L y t 2
s2 3
2s 2 3
s 11 s 2
As B Cs D
hip
2
s 11 s s 1 1 s 2
2 2
art
s 2 3 As B 1 s 2 Cs D s 2 1
Equating s 3 on both sides
0 A C put s 0
Ac 3 BD
dy
A0 C 0
Equating s 2 on both sides
1 B D D2
B 1
Equation son both sides 0 = A + B
Vi
1 1
y t L1 2 2 L1 2
s 1 s 1
sin t 2sinh t
To find x t we have x t y t cos t , x t cos t y t , y t sin t 2sinh t
w.
dy
cos t 2 cosh t
dt
x t cos t cos t 2 cosh t
2 cosh t
ww
Hence x t 2 cosh t
y t sin t 2sinh t
20