Formula Sheet

Intensity Ratio: = 2.512

Magnitude Difference: − = 2.5 log

Small Angle Formula: =

M = mass of central body (kg)
-11 3 2
Circular Velocity: = G = 6.67 × 10 m /s kg
* Answer in m/s

D = diameter
Compare LGP: = * Answer in times (×)

. D = diameter (cm)
Resolving Power: =
( ) * Answer in arcseconds

FO = focal length of objective

Magnification: = Fe = focal length of eyepiece

, ,
Wien’s Law: = * Answer in nm

.
= × 10 Å

. × Å
=
T=K
Stefan-Boltzmann Law: = (/ / ) = 5.67 ×10-8J/m2 s degree4
* Answer in J
Doppler Formula: = Vr = radial velocity Δ = change in
c = 300,000 km/s = observed

Fusion Explained: = m = kg * Answer in Joules

c = 3×108 m/s
, p = parallax * Answer in AU
Distance to Star: =

( )
F Ratio:
( )
Distance Modulus: − = −5 + 5 log = 10 =

Luminosity of Star: = * Answer in times (×)

☉ ☉ ☉

M = solar masses
Mass of Binary System: + = p = orbital period (yrs) a = AU

Kepler’s 3rd Law: = p = orbital period (yrs) a = distance (AU)

.
Mass-Luminosity Relation: = M = star mass in MO * Answer in times (×)

Life Expectancy: = M = star mass in MO

. * Answer in O lifetimes × 10 billion = years
G = 6.67 × 10-11 m3/s2kg M = mass (kg)
Schwarzschild Radius: = C = 3× 108 m/s * Answer in m
= velocity of recession of galaxy (km/s)
Hubble Law: = Hd H = 20km/s/Mpc d = distance (Mpc)

Redshift: = Δ = change in O = unshifted

Age of Universe: Τ = × 10 H = 70 km/s/Mpc

* Answer in years

Distance-Rate-Time: =

=
= G = 6.67 × 10
-11
m3/s2kg
= masses of objects in kg
Newton’s Law of Gravity: = r = distance between the two masses (m)
F = the strength of the gravitational force (N)

Kepler’s 1st Law (Eccentricity): =

Ratio:
/

Frequency: =
Flux:

( )=
( ) Diameter of orbit: 300,000 km
= * Answer in km

Dispersion Distance: =
.

− = 3.472 × 10

− = 4.688 × 10

− = 1.215 × 10
 Constants
1 = 1.495979 × 10
1 = 206,265
= 3.085678 × 10
= 3.261633 ℎ
1 ℎ = 9.46053 × 10
10
, ℎ ℎ = 2.997925 ×

, ℎ = 6.67 × 10( )
+( / )/

⊕ = 5.976 × 10

⊕ = 6,378.164

☉ = 1.989 × 10

☉ = 6.9599 × 10

☉ = 3.826 × 10

ℎ = 7.350 × 10
ℎ = 1738
= 1.67352 × 10
1
1 (1 ) =
60°
1
1 (1") =
60′
1 = 1,000,000 = 4.5 × 10