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12 - Chapter 4 PDF
12 - Chapter 4 PDF
4.1. INTRODUCTION
Analytical studies using finite element analysis of pile cap resistance under
lateral load is seldom reported in literature. Recently, El-Garhy et. al. (2009) presents
the results of experimental study on model piles to show the effect of pile cap elevation
below the ground surface and pile spacing on lateral resistance of single pile and pile
groups driven in sand. From their parametric study, they concluded that the lateral
carrying capacity of single pile and pile groups increase as the pile cap depth below the
ground surface increases and as the spacing between piles in the group increases. The
considering different influences parameter and thus quantityfying the lateral resistance
for different condition. Finite element modelling and analysis is strong tool to study
this phenomenon and the results obtained from parametric study using finite element
problem like pile-soil-pile cap interaction under the lateral load. A two-dimensional
finite element programme PLAXIS 2D (Version 8) has been used to model pile, soil and
pile cap using the concept of plain strain condition. Plane strain condition results in a
two-dimensional finite element model with only two translational degrees of freedom
129
per node. The 15-noded triangle provides a fourth order interpolation for displacements
and the numerical integration involves twelve Gauss points. The 15 node triangle is a
very accurate element that has produced high qualities stress results for difficult
problems.
The interface elements are placed around the pile to model the interaction
between the pile and the soil. Each interface has assigned to it a “virtual thickness”
interface. The higher the virtual thickness is the more elastic deformations are
generated. In general interface elements are supposed to generate very little elastic
deformations and therefore the virtual thickness should be small. The virtual thickness
is calculated as the “virtual thickness factor” times the average element size. A proper
caused by the sliding of the soil along the pile during penetration and to allow for
Soil and rock tend to behave in highly non-linear way under load. The non
real soil behaviour. This elastic perfectly plastic model requires five order basic input
parameters, viz. (i) Modulus of Elasticity (E), (ii) Poisson’s ratio (v), (iii) cohesion (c),
130
4.3.1. Formulation of the Mohr-Coulomb Model
to general states of stress. In fact this condition ensures that Coulomb’s friction law is
The full Mohr-Coulomb yield condition consists of six yield functions when
formulated in terms of principal stresses (Smith and Griffith, 1982). These are
1
/2a = ^(°3 “^) +1 + )Sin(Z>“CC°S^^° (4.3)
1 1
ha = -<*2)+~(o( + ai)sm0-ccos0<O (4.5)
Two plastic model parameters appearing in the yield functions are the well
known friction angle (<j>) and the cohesion (c). These yield functions together represent
In addition to the yield functions, six potential functions are defined for the
Mohr-Coulomb model.
131
Sla = -{<*2-4, )+|(<*2 +V
(4.7)
82b = + (4.10)
83a=^{<7/l-<r/2) + ^{<7i+<T2)nW
(4.11)
S3*=!(<4-^)+!(<4+<*i)smr (4.12)
The plastic potential functions contain a third plasticity parameter, the dilatancy
angle (if/). This parameter is required to model positive plastic volumetric strain
increment. A suitable soil model and the appropriate material parameters have to be
assigned to the geometry. In the software, soil properties are collected in material data
sets and the various data sets are stored in a material database. From the database, a
All model parameters in this software are meant to represent the effective soil
response, i.e. the relation between the stresses and the strains associated with the soil
skeleton. An important feature of soil is the presence of pore water. Pore pressures
significantly influences the soil response. To enable incorporation of the water skeleton
interaction in the soil response, PLAXIS offers for each soil model a choice any of the
following three types of behaviour, namely (i) drained behaviour, (ii) undrained
132
The Mohr-Columb model for soil modelling under drained condition is
Plates are structural objects used to model slender structures in the ground with
a significant flexural rigidity and a normal stiffness. Plate can be used to simulate the
influences of pile and pile cap. The material properties of plates are contained in
material data sets. The most important parameters are flexural rigidity (El) and the
axial stiffness (EA). An equivalent plate thickness (deq) is calculated from these
(4.13)
Plates in the 2D finite element model are composed of beam elements with three
degrees of freedom per node, viz. two translational degrees of freedom (ux, Uy) and one
rotational degrees of freedom (rotation in the x-y plane & ). When 6 nodded soil
elements are employed then each beam element is defined by three nodes whereas 5-
node beam elements are used together with the 15-node soil elements. The beam
elements are based on Mindlin’s beam theory (Bathe, 1982). This theory allows for
beam deflections due to shearing as well as bending. In addition the element can
133
change length when an axial force is applied. Beam elements can become plastic if a
The mesh generation in finite element analysis is not only difficult task but also
critically important to achieve a better and accurate results of the problem. Before the
mesh is generated, all material data sets should have been defined and all clusters and
structures must have an appropriate data set assigned to them. The mesh generation
requires a general meshing parameter which represents the average element size (le).
Here, this parameter is calculated from the outer geometry dimensions (xmin,
Xnwx> ymim ymax) and a Global Coarseness setting as defined in the Mesh Sub Menu.
coarse, medium, fine and very fine with the help of following guidelines of the
134
•The beauty of the software is that it allows for a fully automatic mesh
generation procedure in which the geometry is divided into elements of the basic
element type compatible structural elements, if applicable. The mesh generation takes
full account of the position of points and lines in the geometry model so that the exact
position of layers loads and structures is accounted for in the finite element mesh. Once
the mesh has been generated the finite element model is complete.
models have to assign the initial conditions. The initial conditions comprise of:
(1) The initial groundwater conditions: - pore pressure can be generated on the
(3) The initial effective stress state: - this initial stress in a soil body is
influenced by the weight of the material and the history of its formation. This stress
state is usually characterised by an initial vertical effective stress a^0 .The initial
horizontal effective stress (<7^0) is related to the initial vertical effective stress
(cr^o) by the coefficient of lateral earth pressure £0(o^0 = k0a^0) - This may be
study, consider the soil layer is assumed to be dry and so there is no need to take into
135
4.7. CALCULATION PHASE
can be used to select calculated phases for which output results are to be viewed.
During the execution of a calculation a window appears which gives information about
k-aicuiaoon progress
Fcrc^-X
j X -Mdisp: 1.000 PMax 0.000
I -MloadA: 1.000 X -Marea: 1.000
I -MloadB: 1,000 Force-X: 38.318
I -Mweight: 1.000 Force-Y: 0.000
I -Maccel: 0.000 Stiffness: 9 489E-04
X-Msf: 1.000 Time: 0.000
X -Mstage: 0.031 Dyn. time: 0.000
IUI |n«j*a
z\
Current step: 108 Max. steps: 2S0 | Semen t 158
Iteration: 3 Max. iterations: 60 Decomposition: 100 %
Global error: 0.009 0.010 I Calc, time:
Tolerance: 18s
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
The first step in every analysis is to set the basic parameters of the finite
element model. The model is generated for plain strain condition with 15 node
elements. The minimum dimensions of the draw area have to be finalised such that the
geometry model will fit the draw area. This is done by keeping x= 50 m and y=25 m in
136
The soil is modelled by the geometry lines. The plate elements are considered
for modelling of pile and cap. Three position of pile cap are considered for this study.
These are:
(1) The bottom of the pile cap free from ground surface.
(2) The top of the pile cap at the ground surface (GS), i.e. Df^ = 0 and
(3) The bottom of the pile cap below the GS at depth where Dfyf=1 , where Df is
the depth of pile cap below GS and the t is the thickness of pile cap.
\ 1 GS
Jj?
1—^
r
Fig. 4.2.2. Definitions of parameters in model generation
137
The different position of pile cap, pile and cap length, and number of piles in a
group can be modelled accurately using plate elements by simply putting accurate
The interaction between the soil and the pile is modelled at both sides by means
of interfaces. The interfaces allow for the specification of a reduced pile friction
compared to the friction in the soil. Interfaces are indicated as dotted lines along the
geometry line (Pile). In order to simulate the behaviour of the soil, Mohr-Columb
model is considered for investigation of the problem. With the help of standard fixity
option of the software, the boundary condition is created. It will generate a full fixity at
base of the geometry and roller conditions at the vertical faces («*=0, «y=free). For
adopted as boundary conditions. In this study, the prescribed force is considered for the
entire model.
After the input of boundary conditions, materi al data sets for plates and soil and
interfaces are created as shown in Tables 4.1. and 4.2. An appropriate data set is
The mesh generation in finite element analysis is not only difficult task but also
critically important to achieve a better and accurate results of the problem. Selected 15
node triangular elements as the basic type of element to model soil layers. The mesh
generation takes full account of the position of points and lines in the geometry model,
so that the exact position of layers, loads and structures is accounted for in the finite
element mesh. Although five different level of global coarseness namely very coarse,
138
coarse, medium, fine and very fine are available to take in to account, but here two
Three initial conditions have to be considered after mesh generation. These are
(1) the initial groundwater conditions- the pore pressure can be generated on the basis
of phreatic levels by using geometry line, (2) the initial geometry configuration- it
enables to deselect the geometry clusters that are not active in the initial situation, (3)
the initial effective stress state -this initial stress in a soil body are influenced by the
weight of the material and the history of its formation. This stress sate is usually
stress cyl 0 is related to the initial vertical effective stress by the coefficient of lateral
gravity loading (by default kg= (l-Sin</>). In this current study, consider the soil layer is
can be used to select calculated phases for which output results are to be viewed.
During the execution of a calculation a window appears which gives information about
The basic principles followed in the analyses are based on the approach
proposed by Taiebat and Carter (2000, 2002). The parameter considered to study for
soil and pile are tabulated in Table 4.1 and Table 4.2. Typical values for the static
139
Table 4.2: Properties of soil considering for this study
A two dimensional finite element analysis is performed to observe the pile cap
geometric as well as finite element model is prepared by varying the position of pile
cap from the ground level as stated above and pile length (P*) for single pile and
140
4.9. PILE CAP LATERAL RESISTANCE
The finite element model of 2x1, 3x1 and 4x1 group of pile of spacing 3D is
shown in Figures 4.3 to 4.5 below. The length of the pile is 10 m and 15 m for all
group. Modeling is done for three different spacing 3D, 5D and 9D considering pile
cap in three different same positions as stated above. The lateral resistance of pile cap
is observed for two different position of cap (Figure 4.2), namely (1) the pile cap at the
ground surface (GS), i.e. Df/t =0 and (2) the pile cap below the GS at depth where
Df/t =1 , where Ds is the depth of pile cap below GS and the t is the thickness of pile
cap for three different diameter of pile i.e. 300 mm, 400 mm and 500 mm.
The lateral resistance of the pile cap (LPCr ) in percentage is evaluated from the
following expression.
Where
PR = Lateral load of piles for which pile caps are not free from the ground surface.
PF = Lateral load of piles for which pile caps are free from the ground surface.
141
50 m
25 m
Fig. 4.3.1. Finite element model of 2 x 1 pile group in PLAXIS 2D {3D spacing)
50 m
25 m
Fig. 4.3.2. Finite element model of 3 x 1 pile group in PLAXIS 2D {3D spacing)
SO in
*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- —------------------------------ *•
A
25m
Fig. 4.3.3. Finite element model of 4 x 1 pile group in PLAXIS 2D {3D spacing)
142
4.9.1. Pile Group with 300 min Pile Diameter
Figure 4.4. shows a typical calculation of lateral load against the deflection in
PLAXIS 2D. This typical calculation is showing for the pile cap at ground level of 2 x 1
pile group. The length, diameter and spacing of pile are 15 m, 300 mm and 3D
respectively.
The load-displacement (P-A) curves of different position of pile cap are shown
in Figures 4.5.1 to 4.5.3 for three different spacing 3D, 5D and 9D respectively for 10
m pile length. The lateral load corresponding to 1.0 mm deflection of pile is found to
be 252.153 kN (Figure 4.5.1). For 15 m pile length for these three spacing the
The lateral cap resistance for pile length of 10 m are 37.20%, 38.96 % and 39.46
% at 3D,5D and 9D spacing respectively for position of pile cap at Dfy/=o.. In case of
pile length of 15 m, these values are increasing i.e. 35.71 %, 35.93 % and 36.14 %.
Moreover similar is trend observed in case of pile cap at Df/t =1. The values
(1) The lateral resistance of pile cap increases as spacing increases. This can be
attributed to the fact that pile soil pile interaction becomes minimised at higher
spacing.
143
(2) The lateral resistance of pile cap increases as pile length increases. This is
obvious because of increasing of axial load and thus the lateral capacity group
(3) The lateral resistance of pile cap increases as increasing the position of pile
cap. The pile cap resistance as contributed by the passive resistance of the soil
and increasing the passive resistance of the soil by introducing the cap in
Fig. 4.4. Typical calculation in PLAXIS 2D, cap at GL ,2x1 Group,5Z>,PL= 10 m,300 Dia
144
—Bottom of the cap free from GS
"" ' Cap at Df/t =0
Cap at Df/t =1
Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.1. P-A curves for 2x 1 group Fig.4.5.2. P-A curves for 2x 1 group
(Spacing=3D,Length=10 m,Dia =300 mm) (Spacing=5D,Length=10 m,Dia.=300 mm)
■” " Bottom of the cap free from GS Bottom of the cap free from GS
Cap at Df/t=0 11 Cap at Df/t =0
Cap at Df/t=l -------Cap at Df/t = 1
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.3. P-A curves for 2x 1 group Fig.4.5.4. P-A curves for 2x1 group
(Spacing=9D,Length=10 m,Dia.=300 mm) (Spacing=3D,Length=15 m,Dia.=300 mm)
145
Bottom of the cap free from GS
Cap at Df/t =0
Cap at Df/t =1
Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.5. P-A curves for 2x 1 group Fig.4.5.6. P-A curves for 2x 1 group
(Spacing=5D,Length=15 m,Dia.=300 mm) (Spacing=9D,Length=15 m,Dia.=300 mm)
For the pile group of 3 x 1 with 300 mm pile diameter, the load-displacement
curves of lateral resistance of pile cap with and without considering the resistance of
pile cap are shown for pile length of 10 m and 15 m are shown in Figures 4.5.7 to 4.5.9
and Figures 4.5.10 to 4.5.12 respectively. The lateral pile cap resistance varies from
36.31 % to 39.94 % considering the variation of pile length, pile diameter, spacing and
position of pile cap. In case of 3 x 1 pile group , similar type of results of 2 x 1 pile
group observed.
146
--------Bottom of the cap free from GS
1 Bottom of the cap free from GS
■ ■■ Cap at DfA =0
—““Cap at Df/t =0
—“ Cap at DfA =1 “““Cap at Df/t =1
1_ _ z_ Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.7. P-A curves for 3x 1 group Fig.4.5.8. P-A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=?D,Length=10 m,Dia.=300 mm) (Spacing=5D,Length=10 m,Dia.=300 mm)
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.9. P-A curves for 3x1 group Fig.4.5.10. P-A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=9D,Length=10 m,Dia.=300 mm) (Spacing=3D,Length=15 m,Dia.=300 mm)
147
—1 Bottom of the cap free from GS ■...
Bottom of the cap free from GS
Cap at Df/t =0 Cap at Df/t =0
—■ Cap at Df/t =1 —Cap at Df/t =1
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.11. P-A curves for 3x1 group Fig.4.5.12. P-A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=5D, Length= 15 m,Dia.=300 mm) (Spacing=9D, Length= 15 m,Dia.=300 mm)
For the pile group of 4 x 1 with pile diameter equal to 300 mm ,the same
spacing i.e. 3D, 5D and 9D and the pile length of 10 m and 15 m for the two different
position of pile cap the load displacement curves are shown in Figures 4.5.13 to 4.5.18.
The pile cap lateral resistance in this type of pile group is observed in increasing order
as increasing of (i) spacing, (ii) pile lengths, (iii) cap position below ground level. The
lateral resistance varies from 36.65 % to 40.56 %. Also by comparing these three pile
groups of same condition it is observed that the lateral resistance of pile cap increases
148
Bottom of the cap free from GS — Bottom of the cap free from GS
1 Cap at Df/t=0 —Cap at Df/t=0
—■—Cap at Df/t=1 Cap at Df/t=1
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.13. P-A curves for 4x 1 group Fig.4.5.14. P-A curves for 4x 1 group
(Spacing=3D,Length=10 m,Dia.=300 mm) (Spacing=5D,Length=10 m,Dia.=300 mm)
—Bottom of the cap free from GS —" Bottom of the cap free from GS
—Cap at Df/t =0 —Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at Df /t=1 Cap at Df/t=1
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.15. P-A curves for 4x1 group Fig.4.5.16. P-A curves for 4x1 group
(Spacing=9D,Length=10 m,Dia.=300 mm) (Spacing=iD,Length=15 m,Dia.=300 mm)
149
—Bottom of the cap free from GS
1 Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at Df/t=1
Displacement in mm
Fig.4.5.17. P-A curves for 4x1 group Fig.4.5.18. P A curves for 4x1 group
(Spacing=5D,Length=15 m,Dia.=300 mm) (Spacing=9D,Length=15 m,Dia.=300 mm)
The load-displacement curves of lateral resistance of pile cap with and without
considering the resistance of pile cap for 2x1, 3x1 and 4x1 for pile length of 10 m and
15 m are shown in Figures 4.6.1 to 4.6.18. The same three different spacing are
considered. Similar trend of results are observed. Interestingly, lateral resistance pile
cap increases as the diameter of the pile increases from 300 mm to 400 mm. This is due
to the increase of the stiffness of pile the lateral capacity of pile decreases.
Increase of lateral resistance of pile cap for pile cap at = 0 and Df/f = I are
(i) from 37.02% to 41.10 % and 38.51 % to 41.10 % for pile group type 2x1, (ii) from
39.04% to 40.00 % and 41.32 % to 42.33 % for pile group type 3x1 and (iii) from
41.52% to 43.04 % and 42.63 % to 43.69 % for pile group type 4x1 are observed.
150
- Bottom of the cap free from GS Bottom of the cap free from GS
■ Cap at Df/t=0 ■■■ 11 Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at df/t=l Cap at Df/t=l
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.6.1. P-A curves for 2x 1 group Fig.4.6.2. P-A curves for 2x 1 group
(Spacing=3D,Length=10 m,Dia.=400 mm) (Spacing=5D, Length= 10 m,Dia.=400 mm)
Displacement in mm
Fig.4.6.3. P-A curves for 2x1 group Fig.4.6.4. P-A curves for 2x 1 group
(Spacing=9D,Length=10 m,Dia.=400 mm) (Spacing=3D,Length= 15 m,Dia.=400 mm)
151
— Bottom of the cap free from GS
Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at Df/t=l
Displacement in mm
Fig.4.6.5. P-A curves for 2x 1 group Fig.4.6.6. P-A curves for 2x 1 group
(Spacing=5D,Length= 15 m,Dia =400 mm) (Spacing=9D,Length=15 m,Dia.=400 mm)
— Bottom of the cap free from GS -Bottom of the cap free from GS
- Cap at Df/t=0 -Cap at Df/t=0
1 Cap at Df/t=1 -Cap at Df/t=1
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.6.7. P-A curves for 3x 1 group Fig.4.6.8. P-A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=JD, Length= 10 m,Dia.=400 mm) (Spacing=5ALength=10 m,Dia.=400 mm)
152
Fig.4.6.9. P-A curves for 3x1 group Fig.4.6.10. P-A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=9D,Length=10 m,Dia.=400 mm) (Spacing=3D,Length=15 m,Dia.=400 mm)
Bottom of the cap free from GS 1 1 Bottom of the cap free from GS
Cap at Df/t=0 1 Cap at Df/t=0
1 Cap at Df/t=1 —“—Cap at Df/t=1
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.6.11. P-A curves for 3x1 group Fig.4.6.12. P-A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=5D, Length= 15 m,Dia.=400 mm) (Spacing=9D,Length=15 m,Dia.=400 mm)
153
Bottom of the cap free from GS —■ Bottom of the cap free from GS
Cap at Df/t=0 Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at Df/t=1 ——Cap at Df/t=1
Fig.4.6.13. P-A curves for 4x 1 group Fig.4.6.14. P-A curves for 4x 1 group
(Spacing=3D,Length= 10 m,Dia =400 mm) (Spacing=5D,Length= 10 m,Dia.=400 mm)
Bottom of the cap free from GS Bottom of the cap free from GS
—Cap at Df/t=0 Cap at Df/t=0
—Cap at Df/t=1 —Cap at Df/t=1
Fig.4.6.15. P-A curves for 4x1 group Fig.4.6.16. P-A curves for 4x1 group
(Spacing=9D,Length=10 m,Dia.=400 mm) (Spacing=5D,Length=15 m,Dia.=400 mm)
154
Bottom of the cap free from GS
——Cap at Df/t=0
—Cap at Df/t=1
Fig.4.6.17. P-A curves for 4x1 group Fig.4.6.18. P-A curves for 4x1 group
(Spacing=5D, Length= 15 m,Dia.=400 mm) (Spacing=9D,Length=15 m,Dia.=400 mm)
of pile cap for 2x1, 3x1 and 4x1 pile groups for pile length of 10 m and 15 m are
shown. The spacings considered here also 3D, 5D and 9D. The lateral resistance of pile
cap increases as the diameter of the pile decrease from 400 mm to 500 mm.
Increase of lateral resistance of pile cap for pile cap at Df// = 0 and Df/( = 1 are
(i) from 37.20 % to 40.11 % and 38.67 % to 41.14 % for pile group type 2x1, (ii) from
39.27% to 40.25 % and 41.92 % to 42.88 % for pile group type 3x1 and (iii) from
41.69% to 42.50 % and 42.79 % to 44.06 % for pile group type 4x1 are observed.
155
Bottom of the cap free from GS “'Bottom of the cap free from GS
— ■ Cap at Df/t=0 ““Cap at Df/t=0
---- - Cap at Df/t=l Cap at Df/t=l
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.7.1. P-A curves for 2x1 group Fig.4.7.2. P-A curves for 2x1 group
(Spacing=3D,Length=10 m,Dia =500 mm) (Spacing=5D,Length=10 m,Dia.=500 mm)
Fig.4.7.3. P-A curves for 2x 1 group Fig.4.7.4. P-A curves for 2x 1 group
(Spacing=9D,Length=10 m,Dia.=500 mm) (Spacing=?D,Length=15 m,Dia.=500 mm)
156
-■ ■ Bottom of the cap free from GS ..... Bottom of the cap free from GS
Cap at Df/t=0 Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at Df/t=1 Cap at Df/t=l
Displacement in mm
Fig.4.7.5. P-A curves for 2x 1 group Fig.4.7.6. P-A curves for 2x 1 group
(Spacing=5D,Length=15 m,Dia =500 mm) (Spacing=9D,Length=15 m,Dia.=500 mm)
Displacement in mm
Fig.4.7.7. P-A curves for 3x1 group Fig.4.7.8. P-A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=3ALength=10 m,Dia.=500 mm) (Spacing=5D,Length=10 m,Dia.=500 mm)
157
Fig.4.7.9. P-A curves for 3x1 group Fig.4.7.10. P A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=9D, Length= 10 m,Dia =500 mm) (Spacing=JD,Length=15 m,Dia.=500 mm)
' Bottom of the cap free from GS Bottom of the cap free from GS
Cap at Df/t=0 Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at Df/t=1 -------Cap at Df/t=1
Displacement in mm Displacement in mm
Fig.4.7.11. P A curves for 3x1 group Fig.4.7.12. P-A curves for 3x1 group
(Spacing=5D, Length= 15 m,Dia =500 mm) (Spacing=9D, Length= 15 m,Dia.=500 mm)
158
----- - Bottom of the cap free from GS ■" Bottom of the cap free from GS
" Cap at Df/t=0 Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at Df/t=1 —Cap at Df/t=1
Fig.4.7.13. P-A curves for 4x1 group Fig.4.7.14. P-A curves for 4x1 group
(Spacing=3D,Length=10 m,Dia.=500 mm) (Spacing=5D, Length= 10 m,Dia.=500 mm)
— Bottom of the cap free from GS —Bottom of the cap free from GS
— - Cap at Df/t=0 --------Cap at Df/t=0
Cap at Df/t=! ■ Cap at Df/t=1
Fig.4.7.15. P-A curves for 4x 1 group Fig.4.7.16. P-A curves for 4x 1 group
(Spacing=9D, Length= 10 m,Dia.=500 mm) (Spacing=?D,Length=15 m,Dia.=500 mm)
159
-Bottom of the cap free from GS ■■ Bottom of the cap free from GS
-Cap at Df/t=0 Cap at Df/t=0
-Cap at Df/t=1 ——Cap at Df/t=1
(2) As depth of pile cap from the ground level increases, and
(3) As the spacing increases; and the amount of lateral resistance of pile cap
It is observed the pile cap has a good contribution against the lateral load. The
different factors like the length of pile, position of pile cap, spacing etc. influence the
The lateral resistance of pile cap increases as pile length increases. This is
because the passive resistance is mobilized on increased embedment of pile, i.e. when
the embedment length of pile increases. Further, the axial capacity of pile increases as
160
pile length increases. It is well known postulate that lateral resistance of pile also
increases as axial capacity of pile increases. Thus this increasing tendency of lateral
resistance of pile group due to increase of length contributes of increasing of the lateral
As the depth of position of pile cap increases the lateral resistance of pile cap
also increases. The pile cap lateral resistance occurs due to passive resistance of soil
surrounding the pile cap. This passive resistance developed in front of the pile cap
which is directly related to the backfill strength. As position of the pile cap increases
from the ground level, the passive resistance of the soil also increases resulting in
The spacing of pile influences the lateral resistance of pile cap. As the pile
spacing increases the cap lateral resistance also increases. This is because of the
The details findings from the analytical studies are tabulated in Table 4.4.
161
Table 4.4. Lateral pile cap resistance from analytical studies
Type Length Diameter Position of pile Pile cap lateral resistance (%)
(m) (mm) cap
3D Spacing 5D Spacing 9D Spacing
10 300 35.42 35.74 35.84
Cl
O
II
10 300 37.58 37.67 37.95
ii
2x1
15 300 V- 35.71 35.93 36.14
ii
10 300
O
it
3x1
15 300 36.59 36.68 36.76
H
©
10 300
o
I!
ii
o
II
162
Table 4.4. Lateral pile cap resistance from analytical studies (Contd.)
Type Length Diameter Position of pile Pile cap lateral resistance (%)
(m) (mm) cap
3D Spacing 5 DSpacing 9D Spacing
39.04 39.91 39.97
or
10 400
O
II
10 400 Y- 41.32 42.49 42.18
3x1
15 400 Y- 39.08 39.95 40.00
10 400
o
it
39.46
'
s\ >
O
II
II
2x1
15 500 37.05 39.42 40.11
©
II
II
163
Table 4.4. Lateral pile cap resistance from analytical studies (Contd.)
Type Length Diameter Position of pile Pile cap lateral resistance (%)
(m) (mm) cap
3D Spacing 5D Spacing 9D Spacing
O
II
10 500 42.79 42.99 42.79
V-
4x1 15 500 y-o 41.76 42.55 43.50
164