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Chapter 5 Chem1010 MSJ
Chapter 5 Chem1010 MSJ
http://academic.cengage.com/chemistry/moore
Chapter 5
Chemical Reactions
Soluble ionic
compounds
Molecular compounds
dissociate. Ions are usually stay associated.
Stephen C. Foster • Mississippi State University solvated
Soluble Ionic Compounds (Table 5.1) Insoluble Ionic Compounds (Table 5.1)
ALL ALL
• ammonium and group 1A (Na+, K+… and NH4+ salts) • phosphates (PO43-)
• nitrates (NO3-)
• carbonates (CO32-)
• acetates (CH3COO-)
• oxalates (C2O42-)
• chlorates (ClO3-)
• oxides (O2-) Except grp 1A, NH4+
• perchlorates (ClO4-)
• sulfides (S2-)
MOST
MgS, CaS & BaS are slightly soluble.
• chlorides, bromides and iodides
• hydroxides (OH-)
(not: AgX, Hg2X2, and PbX2 ; X = Cl-, Br-, I-).
Sr, Ba & Ca are slightly soluble
• sulfates (SO42-)
(not: CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4, and PbSO4)
(c) Sulfides
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(ℓ)
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Precipitation Reactions Precipitation Reactions
When ionic solutions mix, a precipitate may form: Na2SO4(aq) and Ba(NO3)2(aq) are
mixed. Will they react?
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
Products? Na+ SO42-
KNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) No reaction Ba2+ NO3-
K+ and NO3- appear on both sides 4. Write the complete ionic equation.
NO3- and K+ are spectator ions. 5. Cancel ions appearing on both sides (spectators).
They are not directly involved in the reaction.
6. Check the charges are balanced.
Net ionic equation: Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)
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Net Ionic Equations Acids
Increase the concentration of H+ ions in water.
(c) Write a net ionic equation
(NH4)2S(aq) + Hg(NO3)2(aq) → HgS(s) + 2 NH4NO3(aq) • Protons (H+) always combine with
water to form H3O+ (hydronium
hydronium ion).
ion
2 NH4+(aq) + S2-(aq) + Hg2+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) • Sour tasting.
→ HgS(s) + 2 NH4+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq) • Change the color of pigments (indicators)
§ Litmus, phenolphthalein…
S2-(aq) + Hg2+(aq) → HgS(s)
Strong acids dissociate (>99%) in water (strong
(d) Type of reaction? electrolytes).
Exchange reaction
Precipitation reaction Weak acids partially dissociate (weak electrolytes).
Acids Bases
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) ≈ 100% dissociated in H2O Increase the concentration of OH- (hydroxide ion) in
• Very few HCl molecules exist in solution. water. Bases:
HCl(aq) + H2O(ℓ) H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) • Counteract an acid (neutralize an acid).
• HCl is a strong acid. • Change an indicator’s color (phenolphthalein…).
• Have a bitter taste.
Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is 5% dissociated in H2O. • Feel slippery.
• 95% intact.
Bases can be “strong” or “weak”.
CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(ℓ) H3O+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) H2O
NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) strong
• Acetic acid is a weak acid.
NH3(aq) + H2O(ℓ) NH4 +(aq) + OH-(aq) weak
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Net Ionic Equations for Acid-Base Reactions Net Ionic Equations for Acid-Base Reactions
Strong Acid + Strong Base Weak Acid + Strong Base
Overall: HX + MOH → MX + H2O Similar: HA + MOH → MA + H2O
Tums®
H2CO3(aq) → H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
Alka-Seltzer ®
often written:
CaCO3(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
Net ionic
HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
Net ionic:
ionic
CaCO3(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Ca2+(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation In all cases:
Originally: add oxygen. • If something is oxidized, something must be reduced.
2 Cu(s) + O2(g) 2 CuO(s) • Ox
Oxidation-red
reduction = redox.
redox
2 CO(g) + O2(g) 2 CO2(g) • Redox reactions move e-.
Cu and CO are oxidized. O2 is the oxidizing agent for both. +2 e-
2 Ag+(aq) + Cu(s) 2 Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq)
Reduction -2 e-
Originally: reduce ore to metal; reverse of oxidation.
Here:
CuO(s) + H2(g) Cu(s) + H2O
• Cu changes to Cu2+.
SnO2(s) + 2 C(s) Sn(s) + 2 CO(g)
• Cu loses 2 e-; each Ag+ gains one e-
CuO and SnO2 are reduced. H2 and C are the reducing agents
• Ag+ is reduced (ore turned to metal)
(note: H2 is oxidized, so CuO is an oxidizing agent) • Gain of e- = reduction (so, loss of e- = oxidation)
Redox Reactions and Electron Transfer Redox Reactions and Electron Transfer
Common Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Oxidation Numbers & Redox Reactions
Oxidizing Agent Reaction Product Oxidation number
O2 (oxygen) O2- (oxide ion) Compares the charge of an uncombined atom with its
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) H2O(ℓ)
actual or relative charge in a compound.
F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 (halogen) F-, Cl-, Br-, I- (halide ion)
HNO3 (nitric acid) nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2..) General rules:
Cr2O7- (dichromate ion) Cr3+ (chromium(III) ion)
Pure element = 0.
MnO4- (permanganate ion) Mn2+ (manganese(II) ion)
Monatomic ion = charge of ion.
Reducing Agent Reaction Product
H2 (hydrogen) H+ or H2O Some elements have the same oxidation
C CO and CO2
number in almost all their compounds…
M (metal: Na, K, Fe…..) Mn+ (Na+, K+, Fe3+…..) The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in
any species = the charge of the species.
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Oxidation Numbers & Redox Reactions Oxidation Numbers & Redox Reactions
Find the oxidation number for all elements in SO32-
Element Ox# Exceptions
O = -2 ( not a peroxide, not bonded to halogen)
F −1 None
Oxidation Numbers & Redox Reactions Oxidation Numbers & Redox Reactions
Compound Known Unknown Ox. numbers always change during redox reactions
SO2 O = -2 S = +4 Increase ox. number = Oxidation
SO42- O = -2 S = +6 Decrease ox. number = Reduction
NH4+ H = +1 N = -3
NO2- O = -2 N = +3 If an element reacts to form a compound, it is a redox
NO3- O = -2 N = +5 reaction.
OF2 F = -1 O = +2 Oxidation and reduction must both occur.
ClF5 F = -1 Cl = +5
S8(s) + 8 O2(g) 8 SO2(g)
KMnO4 K = +1 O = -2 Mn = +7
S : 0 → +4 (oxidized: added O; lost e-; increased ox. no.)
H2O2 H = +1 O = -1 O : 0 → -2 (reduced: lost O; gained e-; decreased ox. no.)
Oxidation Numbers & Redox Reactions Oxidation Numbers & Redox Reactions
A more complex example:
Exchange reactions are not redox
0 +1 +5 −2 – no change in oxidation state occurs.
Cu(s) + 4 H+(aq) + 2 NO3-(aq)
Cu2+ (aq) + 2 NO2 (g) + 2 H2O(ℓ)
+2 +4 −2 +1 −2 e.g.
+1 +1 −1 +1 +1 −1
Cu is oxidized (ox. no. ↑; loss of e-). AgNO3(aq) + KCl(aq) KNO3(aq) + AgCl (s)
H is unchanged.
NO3-: N is in a +5, and O is in a -2 ox. state.
O is unchanged.
N is reduced (ox. no. ↓; gain of e-).
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Displacement Reactions Activity Series of Metals Li
K
Ba
+ + Displace H2 from H2O (ℓ), Sr
steam or acid Ca
Na
A XZ AZ X
Mg
Redox: Displace H2 from steam or Al
Mn
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) acid Zn
Cr
0 +2 +2 0 Ease of
Fe
Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag(s) Ni
oxidation
Displace H2 from acid increases
Sn
0 +1 +2 0 Pb
Displacement Reactions Li
K
Displacement Reactions
Ba
Powerful reducing agents at the top. Sr
Ca
Na
Mg
Higher elements displace lower ones: Al
Mn
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Zn
Cr
Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Fe
Ni
Sn
Pb
H
Metals at the bottom are unreactive.
Sb
• Coinage metals Cu
Hg
• Their ions are powerful oxidizing agents. Ag
Pd
Pt
Au
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Molarity Molarity
Calculate the molarity of sodium sulfate in a solution
Molarity = moles solute = mol that contains 36.0 g of Na2SO4 in 750.0 mL of
liters of solution L solution.
36.0 g = 0.2534 mol
• V of solution not solvent. nNa2SO4 =
142.0 g/mol
Molarity Molarity
6.37 g of Al(NO3)3 in a 250. mL aqueous solution. Calculate (a) the molarity of the
6.37 g of Al(NO3)3 are dissolved to make a 250. mL Al(NO3)3 , (b) the molar concentration of Al3+ and NO3- ions in solution.
aqueous solution. Calculate (a) [Al(NO3)3] (b) [Al3+]
and [NO3-]. (b) Molarity of Al3+ , NO3-?
Al(NO3)3(aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3 NO3-(aq)
(a) Al(NO3)3 FM = 26.98 + 3(14.00) + 9(16.00)
= 213.0 g 1 Al(NO3)3 ≡ 1 Al3+ 1 Al(NO3)3 ≡ 3 NO3-
mol
6.37 g 1 Al3+
nAl(NO3)3 = = 2.991 x 10-2 mol [Al3+] = 0.120 M Al(NO3)3 = 0.120 M Al3+
213.0 g/mol 1 Al(NO3)3
-2 3 NO3- = 0.360 M NO -
[Al(NO3)3] = 2.991 x 10 mol = 0.120 M [NO3-] = 0.120 M Al(NO3)3 3
0.250 L 1 Al(NO3)3
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Solution Preparation from Pure Solute Solution Preparation from Pure Solute
Prepare a 0.5000 M solution of potassium • Weigh exactly 19.75 g of pure KMnO4
permanganate in a 250.0 mL volumetric flask.
• Transfer it to a volumetric flask.
Molarity and Reactions in Aqueous Solution Molarity and Reactions in Aqueous Solution
What volume, in mL, of 0.0875 M H2SO4 is required
Grams of Grams of to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.234 M NaOH?
A Use molar B
Use molar mass of B
mass of A
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(ℓ)
Moles of Moles of
A B
Use mole ratio
0.234 mol
Use solution nNaOH = 0.0250 L = 5.850 x 10-3 mol
molarity of A
Use solution
molarity of B
L
Liters of
Liters of B solution
A solution 2 NaOH ≡ 1 H2SO4
nA = [ A ] x V 1 H2SO4
nH2SO4 = 5.850 x 10-3 mol NaOH
2 NaOH
[product] = nproduct / (total volume).
= 2.925 x 10-3 mol
Molarity and Reactions in Aqueous Solution Molarity and Reactions in Aqueous Solution
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2 H2O(ℓ) A 4.554 g mixture of oxalic acid, H2C2O4 and NaCl
0.002925 mol 0.00585 mol
V? 25.0 mL
was neutralized by 29.58 mL of 0.550M NaOH. What
was the weight % of oxalic acid in the mixture?
Vacid needed: H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O(ℓ)
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Molarity and Reactions in Aqueous Solution Molarity and Reactions in Aqueous Solution
A 4.554 g H2C2O4 / NaCl mixture … Wt % of oxalic acid in the mixture? 25.0 mL of 0.234 M FeCl3 and 50.0 mL of 0.453 M
NaOH are mixed. Which reactant is limiting? How
Mass of acid consumed, macid many moles of Fe(OH)3 will form?
= 8.135 x10-3 mol x (90.04 g/mol acid)
= 0.7324 g FeCl3(aq) + 3 NaOH(aq) → 3 NaCl (aq) + Fe(OH)3(s)
macid
Weight % = sample mass x 100% nFeCl3 = 0.0250 L x 0.234 mol/L = 0.005850 mol
0.7324 g
Weight % = x 100% = 16.08%
4.554 g nNaOH = 0.0500 L x 0.453 mol/L = 0.02265 mol
FeCl3 is limiting; 0.00585 mol Fe(OH)3 produced. Often used to determine acid or base concentrations.
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