Production Process Of Biodiesel

PACIFIC SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING

DESIGN ENGINEERING-
ENGINEERING 2B (2160001)
0001)

B.E. SEMESTER – 6TH

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

REPORT

ON

“PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION PROCESS OF BIO DIESEL
DIESEL”

SUBMITTED BY:-

Sr.No. Name Enrolment No.

1. RAVAL MEETKUMAR 161120105048
2. PATHIK PATEL 161120105041
3. SWETANG PATEL 171123105002
4. LAKHANI HIREN 161120105028
5. RAIYANI ARPIT 161120105046

FACULTY
ACULTY GUIDE:-
GUIDE: MR. KETAL CHAUDHRI
ACADEMIC YEAR:-
YEAR: 2018-19

Page 1
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “BIO DIESEL” has been prepared by:

Sr.No. Name Enrolment No.

1. RAVAL MEETKUMAR 161120105048
2. PATHIK PATEL 161120105041
3. SWETANG PATEL 171123105002
4. LAKHANI HIREN 161120105028
5. RAIYANI ARPIT 161120105046

In the subject of DESIGN ENGINEERING – 2B(2150001)

under my guidance in partial fulfilment of the degree of bachelor of engineering
in chemical engineering (6thsemester) of Gujarat technological university,
Ahmadabad during the academic year 2018-19.

Date: Place: PSE, Surat.

Signature :_____________________ Signature :_____________________

Guide: Prof. Ketal Chaudhari H.O.D: Prof. Piyush Modi
Chemical Engg.Dept. Chemical Engg.Dept.

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Signature: ____________

Page 2
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

AKNOWLEDGMENT

It is always pleasure to remind the experts in the science

guidance which I received to hold my practical as well as
theoretical skills in engineering.
I am thankful to our Guide Prof. Ketal Choudhary and our
regarding all faculties for giving me an opportunity to
enhance my skills as an engineer by allowing us to join this
esteemed organization as training.
I also thankful our all supporting faculty will help to create 3
rd year, 6 th semester DESIGN ENGINEERING project by
sharing their knowledge. They helped us in all possible ways
to solve our doubts regarding application and implementation
of knowledge. It has been a great experience to work under
their supervision as always kept my moral high.
Finally, I apologize all other unnamed who helped me in
various ways to have a safe and good training.

Page 3
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

INDEX
Sr. No. Title Page no.
1 Certificate 2
2 Acknowledgement 3
3 Abstract 4
4 Introduction 4
5 AEIOU Canvas 11
6 Empathy Canvas 14
7 PD Canvas 16
8 Ideation Canvas 19
9 LNM canvas 22
10 Prototype 24
11 Mind Mapping 24
12 Conclusion 25
13 References 26

Page 4
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 ABSTRACT:

Biodiesel production is the process of producing the bio

fuel, biodiesel, through the chemical
reactions transesterification and esterification. This involves
vegetable or animal fats and oils being reacted with short-
chain alcohols (typically methanol or ethanol). The alcohols
used should be of low molecular weight, ethanol being one of
the most used for its low cost. However, greater conversions
into biodiesel can be reached using methanol. Although the
transesterification reaction can be catalyzed by either acids or
bases the most common means of production is base-catalyzed
transesterification. This path has lower reaction times and
catalyst cost than those posed by acid catalysis. However,
alkaline catalysis has the disadvantage of its high sensitivity to
both water and free fatty acids present in the oils.

 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION STEPS ( LAB) :

1. Raw Material Preparation

2. Reaction Process
3. Quality Assessment
4. Comparison between Normal Diesel and Bio Diesel

1. Raw Material Preparation:

Oilseed Crops for Biodiesel Production

Soybean
Rapeseeds and canola
Mustard
Sunflower
Castor bean

Page 5
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

In addition to oil seed crops, biodiesel can be produced

from
Used and Waste Oil
Animal Fats
Algae

So, there are some raw materials for biodiesel production,

which are get directly.

2. Reaction Process:
There are two processes for production of bio diesel from
vegetable.

 Transesterification:
The general transesterification reaction for acid or base-
catalyzed conversion of oils consisting primarily of neutral
triacylglycerols (TAG) in reaction with alcohols to form
alkyl esters.
The alkyl esters produced depend on the alcohol used
where methanol (R = CH3 ) and ethanol (R = CH2 CH3 ) are
most common. The catalysts for transesterification include
KOH, NaOH, or H2SO4. Excess alcohol with adequate
catalyst generally forces the reaction equilibrium toward
the products of biodiesel esters and glycerol.7,21 With bio-
based oils typically containing mostly TAG, the
stoichiometric relationship requires 3 mol of alcohol per
mole of TAG (3:1). The reaction usually requires excess
amounts of alcohols ranging from 6:1 up to 20:1,
depending on the reaction chemistry for base-catalyzed
transesterification, and as high as 50:1 for acid
transesterification. The reaction for base-catalyzed systems
will occur rapidly at room temperature, although higher

Page 6
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

temperatures of 50ºC are often employed to reduced initial

viscosity of oils while increasing reaction rates. Acid
catalyzed transesterification is often reacted at higher
temperatures from just below the boiling point of the
alcohol to 120ºC in pressurized vessels. The
transesterification reaction of TAGs takes place in three
steps where TAG is first converted to a diacylglycerol
(DAG) and one fatty acid ester. Then the DAG is converted
to monoacylglycerol (MAG) liberating an additional fatty
acid ester, and finally the MAG is converted to glycerol
liberating the final fatty acid ester.

 Esterification:

The esterification process is a reversible reaction where

free fatty acids (FFA) are converted to alkyl esters via acid
catalysis (HCl or more commonly H2SO4 ). When oils are
high in free fatty acids as common in waste cooking oils,
the simultaneous esterification and transesterification
reactions via acid catalysis is advantageous to potentially
obtain nearly complete conversion to biodiesel. The
esterification process follows a similar reaction mechanism
of acidcatalyzed transesterification. The reactants including
FFA and alcohol are catalyzed by acid to create the alkyl
ester and water as shown in Fig. 6.5. Wang et al.22 used 2
percent ferric sulphate as a catalyst to conduct esterification
as a pre-treatment step before transesterification and
obtained 97 percent conversion of waste cooking oil high
in FFA.

The advantages of this catalyst are no acidic wastewater

and ease of recovery. Further exploration of this catalyst
should be conducted for economic assessment.

Page 7
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

Figure: Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oil

3. Quality Assessment:

All biodiesel production facilities should be equipped with a

laboratory so that the quality of the final biodiesel product can
be monitored. It is also important to monitor the quality of the
feedstock. One strategy used by many producers is to draw a
sample of the oil (or alcohol) from each delivery and use that
sample to produce biodiesel in the laboratory. This test can be
fairly rapid (1 or 2 hours) and can indicate whether serious
problems are likely in the plant. Measuring feedstock quality
can usually be limited to acid value and water content. These
are not too expensive and can be operated by less experienced
technicians. To monitor the completeness of the reaction
according to the total glycerol level specified in ASTM D
6751 requires the use of a gas chromatograph and a skilled
operator. Large producers will find that having this equipment

Page 8
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

on-site is necessary. Commercial laboratories are available that

can analyze the samples but there are costs and the time
required may be several days. Smaller producers will need to
use a more robust production process involving extra methanol
or ethanol and probably multiple reaction steps. Then the
product quality can be monitored through periodic testing by
an outside laboratory. Other possibilities for monitoring the
transesterification reaction and assessing fuel quality are
methods based on spectroscopy (such as near- infrared
spectroscopy) or physical properties (such as viscometry).
These methods are usually faster and easier to use than gas
chromatography. However, some of them require extensive
calibration.

4. Comparison Between Biodiesel and Normal

Diesel:

Property Diesel Biodiesel

Density (g/ml) 0.85 0.88
B.P (oC) 210-235 -
F.P (oC) 60-80 100-170
Combustion Point 92 183
Autoignistion 254 -
Temperature
Pour Point -35 to -15 -15 to 16
Cetane number 40-55 48-60
Lubricity 685 314
Higher Heating value 45.2 40.1
Heat of vaporisation 375 -
Water% 0.05 0.05
Carbon% 87 77
Hydrogen% 13 12
Oxygen% 0 11
Sulphur 0.05 0.05
Residue 0.14 -

Page 9
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 Advantages of Biodiesel:

 Renewable fuel, obtained from vegetable oils or animal fats.

 Low toxicity, in comparison with diesel fuel.
 Degrades more rapidly than diesel fuel, minimizing the
environmental consequences of biofuel spills.
 Lower emissions of contaminants: carbon monoxide,
particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
aldehydes.
 Lower health risk, due to reduced emissions of carcinogenic
substances.
 No sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions.
 Higher flash point (100C minimum).

 Disadvantages of Biodiesel:

 Slightly higher fuel consumption due to the lower calorific

value of biodiesel.
 Slightly higher nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions than diesel fuel.
 Higher freezing point than diesel fuel. This may be
inconvenient in cold climates.
 It is less stable than diesel fuel, and therefore long-term
storage (more than six months) of biodiesel is not
recommended.
 It dissolves the deposits of sediments and other contaminants
from diesel fuel in storage tanks and fuel lines, which then are
flushed away by the biofuel into the engine, where they can
cause problems in the valves and injection systems. In
consequence, the cleaning of tanks prior to filling with
biodiesel is recommended.
 It must be noted that these disadvantages are significantly
reduced when biodiesel is used in blends with diesel fuel.

Page 10
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 AEIOU CANVAS:

 Environment

 Use of Natural Resources

 Pollution free
 Eco-Friendly
 Reduction of pollution
 Noise free

 Activities

 Settling
 Separation
 Drying
 Purification
 Washing
 Filtration
 Extraction
 Recovery
 Refining
 Transporting
 Plant visiting
 Plant operating
 Transestraification

 Interaction

 Design Engineers with plant operator

 Chemical Engineers with labour
 Manager with salesman
 Manager with supplier
 Chemical engineer with Chemist

Page 11
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 Objects

 Collector
 Collecting tank
 Valve
 Pump
 Flow control
 Dryer
 Filter
 Pipe line

 Users

 Common People
 Transporter
 Shop industry
 Chemical Engineers

Page 12
Production Process Of Biodiesel

Page 13
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 Empathy Canvas:

 Users:

 Chemical Engineering
 Common People
 Transporters

 Stockholders:

 Government Authorities
 Chemical Engineers
 Plant Owners
 Chemical engineers

 Activities:

 Filtration
 Drying
 Separation
 Transporting
 Washing
 Purification
 Storage
 Recovery

Page 14
Production Process Of Biodiesel

Page 15
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 Product Development Canvas:

 Purpose

 Increase efficiency
 Save Environment
 Cost Reduction
 Control pollution
 Save energy
 Produce eco-friendly product

 People

 Common People
 Environmental Engineers
 Chemical Engineers
 Plant head
 Material supplier

 Product Experience

 Clean Environment
 Production of fuel from the oil

 Product Functions

 Save energy
 Equipment Development
 Save Environment

 Product Features

 Long working life

 Low cost

Page 16
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 High efficiency
 Low wastage

 Components

 Purifier
 Dryer
 Storage
 glycerine Storage

 Customer Revalidation

 Complaint from the Society Regarding pollution

Page 17
Production Process Of Biodiesel

Page 18
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 Ideation Canvas:
 People

 Chemical Engineers
 Common People
 Material Supplier
 Government
 Environmental Engineers
 Chemist

 Situation/Context/location

 Near energy supply

 Located at near to highway
 Located at industrial area
 Industry near to supply to supply raw materials & shipments of
products to market
 Near to sea

 Activities

 Management Cost
 Analyzing
 Collect primary data
 Pollution Control
 Plant visiting
 Plant operating
 Risk estimation

 Props/Possible Solution

 Change the plant as per new Requirement

 Using existing plant
 Changing the charactristics of effluents

Page 19
Production Process Of Biodiesel

Page 20
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 LMN Canvas:

 Tools/ Methods:

 Cost estimation
 Utilization of Product
 Vegetable oil
 Heterogeneous Catalyst

 Software/ Simulation/Skill

 Flash Point Calculation

 Octane Number Calculation
 Cetane Number Calculation

 Components

 Flash Point
 Octane Number
 Cetane Number
 Safety Management

Page 21
Production Process Of Biodiesel

Page 22
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 Prototype:

 Mind Mapping:

Page 23
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 Conclusion:

It is concluded that there are so many Production Process of

Biodiesel. There are very few methods that is very common and
most useful in production of biodiesel. These methods are
Biodiesel from Vegetable oil and from green algae or from various
types of flowers oils.

Page 24
 Production Process Of Biodiesel

 References:

1. “Bio fuel engineering and process technology” by Carry H

Walker, Caye M dorpcho from Clamson University.
2. “Biodiesel Production and quality” by Kill Jin Park,
Roseli Ap Ferrari from Campinas State University.
3. “Microalgae for biodiesel production and other
applications” by Teresa M. Mata, Anto´nio A. Martins,
Nidia. S. Caetano.

Page 25