FRENCH REVOLUTION

ERA
Introduction
The Name Of Country Is France . it is a beautiful and historical place . the major language of France is French . the capital of
France is Paris . it located at the southern part of Europe .

The History Of Europe

The history of France from 1789 to 1914 (the long 19th century) extends from the French Revolution to World War I and includes:


French Revolution (1789–1792)

French First Republic (1792–1804)
 First French Empire under Napoleon I (1804–
1814/1815)
 Bourbon Restoration under Louis XVIII and
Charles X (1814/1815–1830)
 July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d'Orléans
(1830–1848)
 Second Republic (1848–1852)
 Second Empire under Napoleon III (1852–1870)
 Long Depression (1873–1890)
 Belle Époque (1871–1914)

The French Revolution

The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789. The Revolution
overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, catalyzed violent periods of political turmoil, and finally culminated in a dictatorship under Napoleon
who brought many of its principles to areas he conquered in Western Europe and beyond. Inspired by liberal and radical ideas, the Revolution
profoundly altered the course of modern history, triggering the global decline of absolute monarchies while replacing them with republics and liberal
democracies.[1] Through the Revolutionary Wars, it unleashed a wave of global conflicts that extended from the Caribbean to the Middle East.
Historians widely regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.
The Causes of French revolution
The causes of the French Revolution are complex and are still debated among historians. Following the Seven Years' War and the American
Revolution,[5] the French government was deeply in debt. It attempted to restore its financial status through unpopular taxation schemes, which were
heavily regressive. Leading up to the Revolution, years of bad harvests worsened by deregulation of the grain industry also inflamed popular
resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the aristocracy and the Catholic clergy of the established church. Some historians hold something similar to
what Thomas Jefferson proclaimed: that France had "been awakened by our [American] Revolution."[6] Demands for change were formulated in terms
of Enlightenment ideals and contributed to the convocation of the Estates General in May 1789. During the first year of the Revolution, members of
the Third Estate (commoners) took control, the Bastille was attacked in July, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was passed
in August, and the Women's March on Versailles forced the royal court back to Paris in October. A central event of the first stage, in August
1789, was the abolition of feudalism and the old rules and privileges left over from the Ancien Régime.

The first French Republic

In the history of France, the First Republic (French: Première République), officially the French Republic (République française), was founded on
22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon,
although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the
National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the
Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.

First French Empire under Napoleon I

On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French (L'Empereur des Français,
pronounced by the French Sénat and was crowned on 2 December 1804,[5] signifying the end of the
French Consulate and of the French First Republic. The French Empire earned a few notable victories
in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Portugal, and allied nations, notably
at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805.[6] Additionally, during the War of the Fourth Coalition, it won the Battle of Friedland in 1807.

A series of wars, known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At
its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 departments, ruled over 70 million subjects, maintained an extensive military presence in
Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Duchy of Warsaw, and counted Prussia and Austria as nominal allies. Early French victories exported
many ideological features of the French Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the
continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalised divorce, and seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were
abolished, as were aristocratic privileges in all places except Poland. France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of
the Empire.

Bourbon Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1815 until the July Revolution of 1830.
The brothers of the executed Louis XVI came to power, and reigned in highly conservative fashion; exiled supporters of the monarchy
returned to France. They were nonetheless unable to reverse most of the changes made by the French Revolution and Napoleon. At the
Congress of Vienna they were treated respectfully, but had to give up nearly all the territorial gains made since 1789.
Following the French Revolution (1789–1799), Napoleon became ruler of France. After years of expansion of his French Empire by
successive military victories, a coalition of European powers defeated him in the War of the Sixth Coalition, ended the First Empire in
1814, and restored the monarchy to the brothers of Louis XVI. The Bourbon Restoration lasted from (about) 6 April 1814 until the
popular uprisings of the July Revolution of 1830. There was an interlude in spring 1815—the "Hundred Days"—when the return of
Napoleon forced the Bourbons to flee France. When Napoleon was again defeated by the Seventh Coalition, they returned to power in
July.

July Monarchy
The July Monarchy (French: Monarchie de Juillet) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting
with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. It marks the end of the Bourbon Restoration (1814–30).
It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X, the last king of the House of Bourbon.

Louis Philippe, a member of the more liberal Orléans branch of the House of Bourbon, proclaimed himself as Roi des Français
("King of the French") rather than "King of France", emphasizing the popular origins of his reign. The king promised to follow the
"juste milieu", or the middle-of-the-road, avoiding the extremes of either the conservative supporters of Charles X and radicals on the left.

The July Monarchy was dominated by wealthy bourgeoisie and numerous former Napoleonic officials. It followed conservative policies,
especially under the influence (1840–48) of François Guizot. The king promoted friendship with Great Britain and sponsored colonial
expansion, notably the conquest of Algeria. By 1848, a year in which many European states had a revolution, the king's popularity had
collapsed, and he was overthrown.

French Second Republic

The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the
1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second Empire. It officially
adopted the motto of the First Republic, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité. The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and
Democratic Republic" (French: la République démocratique et sociale) and a liberal form of republicanism, which exploded during the June Days
uprising of 1848.

The Second Empire

The Second French Empire (French: Le Second Empire Français), officially the French Empire (French: Empire Français), was the
regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

While historians once disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism, by the late 20th century they were celebrating it as
leading example of a modernizing regime. Historians have generally given the Empire negative evaluations on its foreign-policy, and
somewhat more positive evaluations of domestic policies, especially after Napoleon liberalized his rule after 1858. He promoted French
business, and exports. The greatest achievements came in material improvements, in the form of a grand railway network that facilitated
commerce and tied the nation together and centered it on Paris. It had the effect of stimulating economic growth, and bringing prosperity
to most regions of the country. The Second Empire is given high credit for the rebuilding of Paris with broad boulevards, striking public
buildings, and very attractive residential districts for upscale Parisians. In international policy, he tried to emulate his uncle, with
numerous imperial ventures around the world, as well as wars in Europe. Using very harsh methods, he built up the French Empire in
North Africa and in Southeast Asia. He wanted to modernize the Mexican economy and bring it into the French orbit, but his dreams
were thwarted by the United States and resulted in a fiasco. He badly mishandled the threat from Prussia, and found himself without
allies in the face of overwhelming German force.

Long Depression
Not to be confused with long-term depression, a neurophysiological process in the brain.

The Long Depression was a worldwide price and economic recession, beginning in 1873 and running either through the spring of 1879, or
1896, depending on the metrics used.[1] It was the most severe in Europe and the United States, which had been experiencing strong
economic growth fueled by the Second Industrial Revolution in the decade following the American Civil War. The episode was labeled
the "Great Depression" at the time, and it held that designation until the Great Depression of the 1930s. Though a period of general
deflation and a general contraction, it did not have the severe economic retrogression of the Great Depression.[2]

It was most notable in Western Europe and North America, at least in part because reliable data from the period is most readily
available in those parts of the world. The United Kingdom is often considered to have been the hardest hit; during this period it lost
some of its large industrial lead over the economies of Continental Europe.[3] While it was occurring, the view was prominent that the
economy of the United Kingdom had been in continuous depression from 1873 to as late as 1896 and some texts refer to the period as
the Great Depression of 1873–96.[4]

In the United States, economists typically refer to the Long Depression as the Depression of 1873–79, kicked off by the Panic of
1873, and followed by the Panic of 1893, book-ending the entire period of the wider Long Depression.[5] The National Bureau of
Economic Research dates the contraction following the panic as lasting from October 1873 to March 1879. At 65 months, it is the
longest-lasting contraction identified by the NBER, eclipsing the Great Depression's 43 months of contraction.[6][7] In the United
States, from 1873 to 1879, 18,000 businesses went bankrupt, including 89 railroads.[8] Ten states and hundreds of banks went
bankrupt.[citation needed] Unemployment peaked in 1878, long after the initial financial panic of 1873 had ended. Different sources peg the
peak U.S. unemployment rate anywhere from 8.25%[9] to 14%.[10]

Belle Époque
The Belle Époque or La Belle Époque (French: [bɛlepɔk]; French for "Beautiful Era") was a period of Western history. It is
conventionally dated from the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914.[1] Occurring during
the era of the French Third Republic (beginning 1870), it was a period characterized by optimism, regional peace, economic prosperity,
an apex of colonial empires, and technological, scientific, and cultural innovations. In the climate of the period, especially in Paris, the
arts flourished. Many masterpieces of literature, music, theater, and visual art gained recognition. The Belle Époque was named in
retrospect when it began to be considered a "Golden Age" in contrast to the horrors of World War I.

In the United Kingdom, the Belle Époque overlapped with the late Victorian era and the Edwardian era in a period known as Pax
Britannica. In Germany, the Belle Époque coincided with the reigns of William I, Frederick III and the Wilhelminism of Wilhelm
II. In Italy, with the reigns of Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I and early of the reign of Victor Emmanuel III. In Russia,
with the reigns of Alexander III and Nicholas II. In the United States, emerging from the Panic of 1873, the comparable period
was the Gilded Age (1870s-1900s).[2] In Brazil, it started with the end of the Paraguayan War. In Mexico, the period was known as
the Porfiriato, and in Japan, it coincided with the Meiji period.

Geographical features of france

Physical geography of Metropolitan France

Land use in Metropolitan France, with urban areas shown in red, 2006.

Natural resources of France. Metals are in blue (Al — aluminium ore, Fe — iron ore, W — tungsten, Au — gold, U — uranium).
Fossil fuels are in red (C — coal, L — lignite, P — petroleum, G — natural gas). Non-metallic minerals are in green (F — fluorite,
K — potash, T — talc).

 Metropolitan France: 551,695 km2

o (Metropolitan - i.e. European - France only, French National Geographic Institute data?[citation needed]
 Metropolitan France: 543,965 km2

o (Metropolitan - i.e. European - France only, French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds, glaciers
larger than 1 km2
, and estuaries)[citation needed]

Elevation extremes
 Lowest point: Rhône river delta -2 m
 Highest point: Mont Blanc 4,808 m
 See also: Evolution of highest point of France

Land use

 Arable land: 33.40%

 Permanent crops: 1.83%
 Other: 64.77% (2007)

Irrigated land: 26,420 km² (2007)

Total renewable water resources: 211 km3 (2011)

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural): 31.62 km3/yr (19%/71%/10%) (512.1 m3/yr per capita) (2009)

Natural resources

Coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, uranium, antimony, arsenic, potash, feldspar, fluorspar, gypsum, timber, fish, gold

Natural hazards

Flooding, avalanches, midwinter windstorms, drought, forest fires in the south near the Mediterranean

Environment

The region that now comprises France consisted of open grassland during the Pleistocene Ice Age. France gradually became forested as
the glaciers retreated starting in 10,000 BC, but clearing of these primeval forests began in Neolithic times. These forests were still
fairly extensive until the medieval era.

In prehistoric times, France was home to large predatory animals such as wolves and brown bears, as well as herbivores such as elk. The
larger fauna have disappeared outside the Pyrenees Mountains where bears live as a protected species. Smaller animals include martens,
wild pigs, foxes, weasels, bats, rodents, rabbits, and assorted birds.

By the 15th century, France had largely been denuded of its forests and was forced to rely on Scandinavia and their North American
colonies for lumber. Significant remaining forested areas are in the Gascony region and north in the Alsace-Ardennes area. The Ardennes
Forest was the scene of extensive fighting in both world wars.

The upper central part of this region is dominated by the Paris Basin, which consists of a layered sequence of sedimentary rocks. Fertile
soils over much of the area make good agricultural land. The Normandy coast to the upper left is characterized by high, chalk cliffs,
while the Brittany coast (the peninsula to the left) is highly indented where deep valleys were drowned by the sea, and the Biscay coast to
the southwest is marked by flat, sandy beaches.
 the geographical map of
France .

Boundaries

 Land boundaries:
o Total: 3,966.2 kilometres (2,464.5 mi)
o 2,751 kilometres (1,709 mi)
(metropolitan), 1,205 kilometres (749 mi) (French
Guiana) 10.2 kilometres (6.3 mi) (Saint Martin)
 Border countries:
o Andorra 55 kilometres (34 mi), Belgium
556 kilometres (345 mi), Germany 418 kilometres
(260 mi), Italy 476 kilometres (296 mi),
Luxembourg 69 kilometres (43 mi), Monaco 6
kilometres (3.7 mi), Spain 646 kilometres (401 mi),
Switzerland 525 kilometres (326 mi) (metropolitan)
o Brazil 649 kilometres (403 mi),
Suriname 556 kilometres (345 mi), 1,183 kilometres (735 mi) (French Guiana)
o Sint Maarten 10.2 kilometres (6.3 mi) (Saint Martin)
 Coastline: 3,427 kilometres (2,129 mi) (metropolitan), 378 kilometres (235 mi) (French Guiana), 306 kilometres (190 mi)
(Guadeloupe), 350 kilometres (220 mi) (Martinique), 207 kilometres (129 mi) (Réunion)
 Maritime claims:
o Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
o Contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
o Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi); does not apply to the Mediterranean
o Continental shelf: 200 metres (660 ft) depth or to the depth of exploitation

The end

By : Sai satya
From : grade 6C_M
By : sai satya