LAB REPORT

Applied Physics
Topic: PAScar with Dynamics

Figure 1

Group: A-03
Group Members:-

1-Muhammad Haris (177163)

2-Syed Abbas Hussain Naqvi (177410)

3-Muhammad Rizwan Khalid (180459)

4-Muhammad Roshan Mughees (193590)

Date of Submission: 27th April 2017

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 Experiment: 01

Oscillation on an Incline Plane

Abstract: -

The main objective of performing this experiment was to calculate the actual value of
time period of the oscillation of the spring and mass system and then compare it to the theoretical
value of the time period.

Theory: -

The equipment is set so that the Carts ends are each attached to a spring, which are then
attached to the end stops. The distance between the end stops depends on the strength of the
strings. A string from one end of the cart passes through an end stop and over a pulley. Attached
to the string is a mass hanger.

Figure 2

By repeating the experiment for different values of mass we can make a table of varying
extension against force. Extension can be measured by marking the position of the cart and
checking for each weight the amount of displacement. This data is used to plot a graph. The
gradient of the said graph is equivalent to k, spring constant.

𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥

A line of best fit is drawn and used to measure k. The graph gives an average value of k with
minimum error. Then removing the mass hanger, the cart is made to oscillate. Time is calculated
for five oscillations, five times each, for both carts, with 500g mass and without 500g mass.
From this data two values of time period, T, are calculated. These are the experimental values of
T. The value of k, spring constant is used in the below formula to measure a theoretical value of
Time period, T.

𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 𝑘

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Data Analysis: -

1) With Weight:

Equilibrium Position, d = 40cm

Total Mass of car, M = 750g

Hanging Mass(kg) Position(cm) Force(N)

0.02 0.7 0.196
0.04 1.2 0.392
0.06 1.7 0.588
0.08 2.1 0.784
0.10 3.0 0.98

Now plotting the graph between F and x,

Force-Extension
1.2
1 0.98
0.8 0.784
0.6 0.588
Force

0.4 0.392
0.2 0.196
0
0.7 1.2 1.7 2.1 3

Extension

Graph 1

Taking points (0.7 , 0.196) and (1.7 , 0.588) we will get slop which is equal to sprint contant.
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑘= = 39.2 𝑁/𝑚
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Theoretical period of car with added mass:

𝑚 0.750
𝑇𝑡ℎ = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ = 0.869𝑠
𝑘 39.2

Experimental Time period measured by stopwatch:

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 𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 0.908𝑠

0.908 − 0.869
%𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = = 4.29%
0.908
2) Without Weight:

Equilibrium Position, d = 39.8cm

Total Mass of car, M = 250g

Hanging Mass(kg) Position(cm) Force(N)

0.02 0.3 0.196
0.04 0.7 0.392
0.06 1.2 0.588
0.08 1.7 0.784
0.10 2.1 0.98

Now plotting the graph between F and x,

Force-Extension
1.2

1 0.98
0.8 0.784
0.6
Force

0.588
0.4 0.392
0.2 0.196
0
0.3 0.7 1.2 1.7 2.1
Extension

Graph 2

Taking points (0.7 , 0.392) and (1.7 , 0.784) we will get slop which is equal to sprint contant.
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑘= = 39.2 𝑁/𝑚
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Theoretical period of car with added mass:

𝑚 0.250
𝑇𝑡ℎ = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ = 0.502𝑠
𝑘 39.2

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Experimental Time period measured by stopwatch:

𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑝 = 0.55𝑠

0.55 − 0.502
%𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = = 5.45%
0.55
Conclusion: -

Since % difference is very small, it suggests that method is fairly precise to calculate an
approximate value for the time period. From the experiment we also observed the change in time
period of oscillation with different masses. We also concluded that amplitude has no effect on
the time period of the oscillator.

Experiment: 02

Simple Harmonic Oscillator

Abstract: -

The intent of carrying out this experiment was to measure the time period of the spring
and mass system on an inclined surface. The angle of the surface is varied and value of time
period at each angle is measured using a stop watch.

Theory: -

For a mass attached to a spring, the theoretical period of oscillation is given by:

𝑚
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑘

We setup the equipment, placing one end of the track on the boss and clamp while the other
remains on the bench. The angle of elevation can be calculated by measuring the length and
height of the triangle. According to Hooke’s Law, the force exerted by the spring is proportional
to the distance, x, by which the spring is compressed or stretched, F = kx, where k is the
proportionality constant. The force due to the cart may be calculated using the formula below:

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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 Figure 3

Data Analysis: -

Equilibrium position, d = 32.3cm

Mass of car = 250 gram

Angle of inclination = 18.2o

F = mgsinθ

Added mass(kg) Position (cm) Force (N)

0.04 0.3 0.122
0.08 0.9 0.244
0.12 1.4 0.367
0.16 1.9 0.489
0.20 2.4 0.612

Now plotting the graph between F and x,

Force-Extension
0.7
0.6 0.612
0.5 0.489
0.4 0.367
Force

0.3
0.244
0.2
0.1 0.122
0
0.3 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.4

Extension

Taking points (0.9 , 0.244) and (1.9, 0.489) we will get slop which is equal to sprint contant.

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 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑘= = 24.5 𝑁/𝑚
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Theoretical period of car with added mass:

𝑚 0.250
𝑇𝑡ℎ = 2𝜋√ = 2𝜋√ = 0.63𝑠
𝑘 24.5

Now, the relation between the angle of inclination and the time period of simple harmonic oscillator.

Time Period (T = t/5)

Angle (s) Average
(θ) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
18.2 1.29 1.28 1.26 1.27
20.3 1.26 1.29 1.27 1.27
25.4 1.30 1.28 1.27 1.28

Conclusion: -

We have made some conclusions regarding this experiment. First of all we observed the whenever the
object is place over an inclined plane then the restoring force will become F = mgsinθ. From the
experiment we have concluded that the angle of inclination does not effect the time period of the simple
harmonic oscillator. Time period of harmonic oscillator depends upon string constant and mass of the
object.

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