Professional Documents
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Passenger Counter
Passenger Counter
Passenger Counter
independent work and has not been previously submitted by us to another university or
faculty.
I further cede copyright of this project design in favor of the Eastern Samar State
University.
I sign this with free act and deed this May 2019.
ALDRED CALAPANO
NICKO GONZALES
ALEXIS TONOG
PASSENGER COUNTER
MAY 2019
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
_________________ _________________
Date Signed Date Signed
_________________ _________________
Date Signed Date Signed
_________________ _________________
Date Signed Date Signed
Accepted and approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
_________________
Date Signed
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their most profound gratitude to the
following people who, in any way, guided and helped them in realizing this project.
unwavering support he imparted to the students and staffs of the Computer Engineering
Department, especially, for allowing them to conduct the first-ever outdoor Project
To Engr. Charito Sabate, Project Design adviser, who rendered her full
assistance and patience and encouraged the researchers all throughout the study.
To Engr. Noel Pacayra, Thesis Committee, for the ideas, knowledge, and
To the beloved parents and family of the researchers, for all the love, care,
understanding, moral and financial support that they gave to them and all the courage
Above all, to Almighty God for the wonderful life given to them, for the
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DEDICATION
With earnest thanks and deepest gratitude, we, the researchers, heartily dedicate
this study to our family, who were always there to give their undying love,
understanding and encouragement during the period of this study. Moreover for the
Most of all, to the Almighty God, for all the blessings He had showered upon
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preliminaries .………………………………………………………..…………. PAGE
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... i
PASSENGER COUNTER ........................................................................................................... ii
A Project Design presented to the Faculty of ........................................................................ ii
APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. viii
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. ix
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... x
Chapter I..................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
Background and Rationale of the Study ............................................................................ 1
Statement of the Purpose .................................................................................................. 3
Significance of the Study .................................................................................................... 3
Scope and Limitation of the Study ..................................................................................... 3
Scope .................................................................................................................................. 3
Limitation ........................................................................................................................... 4
Definition of Terms ............................................................................................................ 4
Chapter II.................................................................................................................................... 7
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES................................................................... 7
Review of Related Literature ............................................................................................. 7
Review of Related Studies................................................................................................ 10
Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................... 13
Chapter III................................................................................................................................. 14
METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 14
System Development ....................................................................................................... 14
Casing Construction ......................................................................................................... 16
Chapter IV ................................................................................................................................ 18
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................................................................................. 18
System Design .................................................................................................................. 18
System Development ....................................................................................................... 20
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Chapter V ................................................................................................................................. 21
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................... 21
Summary .......................................................................................................................... 21
Conclusions ...................................................................................................................... 21
Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 23
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................... 24
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
ix
ABSTRACT
mode of public transportation in the Philippines. The term also refers to the vehicles
themselves. This is one of the two types of share taxi services in the country with bus-
like jeepney. When it comes to transportation there is a lot of ways to use or to take.
Here in Eastern Samar, there are 3 major means of transportation; tricycle, jeepneys,
and UV EXPRESS. Jeepneys including some small busses and UV EXPRESS are the
Sometimes tricycles will do but taking it is not that practical because of the cost and
time of travel. Operators are the one who manage the transportation system.
Transportation is their business. It is important for them to monitor the progress of their
business specifically the units their owned. To monitor their units they hired inspectors
to monitor it located in specific location. When the unit arrives in the location the
inspector inspect the total number of passengers, vacant seats and the total amount of
cash that the driver has. The inspector will now report to the operator about the progress
of the unit and total profit it has. The total number of passengers determines the profit,
x
so it is important to monitor the flow of passenger directly by the operator to prevent
loss of profit due to human-error of the inspector and/or dishonesty. The fare is
determined by the location where a passenger is going. The fare is known both by the
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
routing from the Municipality of Oras via the City of Borongan and vice versa. Arduino
Uno as the major component of the system device will monitor and keep track on every
single trip of the said vehicle by the time its engine starts. A GPS module device is also
installed along with the processor to provide geolocation and time information. The
monitoring device creates a system log (syslog) containing the number of passengers
and its current location. The system includes a GSM module that forwards the real-time
syslog of the system over the operator's phone via SMS. The numbers of passengers are
passengers and collect their fares. Fares are collected accordingly that sum up from
their origin up to their destination. These current state of discipline has the non-
or it has more dangerous limitation and inconsistency. The operator basically is not
aware of any insubordination on the matter and therefore can be denied of his right to
know the whereabouts. This impact could result in an imbalance that will reflect on the
future of the whole business operation, therefore, must be taken action accordingly. It
is the basic instinct of the operator to monitor business activities personally. In other
places like the Middle East and China in which passenger counter is currently applied
Automatic Passenger Counters such as IRMA's Infra-Red Motion Analyzer for public
transportation systems that need reliable data on passenger activity relative to stops,
routes, dwell times, schedules, vehicle load, passenger miles, and other criteria for them
optimization, and applications for funds to improve or maintain the operation of public
passenger counter and therefore it is highly recommended. Although the current design
of passenger counter is already satisfying and has incredible result any upgrades and
enhancements are always a good thing. Referring to the current limitation on the matter
we included a GPS and a GPRS for enhancements. This enhancement is to the benefit
of the operator to acquire updates on the number of passengers and the current location
As subject to our proposal, the design is to ensure that every shortcoming of the
current discipline is overcome. The system aims to precisely as possible monitor and
maintain the stability of the whole business operation. The concept of our system may
also be applied to all passenger vehicles available to help them in monitoring their
business. The innovation can be used that help monitor the accounting of revenues that
2
Statement of the Purpose
The justification for conducting this research study is to develop and automate
some traditional methods in passenger van vehicle. Thus, the aims and objectives of the
vehicle are now more visible on the operator's side. The system design will contribute
to the benefit to both the driver and operator individuals considering that transparency
Scope
counting of passengers in a passenger van. The project is Arduino based and a real time
update monitoring. The GPS module provides the exact current coordinate of the
passenger vehicle that is then accepted by the microprocessor and pass through a GSM
module sending the number of passenger and its current location. The system allows
the operator to take an update of the vehicle by sending a “status” code message to the
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GSM module. The system also sends an update to the operator via SMS every 5 minutes
interval.
Limitation
The system output is definitely dependent on satellite signals and therefore
cannot complete the whole procedure when satellite signals are out of reach or even
completely out. An error on counting may occur due to sensitiveness of the sensors and
therefore must be taken a further consideration of the adding more logical conditions
of inputs.
Definition of Terms
Arduino Uno
microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense
and control both physically and digitally. Its products are licensed under the GNU
Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL),
(DIY) kits.
ATMEGA 328
The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the mega
AVR family (later Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a modified
Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC processor core. The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based
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1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working
registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal and external
serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF
packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device
Microcontroller
computer on a single integrated circuit. In modern terminology, it is similar to, but less
sophisticated than, a system on a chip (SoC); a SoC may include a microcontroller as one
of its components. A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along
with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of
ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a
GPS
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navistar GPS, is a satellite-
based radio navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by
the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides
geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth
5
where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Obstacles
such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals.
that generates messages, the system that stores them, and the software that reports and
analyzes them. Each message is labeled with a facility code, indicating the software
SMS
SMS (short message service) is a text messaging service component of most
service can facilitate a text-to-voice conversion to be sent to landlines. SMS was the
most widely used data application, with an estimated 3.5 billion active users, or about
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data standard
Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched
(3GPP).
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Chapter II
The reviews related to the research topic has been already reviewed by several
researcher for last years in order to find out work carried out by various researchers.
There are many systems for remote monitoring and control designed as commercial
products or experimental research platforms. The tables shown depicts the status of the
monitoring systems using various techniques. It is noticed that most of the research
carried out belongs to the following categories a. GSM-SMS protocols using GSM
(IR) e. Applications have varied widely like Home Automation, Security Systems, Bio-
etc.
throughout the territory and using manual procedures: even though these may be
capable of providing highly accurate values, which can be taken as a reference point in
analyzing the precision of the automatic systems, the manual procedures are not usually
homogeneous in surveys, since they inevitably depend on the operator who performs
them and may also be influenced by the time of the day – early morning versus the last
On the other hand, the APC (Automatic Passenger Counting) systems, can be
much more appropriate and of greater interest, as related to this short analysis. It is
important to underline that even though most of them are still at a development stage
the passenger counting technologies available on the market are various and the issues
of different kinds; the combinations of technologies are such that no solution can be
considered to date better than others or economically preferable a priori; every solution
should be analyzed in detail for applying it thereafter to the actual conditions of the
GPS Based Vehicle Tracking System and Using Analytics to Improve The Performance.
Track anything system is a mobile application which tracks the location of the
devices containing GPS service and shows the updated location on google map, and
applying analytics on tracking based data probably increases the profitability of fleet
control system. The proposed system is made using technology which connects a smart
phone with the cloud data base platform, which makes the system inexpensive
compared to others. The system is developed such that it can be modifiable for the users
according to their needs. Some of the business analytics concepts and prediction
methods are used for analyzing the outcome and making it more efficient.
services from the web server. The mobile App will use rest web services exposed by
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the server. The GPS devices will post data to the App server and this location data can
When the user starts the application, with the help of GPS sends the signal to
the satellite and GPRS provides location storing into the database, using the middle
ware service providers the location data into the cloud database keeps on updating in
some defined interval. On request from the user, the targets are displayed on the map
with their present location information and moving status. An SMS gateway is used for
GSM based Android Application: Appliances Automation and Security Control System
using Arduino
allows users to control different appliances such as light, fan, fridge and AC. It also
provides security system like door controlling, temperature & fire detection and water
shower. Furthermore, security cameras are used to control and monitored by the users
to observe activity around a house. It has been observed that the internet services in
interior Sindh are not as much better as required. Hence, GSM SIM900A based android
using Arduino. The developed system is decomposed into two separate entities: (1)
hardware is designed and developed using Arduino (MEGA 2560) with other required
Android app which provides freedom to user to control and access the electronic
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Review of Related Studies
APC systems are used to count passengers in public transport. There exist
different APC technologies and they can be divided into two categories: static and on-
board systems. The static systems are installed in stations and the on-board systems are
embedded in vehicles. In technical terms the on-board APC system is a module installed
inside a vehicle and a central computer in an office used for storage of the APC data.
The on-board module consists of sensors and a non-board computer that converts and
stores the information registered by the sensors into passenger counts. The most
common technique for counting in APC systems is infra-red (IR) sensing. Other
techniques used are: pressure-sensitive mats, horizontal beams and cameras. The IR
sensors are mounted above each door and are only active to register passengers
boarding and alighting when the doors are open. The stored counts are transferred from
the on-board computer to the central computer at a regular time for storage. Most
analysis of APC data requires a moderate data sample, which can be met with APC
systems installed on 10-15% of a transit agency’s total vehicle fleet (Furth, Hemily,
Vehicle tracking systems are available vastly in market, but a good and effective
product tends to be of more cost. This paper is to design and develop a tracking system
that is much cost effective than the systems available in the market. The tracking system
here helps to know the location of the college bus through mobile phone when a SMS
(Short Message Service) is sent to a specific number thus noticing the bus location via
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SMS. By incorporating a GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System
for Mobile communication) modem the location of the device by sending a SMS to the
location at user end which in return reduces the cost Keywords: Global positioning
system (GPS), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), Short Message
Service (SMS).
Vehicle tracking has become so advanced and simple with various upcoming
technologies. But the cost effectiveness and its implementation have become high. The
problem lies in maintaining high grade servers to back up the data for vehicle tracking
and the use of internet to track these vehicles. Although real time tracking of vehicles
through internet gives an overall advantage in vehicle tracking, the system fails to
provide less cost of investment and maintenance. The system uses an internal database
to look up the location of the vehicle with the GPS coordinates received. So it doesn't
use the GPRS and TCP/IP protocol for internet for data transfer between servers and
the user device. Hence this reduces the cost of the tracking system. Also the location
details are sent quickly through SMS via the GSM modem.
The tracking device consists of the GPS, GSM modem and the microcontroller.
Location name and GPS coordinate values are stored as a LUT (Look Up Table) in the
microcontroller. As soon as the GSM modem receives SMS request for location, the
microcontroller checks for a closest location match inside the LUT with the received
GPS coordinate data. The matched location detail is sent to the user as an SMS using
GSM modem thus completing the request. Further service enhancements like
breakdown alert can be made into the proposed system in a cost effective manner.
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Literature Review on Home Automation System
because of its innumerous advantages. Home automation refers to the monitoring and
controlling of home appliances remotely. With the never ending growth of the Internet
and its applications, there is much potential and scope for remote access and control
and monitoring of such network enabled appliances. The effort targeted on the home
automation concept of where the controlling and monitoring operations are expediting
considered in review with central controller based (Arduino or Raspberry pi), cloud-
Because of the mobile phone and GSM technology, the GSM based home
automation is lure to research. The SMS based home automation, GPRS based home
automation and dual tone multi frequency (DTMF) based home automation, these
options we considered mainly for communication in GSM. Home sensors and devices
interact with the home network and communicates through GSM and SIM (subscriber
identity module). The system uses transducer which convert machine function into
electrical signals which goes into microcontroller. The sensors of system convert the
physical qualities like sound, temperature and humidity into some other quantity like
voltage. The microcontroller analysis all signal and convert them into command to
GPRS and DTFC based on the command which received GSM module.
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Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 illustrates the conceptual framework of the design project. It shows the
flow of the system operation. The Passenger Counter utilizes wireless technology in
detection of the number of passengers inside the passenger vehicle and the
determination of the geographical location of the said passenger vehicle in real time.
number of passengers through the use of Force Sensing Resistors within its current
geographical location. The now said data is sent to the cellular phone of the operator
through the use of GSM module showing the currently number of passengers specifying
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Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
The following describes the materials, processes and evaluation of the system.
System Development
The main goal of the study was to create a passenger counter to be able to count
the number of passengers in a passenger van vehicle. The components of the system is
divided into two: Hardware and Software. To create a low cost passenger counter the
hardware components used are Arduino Uno, GSM, and GPS module. The software
Arduino Uno
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker
with your UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case
scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
GPS
four or more GPS satellites. Thus, the current location of the passenger van vehicle can
GSM
replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, and the GSM standard
originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice
telephony. This expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-
15
switched transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)
Force-sensing resistor
also known as "force-sensitive resistor" and are Figure 5: Force Sensing Resistor
resistance can be varied by varying the force or pressure applied to it. The FSR sensor
technology was invented & patented by Franklin Event off in 1977. The FSR sensors
are made of conductive polymer which has a property of changing its resistance based
on the force applied to its surface. Hence, these are termed as FSR sensors, force sensing
Casing Construction
Figure 2, shows different views of the Passenger Counter casing. The casing of
the project is a 5 ½ inches width square box with 2 inches in height that provides enough
room for the whole system to be fitted. The antenna for GPS is fixed inside the case
while GSM antenna is just mounted on the GSM itself that is also fitted inside. The box
has holes openings that serve both for ventilation and for better reception of the GPS
16
and GSM. The square box casing is mounted on a molded tin plate designed and
attached in the ceiling of the passenger van located near the driver’s seat. A foam is
also inserted in between the square box casing and the molded tin plate to absorb shocks
and vibration due to unexpected bouncy and rocky roads in some cases during and every
trips. The circuit boards of Arduino Uno, GPS and GSM are fixed inside by plastic
screws. The wirings from the power supply and sensors connecting to the circuit boards
are inserted in a hole at the side of the casing. The following figures shows the different
Figure 9: A foam inserted for absorbing shocks Figure 8: A molded tin sheet
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Chapter IV
System Design
A casing is made as a whole packaging for the components of the system project
except for the Force Sensing Resistor itself. The Force Sensing Resistor is placed just
The casing containing the circuit boards is directly connected to the 12 V power
The following figures show the actual image of the project attached on a
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System Development
The figure below shows the block diagram of the passenger counter system. A
wooden box will serve as the casing for the project. Antennas for the GPS and GSM
modules are mounted outside the box for better signal reception.
GPS
ARDUINO FSR
UNO
GSM
12 V
Battery Supply
12 V
Figure 14: Block Diagram of the project
The Arduino Uno, GPS and GSM modules are the main components of the
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Chapter V
This chapter discuss the summary and conclusions gained by the researchers all
Summary
The study was conducted to meet the following purposes: (1) To design and
develop a passenger counter system in which it can monitor the number of passengers
of the said passenger van vehicle. (2) To evaluate the performance of the project in
portability.
For this project, the researchers used the following components to construct the
passenger counter project: one (1) unit of GPS module, one (1) unit of GSM module,
The casing is made of wooden box in which the processor and its circuit are
situated while the antennas of the GPS and GSM modules are intentionally located
Conclusions
With the foregoing results and findings, the study concludes that:
Recommendations
Although the objects in this chapter have been achieved, the device still has
some limitations and should undergo improvements. For the passenger counter, the
As for the side of the passengers, it would be useful if they could track the
current location of the passenger van vehicle and be able to determine its seat vacancies.
This proposal will upgrade our current research into a more serviceable system.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ivano Pinna, Bruno Dalla Chiara, Francesco Paolo Deflorio Transport Engineering,
Politecnico Di Torino and Francois Mbarga Bessala, Industry Professional,
“Automatic passenger counting systems for public transport.” Intelligent Transport.
15 December 2010. 26 February 2019.
<https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-articles/3116/automatic-passenger-
counting-systems-for-public-transport/>
Panchal, Nirali. “GPS Based Vehicle Tracking System and Using Analytics to Improve
The Performance.” ResearchGate. June 2016. 3 April 2019.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304129283_GPS_Based_Vehicle_Tracking
_System_and_Using_Analytics_to_Improve_The_Performance
Kainat Fareed, Javed Ahmed, Hidayatullah Shaikh, Hafiz Ahmed Ali, Farhan Ali.
“GSM based Android Application: Appliances Automation and Security Control
System using Arduino.” ResearchGate. February 2017. 3 April 2019.
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314166825_GSM_based_Android_Applic
ation_Appliances_Automation_and_Security_Control_System_using_Arduino>
John Fihn, Johan Finndahl. “A Framework for How to Make Use of an Automatic
Passenger Counting System.” April 2011. 26 February 2019. <http://uu.diva-
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:438096/FULLTEXT01.pdf>
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APPENDICES
24
Appendix A
(Gantt chart)
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Table 1: Gantt chart
2018 2019
ACTIVITIES
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar April May
Requirement Anaylysis
Planning
Estimation budget
System Design
Gathering Studies
Documentation Chapters I & II
Designing the output and buying
the needed components
System Interfacing
Interfacing the components
Documentation Chapter III
Pre-Oral (First sem)
Casing construction
System Testing and Evaluation
Testing and Evaluating the project
Documentation Chapters IV & V
Operation and Maintenance
Maintenance of the project
Final Oral (second sem)
Submission of Thesis Book
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Appendix B
(Bill of Materials)
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Table 2: Billing of materials for the whole system
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Appendix C
(Hardware Aspects)
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Table 3: Hardware Aspects
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4. Force Sensing Power Supply: 5 V
Resistor Length: 88mm/3.47
Width: 43.7mm/1.72in
Thickness: 0.42mm/0.0165in
Weight: 1.12g/0.04oz
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Appendix D
(Schematic Diagram)
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Figure 15: Schematic diagram
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Appendix E
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Instruction
a. Make sure the SIM card has unlimited load for text messaging
b. The whole system will begin to operate by the time the ignition of
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