ELECTRONICS

Demodulator – AC to DC; diode amplifier;

speed controlled by amplifier.
• Weber’s Theory – aligned small magnets
• Domain Theory – electron spin in same
• Stickoff Voltage – prevent false
synchronization; stickoff transformer; 2.5
direction.
volts
• Calculate the phase shift for an RC lag
circuit at 10 Hz if it has an fc = 100 Hz. • Synchro Capacitor – magnetizing current;
• Solution: delta connected to stator; needed by
control synchro; eliminates unwanted
current.
ELECTRONICS •
• lag (-Ө)
• Correspondence – no current flow; no
• Ө = tan -1
(fi/fc) = R/Xc
potentials.
-1
= tan (10 Hz/100 Hz) = -5.71°
• Magneto encephalography (MEG) – uses
• Purpose of Coarse setting of synchro:
ensures it is 0°, not 180°.
superconducting quantum interface device
(SQUID) as sensor. • 0 - the reference point for alignment of
- brain all synchro units.
- new; magnet • Voltmeter method - the most accurate method
• EEG – old; electric of zeroing a synchro.
- sensors are electrodes • Electrical zero – reference point for
• Transformer & generators – low hysteresis alignment
loss; low retentivity. • Mechanical zero – in zeroing synchro.
• Permanent magnet in speakers – high • Types of zeroing synchros:
hysteresis loss; high retentivity. 1. Voltmeter method – most accurate
• Thermoswitch – bimetallic strip bends when 2. Electrical Lock method – fastest sychro
it is heated. tester; 2 minutes
• S1 - 120°; 26 V
• 2-Diode (Anode + Cathode) S2 - 0°; 52 V
• 3-Triode (Anode + Cathode + Control Grid) S3 - 240°; 26 V

• 4-Tetrode (Anode + Cathode + Control Grid + • In atomic hydrogen welding, electrodes are
Screen Grid) long lived because ac supply is used.

• 5-Pentode (Anode + Cathode + Control Grid + • Nonshorting – a switch that disconnects the
Screen Grid + Suppressor Grid) circuit completely at one position before
the connection of the next position mode.
• Amplification Factor (µ)
µ = ΔEp / ΔEg • Flouroscopy – x-ray; can be viewed at
screen/monitor.
• Transconductance (gm)
gm = ΔIp / Eg • X-ray – film
• Alpha Particles – particles that are • Capacitors:
identical to Helium-4 nuclei. 1. Armstrong – tickler coil/transformer
• Beta Particles – Uranium and Berkelium 2. Hartley – tapped; split/separate coil
• External Magnetium: 3. Colpitts – split capacitor
opposite – deforms • Oscillators:
same – combines 1. Colpitts – capacitor FB
• Electron Flow – left hand 2. Clapp – capacitor FB and C in series
• Conventional – right hand with L
3. Hartley – inductor (tapped/split) FB
• Optical Couplers:
Important Parameters: 4. Armstrong – inductor / transformer
(tickler)
 Isolation Voltage = 7500 Vac pk
 DC current transfer ratio = Iout / Iin • Hydrometer – measure amount of active
 Phototransistor Output = 2% to 100% ingredient of electrolyte.
 Photodarlington Output = 50% to 500% • 1150 – 1270 – specific gravity range of a
 LED Trigger Current = in the range of mA battery.
 Transfer Gain = Vout / Vin = 200 mV/mA • IC’s:
1. Monolithic/Silicon
• Photodarlington – slower switching speed;
it has 2 delays. 2. Film – passive IC
• Scaling adder – constructed from summing a. Thin – meanfree path;evaporation
& cathode sputtering; 0.0001 cm
amplifier.
• Faster turn-off – advantage of SCS over SCR.
b. Thick – screening 10 times thin
film or approximately 0.001 cm.
• input, output – typical isolation amplifier 3. Hybrid
stages. • LR – very large resistance
• Logic Pulse – monitor

• RC – small resistance

• Servo: • ATR & TR tube – series transmit cycle

Modulator – DC to AC; no polarity phase ATR – disconnects Tx
(control) TR – disconnects Rx
• neither fires – receive cycle series
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 ELECTRONICS
C. the base-emitter junction is open.
• Electronic – type of switches ac used as
duplexers. • Biasing:

• Apply keep-alive voltage – TR tube

1. Fixed bias – base-current bias
- base bias
ionization speed be increased
- most unstable
• The actions of TR and ATR circuits depend - has highest power gain
on the impedance characteristic of Quarter- 2. Self bias - voltage feedback
wavelength section of the transmission - emitter bias (2 supplies)
lines. - moderate change in
• Fly-wire: temperature
Hotas – throttle and sidestick; hands on
throttle and stirring.
3. Combination bias – voltage-divider
- collector feedback
Trottle – engine
- based on (-) feedback
Sidestick - controls
principle
• Ultimate aim of using electrode coating is - stable
to improve bead quality. - many components
• Three types of programming language: - wide change in
temperature
1. Machine – 1 & 0
• Computers:
2. Assembly – abbreviation; mnemonics
1. Big Blue – for IBM; popular name
3. High-level – English words
2. Pacific Blue – built by IBM for the US
Department of Energy. Its main mission
is to simulate nuclear bomb tests.
• Translators:
1. Assembler 3. Deep Blue – 1st computer to achieve a
2. Compiler grandmaster in 1988
• LSI – 1000 to 2000 logic gates or 1000 to 4. Cray-1 – 1st supercomputer in 1976 (cost
64000 bits of memory of 7.5 million) by Seymour Cray (1925 –
1996); father of Supercomputer.
• VLSI – over 2000 logic gates; greater than
64000 bits of memory.
5. ENIAC – Electronics Numerical
• Types of Servo: Integration and Computer (18000 Vacuum
1. Position Servo (Basic) – with synchros, tubes)
servo amplifiers, servo motors and 6. UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer
modulator/demodulator.
• Electronic Signature – identity of person
2. Velocity Servo – with tachometer
3. Acceleration Servo – with accelerometers • Electronic Document – representation of
information
• GA (go-around) – part of the final approach
where the aircraft climbs again before it • Electronic Key – secret code; electronic key
touches down. • Linear Regulator – the control transistor
conducting all the time.
• Wire:
cruise 1. Thumb – current
2. Fingers – magnetic field

Top of Top of
• Absorption Power Meter – most common type
Climb Descent of test equipment used to measure power.
climb descent - absord all or part of the signal being
measured.
1. Bolometer:
RF power → heat → ΔR → Measurement of ΔR
go-around approach
2. Calorimeter – most accurate type of
test equipment used for measuring high
power.
Power → heat → measurement of ΔT
• Class D – most efficient
• Mechanical – prevent oscillations in large
synchro units.takeoff flare
• Electrical – prevent oscillations in small
synchro units.
• Filter Response Characteristics:
• Wein-bridge – lead-lag
1. Butterworth – very flat amplitude
Xc = 1/(2ΠfC) response in the passband and roll – off
Vo = (1/3) Vin rate of -20 dB/decade/pole.
2. Chebyshev – with overshoot or ripples
• RC Feedback Oscillators: in the passband, but with roll-off rate
1. Wein-bridge – lead-lag FD that is greater than -20 dB/decade/pole
2. Phase-shift – series 3-RC FB 3. Bessel – exhibits a linear phase
characteristics (almost no overshoot).
3. Twin-T – parallel 2-T filters FB
- used for filtering pulse waveforms.
• In a voltage-divider biased transistor
• Anion – negative
there is no IB, but the base voltage is
approximately correct. The most likely • Cation – positive
problem is
B. the emitter resistor is open
• 1 pole = 1RC = 60° phase shift

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• Filters – Poles & Order: • Resolvers – perform mathematical operation.
Single-Pole Filters – First order filters Functions:
Two-Pole Filters – Second Order Filters 1. Resolution – ability to separate a
Three-Pole Filters – Third order filters quantity into its 2 right angle
• OTA – Operational Transconductance components.
Amplifier 2. Composition – to add 2 vectors that are
- controlled by biased current at right triangles.
• OPAMP – output voltage 3. Combination – process of two tubes place
• BJT & FET – output current simultaneously.

• gm = KIBIAS
• What type of mathematical problem is solved
by resolvers? Right Triangle or
• K = 16 µs/A Trigonometric
• Magnet that is joined and heated – decreased • Erecting (a gyro) – the positioning of a
magnetism gyro into a desired position and the
• Gate & anode – testing SCR with ohmmeter. maintaining of the position.
SCR will conduct if 2 elements are shorted. - Rigidity in space.
- Precession is 90°
• Voltage sensitive – high voltage
• Insulator – intrinsic silicon crystal at
• SCR firing angle decreased – power increases room temperature.
• F
Fuse
02
Style
6 1R00
Vrating Irating
A
Char.
• Free electron – valence of conductor
• Vrating: • At room temperature, conductor has holes
A – 32 only those produce by thermal energy
B – 52 • Intrinsic semiconductor – no. of holes =
C – 50 no. of free electrons; at absolute zero
D – 125 temperature, no holes or electrons; at room
G – 250 temperature has few free electrons.
• JFET:
n-channel
• Silicon steel – 3.4 silicon percentage for
electrical purposes
p-channel
• MOSFET (16 FETs): • Steel – interstitial solid solution of
D-MOSFET carbon in iron.
E-MOSFET • Powder metallurgy – suitable for making
LD-MOSFET – lateral double diffuse
large machine components; made of steel
V-MOSFET – V groove
T-MOSFET • Perm invar – alloy composed of 45% Ni + 30%
Fe + 25% Co.
• Biometry – Identification; Verification; • Marlensic Transformation – can only lead to
Authentication a change in the crystal structure of the
1. Behavioral Biometrics – signature / voice phases.
2. Physiological – iris / retina / face / • Ceramic Insulators – glazes are used to
fingerprints / hand improved mechanical properties.
3. Multimodal Biometrics or Fusion – • TTT diagram – useful for predicting
combinational B & P transformation behavior of Austenite.
4. Biomedical Imaging • Series Resonant Circuit – low impedance
• Waveforms:
1. Complex wave – waveform other than sine
• Time constant in RC circuit – length of
wave.
time the cap will be charge by the applied
2. Peaked wave – made up of odd harmonics voltage to a level of 63.2%.
that are in phase with the fundamental.
3. Square wave – infinite number of odd • Resistive circuit – p.f = 1
harmonics in phase with the fundamental.
• Forsterite Insulators – high frequency
application
4. Sawtooth – odd & even harmonics. • Multiplier for a voltmeter high resistance
in series with the meter movement.
• Output signal – developing impedance-inverse
• Time Constant:
• IL < IC – in low Q parallel resonant circuit
when XL = XC
Medium = pulse duration
Short = 1/10 pulse duration • Melting point – principal property of
Long = 10 pulse duration refractory material
• Swamping Resistor – technique causes wider • Recovery and recrystallization both occur
bandpass in amplifier. during a typical annealing treatment
• 0° = 0 • During recovery of a cold worked
180° = 200 mV polycrystalline material dislocations
90° = 100 mV rearrange

• Amplidynes – 10000 gain • China clay – raw material for porcelain

• Accelerometer – based on the property of • Logic gate – control the flow of data in
inertia. arithmetic section of components.

• IC Synchros – direction of shaft • In the absence of a non-polarized

capacitor, some maybe derived by using two
• RC Synchros
electrolytic capacitor
• Step Transmission System

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