Cardiovascular System

Anatomy
 Objectives
• Introduction and Gross Anatomy
• Coronary Circulation
• Conduction System
• Arterial System & Venous system
• Histology of blood vessels
 Introduction to CVS
• Components Of CVS
– Heart
– Blood Vessels
– Blood
• Two types of Circulation
– Systemic circulation
– Pulmonary circulation
Circulation
 Gross Anatomy
• Conical hollow muscular organ
• 12 x 9 cm and weighs 300g males 250g
females
• 4 chambers
– Right and left atria
– Right and left ventricles
• Septum
– Interatrial septum
– Interventricular septum
Gross Anatomy
 Pericardium
• Fibroserous sac
– encloses heart and roots of the great vessels
• Consists of
– Fibrous pericardium
– Serous pericardium
• Parietal layer – fused with fibrous pericardium
• Visceral layer – fused to the heart
Pericardium
 Pericardial Cavity
• Pericardial cavity
– Potential space between the parietal pericardium
and visceral pericardium
– Contains thin film of serous fluid
 Wall of the Heart
• Three layers
– Epicardium
– Myocardium
– Endocardium
 Position of the Heart
• Obliquely behind the body of the sternum
• 1/3 right to the median plane other 2/3 left to
the median plane
• Apex of the Heart
– Formed by left ventricle
– Directed downward, forward to the left
– Left 5th intercostal space 3 ½ inches lateral to
midsternal line (just medial to the left
midclavicular line)
• Base of the Heart
– Formed by left atrium and small part of right
atrium
– Opening of pulmonary veins
– Forms posterior surface of the heart
 Right Atrium
• External extension – right auricle
• 3 main openings
– Superior vena cava
– Inferior vena cava
– Coronary sinus
• Interior
– Smooth posterior part
– Rough anterior/pectinate part ( musculi pectinati)
– Septal wall
• Receive blood from the whole body and pumps to
right ventricle through right AV orifice
 Left atrium
• External extension – left auricle
• Two Pulmonary veins opens into the atrium
each side of the posterior wall
• Interior
– Greater part smooth
– Musculi Pectinati - auricle
• Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs
– 4 pulmonary veins
• Pumps to left ventricle through left AV orifice
 Right Ventricle
• Receive blood from the right atrium
• Pumps to the lungs through pulmonary artery
• Interior
– Rough part ( inflowing part)– trabecular carneae
• Papillary muscles – finger like projections from the
ventricle wall
– Other end connects to cusps of AV valves through chordae
tendinae
– Smooth part ( out flowing part)- infundibulum
– 2 orifices – tricuspid, pulmonary
 Left Ventricle
• Receive oxygenated blood from the left atrium
• Pumps into the aorta
• Forms apex of the heart
• Interior
– Rough part (inflowing)
– Smooth part(outflow) – Aortic vestibule
– 2 orifices – mitral , aortic
• Wall Thickness – Left ventricle>>> Right
Ventricle
Heart - Interior
 Valves of the Heart
• 2 types of valves
• Atrioventricular Valves
– Left – bicuspid / mitral ( 2flaps)
– Right – tricuspid ( 3flpas)
– Papillary muscles and chordae tendinae prevent
them from eversion towards atria
• Semilunar Valves- aortic and pulmonary
– 3 cusps – directly attached to vessel wall
– Blood caught in cusps push them to close position
 Murmurs
• Turbulent flow through narrowed orifice cause
abnormal sound
• Stenosis
– Mitral valve stenosis
– Aortic valve stenosis
• Regurgitation
– Aortic valve regurgitation
– Mitral valve regurgitation
Blood flow through the heart
 Coronary Circulation
• Supply blood to the heart
• 2 coronary arteries
– Arise from the ascending aorta
• Right coronary artery
– Marginal
– Posterior interventricular
• Left coronary artery
– Anterior interventricular
– Circumflex
Coronary circulation
Veins of the heart ?
Veins of the heart ?
Arterial System
Venous System
 Conduction system of the Heart
• Consists of modified cardiac muscle cells
which are specialized for initiation and
conduction of cardiac impulse
• Consists of
– SA node
• cardiac pacemaker – impulse 70/min
• Located at junction of SVC at right atrium
– AV node
• Located at right posterior part of interatrial septum
• Only conduction pathway between atria and ventricles
Conduction system of the Heart
Histology of Blood vessels
Histology of Blood vessels
Cross section of artery wall
Cross section of small vein
Thank You