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Korean Grammar in Use - Intermediate PDF
Korean Grammar in Use - Intermediate PDF
Ul/ Intermediate
, Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung ·
ir]DARAKWON
Preface . ........ . ... ··· ·· 4 q~ J.}1f~ ~ 0 ]1-J- ~~ ~%W ITll
..... 6
• Citing the Speech or Writing of Others
How to Use This Book .
01 -Cfll <M>? ........... .. ' .. 94
02 -Cf.:il ofl::!cil .. 98
03 - Cfi21.A.iR? ..........103
'f-~3!1- ~P·J~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
• Expressing Conjecture and Supposition 04 -CfLIR? .......... ""'" '107
01 -O f/Oi !i!.OICf 14
02 -(O)L/E 2.~01Cf ... .......... 17
~{:}3!} ~£~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
03 -(0)2 'M)c·u . ... ... ... . 21 • Expressing Resolution and Intent
04 -( 0 )2 EiiLIJJf · .. 25 01 -(0)277f ofc.f . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... 114
OS -(o)2~R .. . .. 29 117
06 -(2.)L /~/( 0)2 ~~CI{~~tq) .. 34 03 -(2.)2.:j\::! ~to ICf .................... 120
01 -(o)2::X::I£ ~q .37 04 -(2.)2 f3 -(0)2 f3 ' 124
OS -Of/OiO~::X:: IR ··· 127
01 .A.i-~~11 ''' '' . . ..... ' ......... .54 01 -\::! .. ' ' ...... 144
02 ~~~11 . .. . ....... .. ..... ............ 58 02 -C::j2.fll<i=? ' .. .. ........................ 148
ru -1::!~~ .............. 1~
04 '2! 5H£ ....... .. . ..... ... . ....... . .. ..... 203 AJ-Elj ~ t.fE}-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Situational States of Being
01 -0 f/Oi ~q . 288
£:g ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Mid-Action 02 -O f/ Oi .!f.Cf ... 291
03 -{ 0 )L 5:H£ 294
01 ~ ~ 01i 208
02 -Cflf .. 04 -{ 0 )L/~ CH£ . ... ' ., ... 298
211
01 OfEf+{OI)Lf I Of.!pt£ ......... ....... 226 01 ~OfLf -{O) L/~:A i 2...§.Cf .... .... 316
~~ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
6A ;,]:{1-a]t.f ~;t}~ ~ '8 ~ ti-E}-~ n:Jl • Expressing Aims and Intentions
W' Expressing Time and Sequential Behavior 01 -7ii ... , .. .. .... ... 330
02 -£~ .. . . ' .. ' ...... 333
01 '2!01i ....... ..... ... ......... . . 244
02 -Of/Oi 7f:Ai.::il ....... ..... ... .. ... . . . 247
03 - Of/ OiCf7 f · ·· .......... 250
04 -.::il.A.i ............ .................. ..... 253
~.li~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
• Expressing C ompletion
01 _c~.u~q7f ..... .......................... . . 338
02 _cW~'Cl ....... . . 342
03 - Of/01 t:tj2.jq .... . 347
04 - .:il ~q ... 350
~~ ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
• Expressing Regret
01 -( 0)2~ =z.~q ·- .. ·-.. ............ 378
02 -W~010 ~ ~ ~ e-ll - ...................... 382
• Appendix
• Answer Key -- -···----·-··· ........ .. -400
• tH~-t 'L~<>t -intJl.? . -- -412
• Grammar Index ...... .. ..... 431
~
•[ 01 )
7f o}-=r. »-1, ~"€o ] ~~<511 .!i!..o:JA.
lf -::_ ~ 'V_ o-J _g_?
Mark, you look tired. Did something happen?
You look much younger now that you've changed your hairstyle.
Ol IE~~ ?i)Q£. ~ ITH Oi't! Af'M2.1 i:J~OILf .gEH ~~ ~?:!O I Lf ~2.1 .gEHOU CHfiH L7~7'17~Lf ?::';£1~ -3:!~
.R.~~ ITH Afgg)"LICf.
This expression is used to indicate one's conjecture or feelings based on the outward appearance of a
person, thing, or event.
7f wo }Bj ::z.J. 7-.:J t1}::Z.1 <1].2..1J.t:J1il... Grandpa, you're wearing blue jeans.
Lf .78!:1};<,1~ '"?J.2..Y7.71· G1 ~ e>-1 ~ol::Z.l? Don't I look younger now that I'm wearing blue jeans?
7f o1 g -6.1 ~ ~J-o1 uR%J ~01 ::= t=Jl .:@.~~Olil..? This food looks really spicy. Is that okay?
Lf 0 lA
11 uB-&- g .6.1011 Q.j~i>R;z,:jl-1 .:@.~J.o}..fl... I'm used to spicy food by now, so I'll be fine.
1 Ol 1!.~2 ~-§.A.f6fjl'2! M~LI Cf. ITf2.f.A.i -§.A.f7f 'ifOll .2.\::! ~iC:) .g:go1~Li ef.
This expression is only used with adjectives, so combining it with verbs results in grammatically incorrect
sentences .
~~'6fef to be hospitalized
7f
(1) q <5rc-~ \fl:lJo1 ~Z}~ \fl:lJ.!il..q G1 HRd.tiH .5!.01.2..
<5rc-~ \fl:lJ~ J-1-J-11..11.
'2<y'~ ~f:JAHq 2~ :; .::!:51-E ~.£ Ol R~Oli.A.i::: .gEH· ~f\:'1:; .Q.jol~q.:il ~ =? <ll~Liq. [[r2.r.A.i Ol R~
~ ~;~;H.s?.l Oilt! .g~o 1q -9-~ .g!J, ~?17 1 ~ !2.7-jq ~.:il q.A.-j Oilt! ~0 1 ~Oiq.:il 'U71Lf 011t! .gEH ~ 3:!0I2.r
.:il ~~ . '7'~~ rrH Al§ru-Liq. Oilt! 3:!:; !2..:il ~~51-E 3:!01~ '-( 0 }L/::: 2~o 1q· ~Oll '7'~2.1 2717r
£1::: R~<z.) '-( 0 }L /::: ~ !2.LI77r' ~ .A.I§-5!-E ~~7 r I'i'~Liq.
Meaning "shape" or "appearance", £~ is used here to express a particular condition or state. This
expression is thus used when attempting to infer or guess the circumstances of a particular situation after
directly seeing it or hearing about it. It is often used together with -(.2.)L/E ~ .5:!.LI77f, which comes earlier in
the sentence and expresses the basis for making the inference or guess.
-(.Q)L/::: £~01q
....... ··! ·· ·· ··· ~;~ ··
~q ~~@
IIIE~t!
I ~'"
....... ................ ............. .... ······· -··· ........ ······· ·······- ................ .
.,..._
~0
A -( O)L
v
...
0]2./l -(0)2
-----·-···· +-----+- ______________:_____ ~C!:________L______ ~~-----------;
~ f2! 2.I.A~o Iq 2.I.A~~ f2!
:i!t7-j
Ol~rc! 2t~OICf 2t{!J O I~rc!
NOICf ·· ··· ·· ··· ..................... .. ....... ·-··· .......... .. ·- ·····
.Q.j.A~OICf 2.].A~~
~i\H
2t~OICf ~{!j~
Judging from the fact that she reserved a plane ticket, I'm guessing that she's going to her hometown.
r
1 Ol It.~~ '7'~2.1 27-17~ £1::::: .g~ .5:!.7-jq ~7-jq ~ 3:!~ 1::1 ~§~ 5H.Ai .AI-§<5~7 1 rrH-EE-011. ~1-E
.A~i@:tOI ~~ ~~~ ~011 CH5H.Ai::: .AI-§<5~/.:I fi~LICf.
Because this expression is used to express the speaker's inference or guess based upon having seen or
heard about the situation being discussed, it cannot be used to describe something the speaker did himself/
herself.
Lf .A}'i:f0 l tlf~ ~ ~L-J Al ~ 0 l :l' ~ .2.0J= 0 lOilJl. ~ ~:;VH± real estate agency
LHLH throughout (a time period)
(5) 7~ Ell-2- »-]Qj ~~ lt?:.:jo] <U- ~~]Jl. (o] ~oj]£ -6"~~ ~:~q)
q
Jl~ :.z] (5}~ oj].A-j .!2.Lj 7l}.A}~~ o] Ell~?! PC(tabletPC)~ Ef0]7}:A]Jl qt9Jl. Jl~
Ell ~?:! PC7} (1)-l}-~goJ. .2.0JOIOil.2... o}-27- l:i].Ail...f TV, <?JEjl)lo] ~ Jl ~:.z}~£ ~ ~ 9
~oi.Ai 0}-? (2) . All ~T 0 }3. »-]£ Ell ~'}! PC~ (5}1-f
{3) . Jl~ 7-ll4f Ell~?:! PC01] -cJl i>R '€!0}.!2.2 ~71 ~Jl. ~ ~
~.!J!-£1 o} 2l:l}o] E ~ i>R.Ai .§.£ 3!Jl (4) . .::::Ltei1:1] oi~ Al]g ~
.A}o]: W:A] (5) . Al]i§-u}q ?:J-~ 31} ~H:jo] q q 27-j ~Jl. :A-j£
Did Wei Ming say she would come to the alumni meeting today?
Ol R~::: '7'~01 q .Q.j.AI ~ qE~LH::: '-{ 0 )2 EiO ief'OU~~o1q ~.Q.j l:lH~~ qE~LH::: '-( 0 ) L /:::Ci!'7 ~ ~~~
~~Li ef. :c!Wo~Jil ~~<W~ '-( )Lf:::ci l'2.l '7'~ ~:= DI2H~ R~~ rrHA~oi-E ~O ic~.JJ. ~ ~~ Lief.
0 *
-t.!~~ou ::: Oi't! AI{JOiq ~~I cH~ ~~ '7'~ 0 IL~ D I 2.H~ qE~LH::: ~01 2..Jl ~~~ou ::: -t.!~~i!t ~~£1
Jiq tt)"CH7 ~ £1::: ~01 ~LICf.
This expression is a combination of -(.£)2 EiOICf, which expresses a particular future situation or intention to
do something, and -(.£)L/-l::C11, which expresses t he background situation or state of affairs related to what is
to follow in the sentence. As such, it is used to express an expected or intended future state of affairs. In the
first clause of the sentence, a strong intention or expectation about a future event or situation is given, and
in the second clause (following -(.£)2 'E!)c11), a statement either related or contrary to t he first clause is given.
-(.Q.) 2 ~ Cil
j]Pi
9:i ~~ ~[·fl
A/V .... ............. .. ··············· ·· ···· -··· ---------------------
Qef ~~ ~Cil
~;~;H -( 0 )2 ~Cil
. 9:i ~ ~~
9:ief
-----'--~-~-E-.i)-Ci-1--T··-·-····~~~O~C~-··----,- · - - - !j!:;q~~-~~~---·-··-·-
j]_Pi
Ol~~ ~Cil ~{!JO i ef ~{!JOI~ ~ ~Cil
NOief ... ... ... .... .... ·-- ·------- ·---··- ........ ... ..........-- ... ... .... ....... ........ -- -- -· ·---··--··-- .. .
!j!.A~O I Cf !j!.A~~ ~Cil
7; ;.1 ~~-¥-~ ~ i>H;,~ -e-~o1011Jl.
I'm in big trouble because I haven't studied for the exam.
I'm expecting a delivery this evening, so please make sure that you receive it.
I-
I 01 .H.~~ '-( 0 )2 l[i!c-JIR'£1 ~EH£ ~.g i§}OU A~~ * ~:::c-11 OI[H::: Wof-E A~iM£1 ;;;"~o1q 7~~
.g~~ qE~LH7 1~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used at the end of a sentence in the form -(.2.)2 'C!JCiiR. but, in this case, it can
also express the speaker's supposition or assumption about the situation being discussed.
__j
-(.Q.)L C~l
~:AH ~~I CH~ I:IH~ ~~O I Lf .!f!OU L~ LH§OII cH~ ~:AHLf Dl211 ~~I cH5H ~IE ).~Qj ~.H.~~~
.£~~ Xii.J..I~ [[H .J..I§~LI Cf. .J..I'§~Lic.f.
Used to provide background information about Used to express the speaker's supposition or
the current topic under discussion or to introduce assumption about a current or future situation .
information about what follows in the next clause.
• (:::<]-5-) l:l]7} ..2.~J:i] ..!f-AJ% 7}:7.].Jl 7}!-i]il... • (..2.~oJD 1:1]7} % !ffi~:iJ ..!f-AJ% 7}:::<J.JI 7}!-iJil...
It's raining (now), so please take an umbrella It's supposed to rain (in the afternoon), so
with you. please take an umbrella with you.
-+ l:ll7f .2.Jl CX.PI ~goJI '-{.Q.)L/ECil'~ -+ 'i:t££ l:ll7f ~ ~0 1 7 1 ~gojl '-{2.)2 ~Cil'~
.J..I§of.:LI '1!eLICf. .J..I§of.:Ll '1!gLICf.
-{2.)L/-l=Cil is used because it is currently -{2.)2 Fti]Cil is used because the speaker
raining. expects it to rain later.
1
.~.
q
7~Ill ~B ~A.ICf :AlE- 7iiLI~ ofA.I~ .go1 cr.!' 2.Cf I~~ o fA.~2.f
.!fi!.:A I ~ '%J'::i!f q·~ .5=!2.1 7fCf ~ .!fi!.:AI~g ~.uj ~';iq I Cf-E ~~~ S!Af
Ol IE~~ WI-E .A.~.Qj .t;S~~ qEfLH~ ~£ '.t;S~ojq .Q.IJ:I' ~ qEfLH~ '-( 0 )2 EiOICf'Oll Ol~~ qEfLH~
'-( 0 )LI77Pf ~~ ~~Liq. 1¥-~~0ll ~ 4-£ W!-E .A.~O I ;t;ij~f]iq ~~ol-E ~O I 2D=l ~~~Oll ~ ~~lil
;t;ij~f7iq ~~ol-E Ol~~ .t;S~o f'2'!.A.i ~g)-Li ef.
This expression is a combination of -(.£)2 EiOICf, which expresses the speaker's supposition or intention,
and -{.£)LI77f. which expresses a reason. In a sentence w ith this construction, t he second clause contains
the speaker 's suggestion or statement of advice to the listener, while the first clause provides the speaker's
reason for giving such a suggestion or advice.
\;ilq
A/V ··············--··-------.... l ------------------------------------..·-···-····················
7fq
-( o) 2 EjjLjJJf
OfOIOiq O fO I ~~ EjjLjJJf
2f~Ojq 2f~O I ~~ Ei!LilJf
NO!Cf ----------.. ···-- ... ......... ... - ····-·· - .... .... .
OfOI ~ Ei!LI77f
~AH I DI2.H i ~ EiiL!JJf
-------·- ·-- ---·--j_ __ ______ __ ______ _ ___ ___ ______ i__ ________~~-~-~-----J.-------~~~ ~~J?7f ---·---
- ~2~ ~--'5'-~77} .A}~* .A} {l-77]-Jl?
::.- -: =-- s.=~: a,:)ot= s s nee Mary likes fruit?
Nant to meet with the teacher, so do you know where she is?
q t:H"tf ~ 0 }~ ~ ~ 1;!:] 91~ Efly7l} ;.JJ_~~:7.] S:. ~o] €-l:IJ-5H=- 71] ~~oJJl.
Most people probably won't have eaten breakfast, so preparing some sandwiches too is probably a good
idea.
2 '--( 0 )2 EliLI77F£1~~~011 ::: '2.:j~o1q·, '.:il~q·, 'o lm~q'£1 wo1~ -9- ~~Liq.
Expressions such as :z:j~OICf• .:il~Cf. and Dl~fCf cannot follow -{2.)2 EiiLI7Jf.
'-( 0 )2 'E!!Cil'2f '-( 0 )2 EilLl7JF::: ~ q ~~~ [[H '5!-E 'YOl:AI'2! Cf§:i!f ~~ ~Oil-"i j:f0l7f 'gLICf.
Although -{.£)2 li:!!Cil and -{.£)2 EiiLI7Jf are used to express supposition, they differ in the following respects.
• llH7} .TI~ 'ffitil 0 !Ai E.;,i1Jl.. llH7r .:rr~ CJ1t..J7lr 01;,1 E.Ailil...
You must be hungry, so please have (Because) you must be hungry, please have
something to eat. something to eat.
(2)
(3)
(4)
OI R~:: o~ ~Ojq;:l Bt:: ~o 1q ~ 2£:::: ~011 cHoH '§lo~ .A.~OI ~~~~ ~~~ OIOt71~ rrH ~Liq.
~~Oli.A.i::: .A.I§f>~;:l ?A.:il ~~Oli.A.i'2.! .A.I§f>~IJj ~2~ .A.~OIOli .A.I§g,fLiq.
Th is expression is used w hen the speaker st ates an unconfirmed assumption or supposition about a
future event or something he or she is not sure about. It is used only among close friends and appears in
conversational form only, not in written form.
-(£)2~R
r;!::jq r;!::j~~~R
~1-71
~q E-~~~R
A/V ............................... -----··-····· ···· ····· .......................... ············ ········· .. .
-(o)2~R
- -----------r------- ; - - -- - - - - - - : - - - -- - - - - ; - -- -- - - - - -
0
~::~ · E~%i~·· · ··· ··
~:2..A.~<,a ~ ~R
£!-~ OI~~~R
. ········ : : ··········[· ······· ····· ··· ········ ,...... ~:2..A.~~~R
l £!-~Oiq £1"-gj~~R
- ;::~-1io; 7~.::1! i>li::-t:l] J+iffo] ?,f~ll}Jl?
- ::>!ann ng to go to the department store, but do you think there will be a lot of people there?
·'Q '-{.£)2 ~ .:::J!~~q·on.A.-1 '.:::J.~q·7f ~?,!'.§ '-{.£)2~·.g ~p~on ~~on Clic5H ~~~it !Ill~ ..~..~~Lief. £q2.f.A.i ~~ IIIIE- ~
Ll£f~ !Ill£}~~~ Lte.f~ UII2J ~EjPf ~f()fA:~ ~~2.IXI ?J~& ~~5fAjJR (Q-g ·~~~ Ll£f~ UII'2J 01 '-{.£)2 ~ .:::J.~Cf'
§~)
The expression -(.£)2~ can also represent the contracted form of -(.£)2 ~ :J.'ll!CI, in which :J.'ll!CI has been omitted. As such, it can also
be used to express the speaker's feeling of regret about a past event. For this reason, you must pay special attention to this form when it is
used informally because it can mean either supposition or regret depending on the situation. (See Chapter 25 Expressing Regret, 01 -(.£) 2
1.1 :r'l;l!c.t.)
1 O I R~:: .gcH~£1 £1?1011<2,to~lll ~cH~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Li ct OlrrH.gcH~O I <§t.:il ~:: .A.f11 ~:: .gcH~£1
7 ICH 7~ ~ 2.17-Jq ~1-E .A.~'S.i!~ q2q:: 3:! ~ qE~~Liq.
This expression can also be used to softly disagree with the listener, that is, to express the speaker's
belief that the listener's statement or expectation is wrong or different from his or her own.
: ~2.1 27~7f £le .A.I-M~.2t .R7f -'?~77f:A I oH~£l'Xi!Cf)~ £f. .A.fEt cf ~-"2 ~7 1 rrti-§OJI '-(£)2~R·~
.A.!-§~* ~1:§Lic.f.
The basis for the assumption that the movie is popular-that is, the fact that the tickets are sold out
for the entire weekend-is shared by both people, and therefore -(£)2~.£ cannot be used.
: Ol ~~7 f ~~ 1 ~2.f-"I ofe ~!I:!.~ · q·~ 7f:AI-"2 ~71 rrH-§Oll '-(£)2~.£·~ .A.!-§~* ~§Lief.
Here, only Lf (the speaker) knows that the movie is number 1 at the box office, so -(£) 2 ~R can be
used.
: (1)g .!i!~ cH~2.1 .A.f'Et~OI 3.A.I~OII-E ~~~ r;!:jg ~EHLillf *~ .u1~ r;!:j~~ 7-J2.fil ~ofil '?10-J.A.i
'-(.2)2~R·~ ~~.Q.IJ:j (2)-E '*~ .UI7f ~ Qj.Q.2.-j -t!Cfil ~Cf'2.f-E@ Ci ~j-JI~'r.! ~2.1-27-J~ CHi!
'?1~ '-(.2)2 7iOliR'~ ~~€rLICf.
In (1 ), - (.2) 2 ~R is used because Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the fact that most
people have normally eaten lunch by 3 o'clock in the afternoon. In (2), -(.2)2 7iOliR is used because
Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the more concrete fact that Suyeong actually said she
was going to eat.
%:2: .UI7f :x1-s ~on <llef Ol A.I?JOII-E .5!~ 5:§~ '6fLI7Jf ~01 1 ~q
'--(O)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q·::: ~1-E .A.fWOI ~~~2.j OIOPIOll CHoH ~~7-jq ou.g E:E.::: 7 ICH~ <5'~XI ~~:i
rrH .A.f§g,t-Liq .:12.1~ '-(o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~cF ::: ~~~Sll LH~OI ~qjl ~2,1'~c~1 .:J.~OI .A.~OI O~'cl :i
- (o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q(~.Jcn
ouuuq Oil ~
-(O)L
~q :A~.Q.
-, .._
A .. .... ...
Ollllllq Oil~
?~ -(0)2
:A~.2.
~q -, e
7 ~q I! + ~~~q
- (O)L
Q:jq Oi.Q.
-, .._ ~q
7 ~q 7~ :::
v Oi.!::.
-, .._
-·
-(0)2
i!
Dl2/l I?~
- -- - - - - - - - - -- - · _ .. - ·------· ___ .....--
...,
Oi.2.
-, e
_ _
........... ........ ....- ....- ....... - .... - ............ ..
£IN £ I.A~~::
-······· ······· ..... ..... .. -······· ..
2)-~ '5~AH OI + ~~~q
- , C> '-'
~
•[ 12)
1 7~ ~* »l g Q{ :5::~ ~ ~~ ~).i]Jl. 0}7]7} 7-}Jl <V_~Jl.
.A.I~~!f-5fC.~ I ~2:ill::ll~-§-nq
og.up~ ~g.Cil.211 ~-§- 7 ~AI~ .2.q O~Oil 'g.UI/~ ~2.~ .A.i 1::1 1 7 ~ .2.~q
~* .UI2.J {!j~ Ilj-EI-l= LH~<c.!Cil 211l!IOI.::i~ o~7Jf 2.f2.f .upf ~* AAIOillll ~~ %1.A.i
)..~ .2.q {!l~ II.fEI7f .2.-§-0iq
-~- =o 2 ~ ~'}.{q(~~c~)' ~ ,q·~c5HAi Ci-%~ ~::: ;:01 £1£-& 1:1 ~¥AiiR.
2 .¢.~ »-17} •§:[J-~ 0 1oJ1Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 4-~ »-17} ~).~ 0 1 °}1-]c}.::il ;,~zr9l~Jl.
-+
(3) .!f- ;.}~0 1 <5J1~~~Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= !f- At~ 0 1 7-l14f ;.}"ilt:f.::il ;,~zr~o-1Jl.
-+
(4) 'i:!''i:!' »-17} o1~oJ1 n-~Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 'i:!'~ »-17} ~RoJ1 ~q.::il ;,~zt9l~Jl.
-+
(2) 7~ 0}3.. »-17} ~{! ~ ~ ~o-j).i HB7} .::ilE.t:JlJl. 12:j ~ 7-1 ~.9_J-11Jl?
q 0}1-]Jl, 0}77} 0}3.. »-1~ ~~oj1).i ~).i 0}3.. »-17} ~{! ~
q .R~ ~ 0 1 W0 r"'i q *
There's so much to do these days that he may not have finished
~ ~~::Z.l.£ %ct.R.
reading it yet.
Oi .R~:= Ojif! 9;101 ~1:) 7f-6~:= ~i1:1'2J .:J. 9;101 9;10j'§ -'?~ ~:;~ ~~~ ITJl AI-§~Liq. '-( 0 )2il:l
£..£q·~ w~ * ~~Liq_
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's view that something might happen or could possibly occur.
The form -{£)2:AI££q is also used.
A/V
rr --:p~
~;~:HI DI2H ... -~(~-)~il:-1~ ... ;· ........ Jf~-f ... -- . ··---·-
:U~J:I£
~~~J:I£
-!- : :
~q : a ~J:I~
- -------- , --------+------~-~:i:·i~----------:------~~-;-,-~~-------+-----· ~~~-~A~~----i + £2q
:t!P~
NOiq I OI~~AI~
·--·
~EJ"OICf ~EJ"OI~~il:l~
'-I J-}~ »-1::::: .!2.~ ~ oJJ ~~ 7}-Aj~ 41~ J-j~oj ~~L.j77} £J-i~J ~ ~.Al.£ %etA.
Sato normally goes home early, but he's got a test tomorrow, so he might be in the library.
4 41~-¥-El ~ ~%etJ-i ~ ~ <?.} '€i-Al.£ %etA. ..2..~ ncr ..2..::::: llJ ~ ~ ~ :Q-o}.fl..
Tomorrow's the first day of the Chuseok holiday, so it might be closed. I think we should go today.
q :~.Fr ~ 0 1rJ' 0 1°F7J '8'}~c}JI * ~ ~~.Al %et.B.. l;P?· --878 »-.AJ a}.AiJ.B..
She likely didn't hear you because she's busy talking with her friends. Don't get too worked up about it.
1 Ol .H.~:= 7f-5~:= 7~2.1 ~:AI'2.! ::J. ~01 ~~tg *.s:. <LlCf::: ~01.9..£ ~['! %£.~ ~~ Cft~j]_ :z:J~
of~ <Ll::: )..f'SOlllil A~of'i:! ~~ll7f ~ * <Ll~LICf.
Because this expression indicates something that is possible, but unlikely, to happen, it can come across
as rude to a person who is worried about an event that is important to him or her.
: ·~~~;~; l.s:. ~2.~R'2.f2 ~~o f~ ~~~ Jf-5{:101 0~~ ~;~;1'2..1' &AI 2ELI77f 7 ICH~ ilH .!i!.2.fE ~01 £!1Ai ~~
Af'M£1 7 1~01 L~ *~~ Li ef. OIUIIE .::J.~ 7f-6-{JOI Of~ ]i-cfe ·~~~ 7iOliR'2.f2 ~~ o~ 3;!01 C-j ~
Lief.
The phrase ~~~;~;1.5:. ~2{£. means that the speaker thinks the hearer might pass even though the
chances of doing so are slim. Naturally, the hearer would feel bad upon hearing such a statement. In
this case, therefore, it is better to use the phrase ~~~ 7iOliR, which expresses the speaker's belief
that there is a very high probability that the hearer will pass.
~7-}7] o}- ~ 7-l.S:. .2.EJ--l7!} Q.j=.S:. .:Jt ~~7] "'i] Jl. ~71Cf to tidy up; put things i~
2 7f 79llti »-] 7}- ~~ ~ i>}E J-}-1fo] 0 }\!r:i] ..2.~ 211 ~.:uLo]] <?} ~~71}-Jl?
~\';tO I ~E .A.~OI Of'L::!Cil21i ~.Uj -§EO I oItt:! 'gOil ~~Oii.A.i xiE~ ~~2.f.::il
q ~01x1q ~q~q
.!i!."'i]ii..
(3) 7f o1 g-6.] ~ ..2.~ ~..Q.y 7l}- WoJ1 f-Oi.£ {]!?tf~7-1ii.? (.AJ<S-}q)
40
7~ '8 e>i 7,:] J.i q~ :£- ~ JJ:!J_?3fo}Jl?
Is the place where you hurt yourself when you fell okay?
Ol .!!~~ cH~QI 5::~ qE~~ UH A.f§g,t-Liq. '-71::: "5~:A I'2..!"'~ A.f%"5Piq '-71::: -:A I'2.!-'~i'El ~~ §A.~q
~gA.~ !f. ttl A.f%"5~7 1~ ~Li q. OI[[H::: ~~~2.1 LH§~ <2.)~"5~:AI'2..!" q::: 2.1~01 <1!~ ~ qE~LH::: ?:3~011
A.f§g,t-Liq.
This expression of contrast can be expressed with two forms: -7IE <5fJ;:I'2J and - 711::: -J;:I'2J. Note that the
latter form uses the same verb or adjective twice. The expression is used when the speaker recognizes or
acknowledges t he content of the first clause but then wants to express a different view or stance in the
following clause.
.3.71::: ~:AI'2..!"
l£l71::: Q:J ~:AI'2..!"
A/V
.3.71::: 5~:A I '2..!"
l£l 71::: 5~:AI'2..!"
.3.71::: .3.:AI'2..!"
l£l 71::: l£l :AI'2..!"
o] ..Q...)..l..Q..
0 I 2
D-1
I
7].!=.
"1..-.
-Qj--:tll:Aj
')..)..
n} u}o] D-1:7.].!:::=.
'\..,!. 1:(5 I
o}..Q..
'l..- U'5 2..
-z.l.-.1]£. .
F Jf
I will have some of this food, but I won't eat very much.
------ - ---- -
1 O I.H.~~ W~ [[H ::: '-7 1::: <5~AI 12.Y. '-7 1::: -AI~·~ ~O=i),i '--(J o~AI'2._1-', '- -(J -AI~'££ 'C'iOI AI§
~Liq.
This expression is often used in its contracted forms in conversation. -71-E Of:AI\:I contracts to - {.! 6f:AI\:I,
and -71-E -:AI\:! contracts to-{.! - :AI\:!.
2 :i:!m~ W~ [H::: '- 71::: ~AI~'££ AI§-Q~j]_. ·-~/~71::: ~AI'2.Y££ Al§oVI <(.{~ Li q.
The past tense form of this expression is -71-E ~:A I \:!, not -~/'1t 7 1-E %!:AI\:!.
(1) ~~~:!!~ ~~~_Qj .2?0Pf 'g2.~~ ~Li ef. (1) ~~~:i!f ~~ ~Qj .2?0j7~ '®~ ~ ~Lief.
The subject of the preceding c lause can be The subject of both the preceding and following
different from that of the following clause. clauses must be the same .
(2) 8~~ CH~ ~CH~ Ll£1\llLIC~. (2) ~~~21 LH~ ?J.JI <2J~g o~A:I'2! ~~~21 cH35.
Used when the speaker wants to express a {t~ c1~ :Y35.aH.A:1 ?J~ IIH AI§~Lief.
simple contrast. Used when emphasizing a contrast. In the
preceding clause, the speaker states something
that he or she acknowledges or knows to be true,
-+ CH35.QJ QJDI7 ~ '1-!f: 8~£.f A~'2!~ OIOPI and then in the following clause emphasizes a
o~.Jl '1-!§Lief. contrasting fact or situation.
The speaker is only stating the simple
contrasting facts about the subject under
discussion. -+ ~21 LH§% ~.JI 'r.J~o~~A1 A:f~QJ ~:z.t~ ~~OjAi
:Y35.o~.Jl
'1-!§Lief.
While acknowledging the preceding statement,
the speaker emphasizes his or her belief about
the subject under discussion.
(4) 7f Ai J.,}i:!}_Q_
t:1 2
Ol-7.JlOiJ:l.'f
2M .
q ~ROi
'-'- ..s.
2 2. .7-l- £A <5HJi.. •
~
'[ 17 ) •
01.H.~~ ~~~:c.f -¥.~~2.1 LH§-OI .A.i £ 'tJ"CH£1 ~ ,q~~ ~ LfEf'2\! [ H.A.~grLI Cf. EE~ Oi't! 3:!011 cHaH.A.i
~ ~ ~~ Wof'i:!.A.i Lf~ ~.s:. ~0 1 ~of.JJ. {l ~ llH.S:. .A.~W *~~ Li ef. ~.A.f 'Oil '~ .A.~of:AI 'ri.JJ. '-( 0 )L
/~ 't..!"'i:!'.£1 ~EH £ .A. ~of7I.S:. g)"LICf.
This expression is used to express the fact that two things are opposites. It can also be used to state both
the positive and negative characteristics of something together in the same sentence. It can be used with
the partic le O!i or in the form --(2.)L / E ~~-
L_ _ -( 0 ) L /~ ~~011
~=-~
- --~
-- ~- ~.~
- ~
· -·"~~=== J
.3.Cf 2 'tl'i:!Oll
A
~q ~~ ~~011
-----~-~--~----"'""';---··~- -~--·-
7fef l! ~~ou
~q ~ ~~~Oil
v --- ------------ ------- --- ----·-- · · ··- .... ··-·· --- ----
7f-E ~~Oil
-~ ~~011
:_________ ~q ~ ~~~Oil
... .:...... -- -~------ --· ____________ :___
________ __________ __:......._. .........:_
While that actor has received a lot of praise for his acting, he has also been criticized a lot.
~~~.l!f *~~01 't_l-cH £1 ~ ~~ LfEf~ [H '-( 0 )L/~ C~l ~H'~ A.~%/" .::?.s=. ~t:;Liq.
When the preceding and following clauses represent opposites, the form -(.2.)LI~ Cil ~5H can also be used .
~.21 A.l.j7 ~ -¥~~ i\tO I "O~Cf -¥~~ i\tOI -o~q 1 £-§-.S:.l'JO I -?c~
7~9:h'::- ~01 'i'JOI ~-§-~Cf ~-§-Cf I .!i!Et£ BI"Cf
!:.::~ ~-=jl-7~ ~~ i\tO~.AICf !:.::~ ~-=?-7~ ~~ 'i'JO~.AICf I ~g. A~g ~~ ~.:il <L!Cf
7~ Oi~. <iJ ~
~ ~
*
1 <5}l-}.S:. ~OiJ.l
J.}o]:3QC>iiL.
0
~
( 19 )
Dear, I'm all out of clothes to wear, so I should buy some more.
You've got all these clothes in the closet, but you want to buy
more?
You look tired. Were you not able to sleep last night?
Despite getting a good night's sleep last night, I'm really tired
today.
01 .H.~~ ~~ ~~~ ol-2 '-( 0 )Lf :::c-ti'Oll <y~ ~~ cH~2.1 ~~ J::l'.:! ·-o ~/OiS:.'7~ ?@gt~ ~~ Liq.
[[f-c~.A.i Ol R~~ ~~~Oll -t:!~~£1 ~§O iq ~%,f0li.A.i 7 ICH~ 9 <U::: ~:il~ q27-jq tt!CH£1 .A.~O I ~ rrH
.A.f§~Liq.
- his expression is a combi nation of --{.£)L/E:C11. which describes the situation under discussion, and
-0f/Oi.S:., which indicates concession or contrast. Thus, t he expression is used to introduce a clause that
1ndicates an opposite or an unexpected st ate of affairs when compared to the information given in the
preceding c lause.
-( 0) L /::: C-!1£
t:i i~:::C-11£
~~:::c-tl£
A
t:i i.Jt!'C-!1£
-( 0) L C-!IS:.
~ ~C-11£
:u::::c-11£
9:j ~::: C-!1£
v
7f-2C-!I£
9:j :::c-tl£
~-----L--------~-----------------·--------~---------------
- ---------- - , - - - - - - - - - - - -- -----------------------------------------
~ ::: 1:-j].S:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ ~::: l:·fi.S:.
oI ~::: c-fl.s:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ 01~::: 1:-j].S:.
: ......... ·-- -- ........... ...
.2.~0]q .2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.
.2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.
----''--------------------------- -----·----------·--------·-----------·------------·---·-
Even though it's the weekend, the department store isn 't very busy.
'-( 0 )L/:::I:i].S:.' ~ ~~5HAi .ff.~o~.i!A~ W [ H.!f-10!1·~o~.JJ.'~ *O:l '-( 0 )L/:::I:i].S:. ~o~.JJ.'~ ~Ljq_
To further emphasize the contrast or unexpectedness of the situation indicated by -(£)L/eCii.S:., the phrase
~Q"fj]_ can be added to form -(£)L/eCii.S:. ~ofjl.
J::i llf ru~.tll ~~~~ ofjl <1!Cf 1 'aJt'!.g ~Ciltt 1~'2! .!i!Cf
~iftt l7f ~ofef I ~=?@>11711 ~ J::!Jil Af .??Cf
~O I ~~q I ~5f'2'! ~=?~~ ~Oil Cil2.ljl.2.Cf
~:g ~il~ ~ J::l £II .X.I~.2.LI77f ~ 'rJO I .2..2.Cf ~:g ~~~~A]~ £.jq I-§~ 'rJO I ~ .2..2.Cf
~~~ uo1 o-H ¥1.2.LI77f OIJ::i l ~£ ~2.IJ::I uq ~<c!~ BtOI o-H.!i!Cf I Ef.CHOil ~ II/IDfef 'rJOI ~2.1q
~~0-j~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-~.2.LI77f Olt!! ~~ A~x1EJ ~~0-l~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-i5fef I~~ II/I7f rrJq
~fef
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1) 7f ~ ~c}o}oJ]!: %~~ l:lH~~o] 1f£o] L-}_2_A]Jl? (%~~ l:lH~~o] 1f£o] L-}_2_t:.j-)
Lf ~-E" ~oj]
----------------- ~C;jJl,
(3) 7f '81' ».]!:: _2_~.£ <?J-IQ ~~~<>!Jl? (o]:2~ "8'} t:j-)
Lf t:ll. t:.J-~ "'r~~~ t:.J- '81' »-1!:: c5J-J..J- <?J-IQ 71-t:ll..a.
G)ct :=
® ct:=
J.-j-~~ ~7.1~
J..1~~ -w71~ oJ-7.1~
® q;:: J..1~ ~
@ q;:: J..1~~ ~~
* ~ Jillt=J1
.2_0J<(lt=J1
3 7~ Ol ~~ ~0 1 9-t<UOlR?
q
4 7~ -!fi!-AI~~ ~0 ~5HR?
Lt Lil . .:::l~AI'2..!" - - -- -- - - - - - -- -- - - -- -
G) ~0 }15]-L.j77} J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"i 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
® "*0 }~ Jill-e-n J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l .A}2t- *!;!}..a
@ -woJ- .s!_o1y77} J..1{1-o1 ~ojJ..-j 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
@ ~ 0 }15li::-t=J1S:. HoJ-,lL J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
6 G) 01 ~ 0 1 2 ~ ~q,J..a_
~7f1-&71-e <5]-7.1~ ~
® ~TI1 ~ ?£01 uJ-1f-er=ns:. H15},l1. 7-J14i- ~PJ..a.
@ 7.1 ~ ,l1.71~ ~ -woJ-if lfr~oJ1 7-H~~ ~0 }-6l!S.
@ ~L.j~ oJ1.!!!!-e lfr~oJ1 %A~~~.£~ oJ1~ ~ ~o}..a.
52
10-%!_ 1 ~
01.H~:= ~go1q 5!....:il.Ad ?:t:= -§Oli.Ai -§~ AA:: .AfEJ'OI .Af.z:!2-l LH ~~ .zlltl-~.9.£ qEf~ rrH .A~g,t-Liq.
~q
A .... .... . . .. . ........ ... . .
..' .
-~-~-~------------1·--~--:--------~-~--------'-------------·-·---------~------------------
..'
:' -:-~L7Jl
.l.!.f
':
-~.u~q
7 fq Itq
e:jq e:j ~q
v ~;t;H
.
.··-····-··········· ...... ··-·' ·
-(0)2 ~01q
---~---------·
: e:jq
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....,!_______ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ ___ __
, e:j ~
_ _ _~~---~-----------------
~OIC.f
1 '?Jq'::_ ~A~ .!f-1011 ~o~ ~A~£~ ~~~~~ 3~jl ~~A~ .!f-1011 ~ 0 ~ ~~A~~ ~~~§~ ~Liq.
When '[iq follows a verb, it is conjugated as a verb, but when it follows an adjective, it is conjugated as
an adjective.
3 Ai~j:il~ AI-§-~ ITH:: '::t:i /::t:f2j' 2.~jl.R~3~::t:l ?Jjl 'qj~2.1'2.~jl .R~~Liq. .:J.2.Ijl ';:t:f::_ ·q·,
'::t:i::·~ ·q::·. '.:X:ii7V:: 'LH7V. '::t:i.9:17V:: ·~2.17V£ AI-§-~Liq.
In the narrative form, Lf/.sf-2.1is used in place of :Ai/:Ai ~l to express "1/we". Similarly, Lf is used for J\i, Lfe
is used for :Aie . LH7f is used for Xil7f, and .sf-2.17f is used for J\i ~Pf.
4 Ai~j:ii011Ai :: %)g ~ EH :: 7i2.J AI-§-3~.A:I ?J~ Liq. .:J.2.iq %)g ~~~ ~~ AA!l ~~ rrH:: ~BL
8~1011Ai I: IHg '-( 0 )L7~?' ~EH ~ ~01 AI-§-~Liq.
Sentences are almost never written in the form of questions in the narrative form. However, to express a
question in this form, you can use the ending -(.£)L 7f? that we learned in the beg inning level.
:r tr
-<Ill J\l
lll-
r.jo -&
:r ~·
::z
fo~ i
e
o
nr
0
KIO
UIIU
i<O
Uj
JIJ
=t::l
ti
..J ~JI
~
r I'
jju Jf 710 -<Ill Ul ~ <In
~~ ~
-& ~ -& ~ B:: iUiiU
l:j:j 0
r-IO
oJ
B"J OIIU
fo~
0~ "Kill
:r :r
D
or
~
l}J jl) -gru lilll _._: 0
-<Ill 'K IUl Ll Kf- 0 ;roo
tJ .t) 0~ rulru Qll .-1-
1'-. iK :z _J -
r-IO
oJ iJK u-1r
1\-< ;jO on "§ @
liru
~
0
0 0
0 ?) <IIU
~ rr o......_ rl Kf- iUinJ
0
~ ~0
;::111 oltU - _._ ~
~f ~ r9 K
CitU
QJll
KI- ~
OF Btl w Lr o0 nJ
Ul i K"l "5
Ol-
i<IU
i<O L:f
:!1:!
~
"
QJll .-1-
1'-. ~
.-1-
1'-. 0
_J
nr <eJ 0 r..J 0
~ 110 'i3
"
rulru ~ .-1-
p OF !':"
oJ
orJ Oil
UlnJ
Uj JIJ iJJ nJ
n ~
-:!
RW IUIIU E
~
~
.
JJ tl-\1
Jl ;r< !':" ~ Mru :!1:! !1J ~
K Iii'~ 0
IUl
l:tj ..5
::z UJI - oiJ ~ JIJ !':" •IO Lr r-JO lilll "
~ ~ 2. w JIJ 0 jo n Ol ~
~
"'·S
......_ 0 Jl
;tJ ~
$! ! J1
0
'QIU
0
~~
~{jiM) ......_
Ll
_._:
Ll
_J
<ID
OJ
Kf-
iJO
5'J =•10
D
JIJ ~ or ......_
:z nj ~ i\W rr
IUl llll 0 ?)
'oiJ* ~
~~~K <In @ "K 1=1
-
ij!(
~ ~ :r
..-1-
0 J\l
rulo
0
ojru t
Ui
~
•!OJ t
-<1-
..-1-
1'-.
'?< t
JltU
~ t
iK
<IIU
~ !':"
0
r:l
iiOr
-
:!1:!
"K~
0
UIIU
"i\<
JIJ
"5
r-r
r-IO
=
•IO
0
or
0
=rtJ
-H J
~
CJ
o[ru K t OIJ 'QIU Jlru nr iJJ 0~ oJ ~ ~
~ 00 -
,... ~ Ul @> o< Kf- CJ ljQJ
~
li s g 6: ~ @: ......_
Ll - L_
co
~ N l()
- ~~Li011:f
2.!¥ Ek :A~2.10ll ®2~ Ljq_ ~~ O~~Oll~ ~Oi:::~lJll AijtJH~ o~~c~j Ailt!H~ ~::
l ____________________________,_______________________________________~--·-·--·---·--- _)
l--------~-------------- - - --
Eunhye, are you doing okay?
q g ,~::z] ~Ol . ~ ~?
Yeah, I'm doing fine. And you?
\:!"~:= ~~ ~.::rq ~l¥-tJH .A~ol, 7 ~ .A~O IO!I.Ai ?£ .Af§~LICf. ·-of/OiR'.s!Cf ~ ~%of7 1 rrHg.Oll ~cH~OI
012.1c-J2.~~ ~ofAI t>i:= ~~Oil ..v.'C:! ~2.ll7 f ~Lief. cH'T:I ·-oUOJR'Oli.Ai 'R'~ ~st.AI7~.A1 .Af§ofAI'2.! g.
1 ~.A-jg.J:!f 2.1:Z:Z: ~;_-jg.J:!f .£1:Z :Z := ~XH~:i!f :i!f7-J~ .2Ef. -Z,f-Z,f '-O f/OiR'. '-W~OiR'.£1 ~EHO!I.Ai 'R'~
~S;I".Aifl ~EH7 f £11Jj DI2.H~ := Oj-c_fOll '--( 0 )2 7-jOf~ *'~ Lief.
Declarative and Interrogative Sentences: The present and past tense forms of declarative and
interrogative sentences in the informal form are made by removing R from the ends of -Qf/OiR and -W"JJ..
01..2. The future tense form is made by adding -{£)2 710no the stem.
~.Ad~
Dl;;;~
-(.2.)2 7i Ot
I l£j q l£j ~ 7-jO ~
r·-- f ~---~------~-
2:,1-~ 0 I O~
(1) 'OfLiq'£1~~ ~AH ~ 'O ~Lior . .J::!Pi~ 'O fLI~Oi'7 f ~Liq. EE~ Cli'B~ rrH'L·JI' ~ ·~'O ILf 'Oi'. 'OfLI£'
~ 'O fLJ'7 f ~ Liq.
O~Liq is written as O~LIO f for the present tense and as O ~LI 'ltOI for the past tense. When answering a
question, '* or 01 is used for Lil. and O~LI is used for O~LIR
(2) '-O f/Oi?'~ ~~ %)J,.fWOll lll~ ;,.!§~-'? ~ 0 Lf. '-LI?'~ %)J,.fWOll lll ~ J,.I§W-'? ~.:LL ~~ ~.:yrq
Of5t!J,.fWOlllll'2.! J,.I§W -'? ~~Liq.
While -OUOI? can be used wit h superiors and those older than you if you are on familiar terms with
them , - LI? cannot be used in such cases.
~
~6()[::
- .
.A].::L -iU o h 1?
O=i i!1 '"1 .
1 ol n.J ?
i!l -1 .
Se;u'l: Beomsu, are you reading a book now?
§AJ ~Lf. .A]i} ¥-! "611? (o) I .A]i} ¥-! i>~'-]? (x)
Little Brother: Sis, what are you doing now?
~Lt ~ ~ <>l .
Big Sister: Reading a book.
2 ~~g 01{_1Qii '--O~I01'~ ~O I 7~q '--0~1012-F~ ~~Lief. !f.~ ~~~:= ·- AI or Ef.~ ·-AI D~cP~ -ElLIEl
Imperative Sentences: For imperative sentences, either --0f/Oi or --0f/Oi2.f is added to the verb stem. To
make a negative imperative sentence, either - J::I Of or -J::I Df2.f is used.
· - - --···-··--··-·-···---------····-- - · - - - - - -
-OU01, 7~ef 7 ~. 7 ~e~
=7'1
C> 0
-OU01e~ 9:jef 9:j0i, 9:j0ie~
Dji!'IC
ooi:!:' v .. .. ... -----· ·- .. .. .. .. ..
-AI o~. 7~ef 7~A I o~. 7~AI D~e~
t::l;>;:-i
"T" O
L__-L.__ -AI D~c~ 9:jef 9:jAI o~. 9:jAI o~e~
------ ---- . -------------~----- ---- -------------
.:J.iC!Cil '--0~/01 '~ 7~77~ %)A~Oi1Jii.S:. Al§w * ~oq '-0~/01cF~ .:::!.~ * ~~ Li ef. ~- '--0~/01cF~
cH~Q£ "Bf-E ~cH~£1 qo1q A~£1~ ~I* I~ '-0~/0i'!i!.ef c1 o ~2.H~ LICf.
Note that while -O f/Oi can be used when talking with those older than you or superior in social rank if
they are close acquaintances, - Of/Oi2.f cannot be used in such cases. In other words, -Of/Oi2.f is used
with those younger or of a more inferior social status when compared to those with whom - OU<>i can be
used.
Ai ~ L-j ~
A:il7 ~ L:H 7~
:Ai ~ L-j~
~q~ 'oF ~ ~~ Liq. ~2.i Lf ~~ o1 ~0 1 o~'L::! 2.1~ o l ~ rc! ?:l~Oll 'o~;o~· ~ ~0 1 ~ Oi~-oP-H ~EJLiq_
The particle Of/OF is added to the names of others when calling out to them verbally. However, it sounds
strange to add th is particle to the non-Korean names of foreigners.
c5~:AII2! ~ .A.f<Et 01;;~ ~~~:A~ Ol;;.££ t!W-j ~~ rrH::_ ·or ~ ~~Liq. OU~ ~- '.A.t2Jt!('J~)'£1 ~~
~Oj ~~.££ ~2:AI ?i.JJ. ~~ ~:AI%.££ ~~ c5~'t! '±~'OI £1::.cil '.A.t2It!' .!f-10!1:::. '01'7~ ~:AI ?i.JJ.
'±~' Cf%0!1:::. 'OI'~ ~~LIC~. .:J.2.IJJ. Ol;;~ ~~ llH.S:. ~~ ~:Af%2..£ ~2Jll £1't! '0 ~/0t' ~ ~~Li q.
Note, however, that for Chinese names in Chinese characters that are pronounced according to the
Korean readings for the characters, Ol is added when the name ends in a final consonant. For example,
the Chinese name ...q2JC:! (,J,~) becomes .::::,.g when read according t o the Korean readings of the two
Chinese characters. Thus, while .A.t2JC:! does not take Ol, .::::,.g does .
2 7f 4'-~ o}, 7.]\:J:Jtioj] {!- ~Z} .6!J 7-] u]- ~ ~J:!;j ?-1.
q ~Y . .:z.~ ~ 7]- 0 }77]~ 71°t. cr:= 7-JuJ- ~J:!;] ~711 .
~I :AI'cl\!!Oil ~ ~Rt61! ~IDf §- ~2.~ ~Cf
1
~LI. .:J.{:! LH7f Of771-E 7iCf I Cf-E ~!Of ~21 ~Cf
-§':.2 I :AI-5 fr.lliOil 7f.A.i 2.f~ §- .A.f .2.Cf .!rq , :AI-5 q ~:2.f -80ICf I ~-5 Oj[[f7f .A.f .2.Cf
~~ I .2.~0il ~I:IH7f .2.~ Lil7f §-~Of ~Cf .2.UUf. .2.~0ii-E Lf£ ~Oil ~Cf I ~ LI Oil7il !F-~H ~Cf
(1) 7~ -£7-1 #.], t.H ~ :Q-o ]Si:.~-oj-2.-j :Q-77]-Jl? 7~ %7-IO~, L!l0 J. IJ.OI Ai:.li6orcl I~:?Jr?
-i=-q, (1) 2.~ 0~ 2 1:l ~O!E oHAi ~8 ~~OiR. (2) 2.~ :Ai~Oll ~Oll ~~ ~ 7iOliR?
-l::l~J_oj
(3) 2.~ J;:il7 ~ 8~~7-!IR. (4) .!f-1 ~Jl {lOiR? (5) lli:A~ ~S2.2-i ~77fR? (6) Of. § R~
L_-:_ _ _ __
_____________ __ ____
__ _ _ _________________________________________________)
1 7~ .!;=-q, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
q g , .=:l~C·ll 2H?
G)LJl <?J .A]:j- <V_ o-j ~ LJl <?J .A] :j- <V_ y
® LJl <?J ~ -=t- 1I1-\t 71o l= @ LJl <?J ~ -=t- I?}\t ~ oj] _g_
2 7~ .2UU~. - - - - -- - - - - - -
q .=:12.H ~~Oi.
3 G) ~2.1 AAI:: ~~OH g :XI 1t:10I £1~::q. ~ 1t:1 ~~ ~~OH ~~:XI'2.! 0~~~ ~~
~~:= -a:x1 <rJ::q_® .=:1~:= ~~~01 o~~ .A.i~27~~q. @ ~~~~ C:J ~~o-1 ~
!:f-<5H.A.i ~~ .A.~Et~~EJ ~0~.:12 ~q.
4 G)R8 'rt:= !:f-.2~01 0~0~~~ 2.1~2...£ ~2t .s:!.LHq. ~ ~'@ rrH ~2t~ 7~'2::! 2.1~~
~ c-j ~ tlH~ *
~q.:il ~z,t-<5H.A.iq. @ .=:12.H.A.i :XiS:. 01'@ rrH Dl~2...£ ~2t~ ~q.
® -o~:xl'2.! ~7 1 ~2t:= ~~s:. ~:xl'2.! 8~s:. u:=q.
.... ·-------
64
~
( 24)'
7~ 7-}0 l= »-1, _2_ ~ .5:_ 01 ~ ~011 7}2=] j]_Jl?
Jaya, are you planning to go to this restaurant again today?
01 .H.~:= ~cHtg:l"OI ~ ~gojq :A~t!OI ~~ LHg.Oll cHoH01~q .g<2.)2.J ~-2.J"~ ~~ rrH .A.~gJ-Li cL OlrrH2.1
Oj~q .A.I{J:= ~cHtg,l-01 £E.:= ~~Ljq_ '-7~~£.':= ~~Oli.A.i'2! .A.~"O~~ ~~Oli .A.i:= .A.~"O~:AI ~J~ LI Cf.
A/V
~ 7-j7~~£.
gj ~ 7i7~~£.
Yes, (because) I feel so relaxed after yoga class. So I go to yoga class even when I'm tired.
1 '0 1~'2.1 2.ID I£ .AI§~ [[H'7i~R'7 f <n~ g~~ CH.2:f0li.Ai Ail~ <£,!-011 ~ * ~Jl. W5!-2 .Af'EJOI
w~ g~ C~O I Lf ~cHtg£1 ~iE-011 CH~ CH'8££~ .AI§~* <n~ Liq.
When 7-f§ R is used to indicate a reason, it cannot appear in the first clause of a new conversation. It must
come either after an initial statement made by the speaker or in response to a question asked by the listener.
Lf -1) ~ ~~ ~ ~}71-E-..Il. ( 0 )
(Because) he really sings well.
2 o1 IE~ ~ W"51-2 .Af'Etol .Af'Et011lil ~~~ wo1 <n7i Lf olo~7 15fJI ~~ ?-jol <n:; rrH. ::1. w;;
~~
5f71{"!011 ~~.££ .AI§5f7 1~ ~Liq. [[f2.f.Ai ~011lll4r£1E O I0~717 f <nq::: ?-j:; ~.A I5fJI <n~Liq.
This expression can also be used to preface, or introduce, something the speaker wants to tell the
listener. Thus, it provides a hint to the listener that the speaker has more to say.
7; ~*~I:il..ll, 0 1-2-_j.~oJI ~~ 0 1 ~t:.joj] ~~.R.?
Excuse me, but do you know if there's a bank nearby?
q o] ~£ ~ 7]-J..] ~ Jtl.Qj{jo] t{..2.r ]-§Jl. 4l1Qj{l {it.-JJC!oj] ~~o] ~~.R..
If you go straight ahead on this road, you'll see a convenience store. There's a bank across from the
convenience store.
7~ %~ ».], .Ai]7]- ..2.~ 9-~ ».] ~ 't}t{7]£ ~7'1-§..ll. %~ ».]£ ~o] 7]-1l,2Jl.R.?
Yunho, I've arranged to meet with Juyeong today. Do you want to go, too?
That's great because I also wanted to meet with Juyeong. Let's go to_g_e_th_e_r. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J
~
7~ -%;3-J-011 7' ~ ~.£ 7t.Ai1£.? ( 25 )1
1
q .2. ~ -¥-.2.. \3 o1 t..R011.2..A1~ !:.a.
~~lOll ~ ~.£ 7fq 2.-§- ¥2.'aOI ~~I2...A.Iq
l;!JIOI~ .:Z.~ t;J] .1'1:~ ~ rrJl ~R~ ~ ~ *t>~l-j ll~ ~ ~ .A] ?:J-.2..1:! OiJl.?
0~712.~ l:Jl, ~ ~ .A] ?J-~OiJl. . Jl.~ ~% 7~71]<>1] ~ ~~Oi ~ ~t>H=- J.~'f:}- ~ o]
(3)_ _ _ __ _ _
o~712.~ o~LJ<>ll..R, ~:r ~ ~t:;j.Jl ~Ai *tr ~ ~ ite>i..R. ~RoJ ~~.!i!.q -:£-~oJ woJ
(4) . ~~]o] ud ».] ~ l:lJ~ rrJl.!f-AJoj] Z}q.Jl "91-A]Jl.?
1 o i.Y.~~ ~::::: "'~~o 1 o1o1~J! ~::::: o1~~ ~w IT/I EE::: .gct~tgol 01~ Af1!~ ~Oitfi2.~Ai .:I?.:! ~ qAI
7 l~qJII 5~2.~.:1! W rrH A~g,fLiq. %JWOliAi'2.!" A~5~[}j ~WOliAi::: A~5~J:I cc.t~Liq. Ef.~ ~61~<2.!
J:~2.10li.A.i ::: .A.~5~J:I l'J~Liq.
This expression is used when the speaker wants to state a reason that the listener should also be aware
of or when the speaker wants to remind the listener of a reason that he or she has apparently forgotten.
It is used only in conversation, and not in written Korean. Also, it is not used in formal speaking situations.
7~q L!"fJO~R
.:l!j-7-j -~/~-flO~R
~ ~q gj~ ~fJO ~R
···- ---- -·- ... .. ... ... .. ..
7 ~q 7~~JO~R
A/V ~XH --f.tO~R
gJ ~ q gj~ fJO~R
... ··--·· ..
7~q ~ 7-jfJO~R
DI2.H I 1'~ -(0)2 7-JtJom :
gJ ~ q gj ~ 7-jfJO~R
~--------~--------- . ---------------.-----------------~-----------------------.;_ _____~--------------········-·------------
NO IC.~
~-=flOi q ~-=fl=QtO~R
. . OH<2.!0iq .
OH <2.! 0 i fJO ~R
-----------------------------------·······-------------------------·····--------
----------------------------------------------------------
2 Ol .H.~~ ~cHtgOfllll ~.:i!Lf ~.:il~ ~:::ciL!r_ ~cHtgO I ~ AI ~o~ ;;AI~~ ~01 ~:cl ~~Oil ~cHtgOliJll
Jt!B~ ~;:01 ~W rrtj5:. AI§~Liq. OliE:i ~~ .!:2.~ ~§:I~~ ~7Jll A~§~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used to scold or rebuke the listener for not heeding the speaker's advice or
for allowing something bad to happen even after being warned about it. In such cases, this expression is
often used together wit h a statement indicating what was previously said or advised.
q :1.7-j li!}Jl, t.lJ7} .!j'-~2.j-Jl ~C1Jl. :1. J-}'€}- Lf~ ).}'€}- ~q.Jl ~~}A.
Look, now what did I tell you? (Didn't I say that) he seemed like a bad person.
c.:;;....
1 7• 7JJoJ:IL »-]7~ _e_~ Jf-%tJRtiR£.0 •[ 27}
2llll2.f
4 .:1.~ 7l]0 ]:IL »-]CJ ~ 0 ] ..2.ll]]% .!i!.Ci 7~--'i] £.0 opera
2 7f J-j~o]] ~oj~oj£.0
Lf .:1.~ --'i .Ai] 7~ lf-jc.}Jl ~oj.R? AI~OII <gop: ICf to flunk a test
'el±OII always, as part of one's daily routine
711 w39.0iJlo
(3) 7f l::lJ~-51-tB ~ 7 ~JI} .:Q-o] \fo]{ioj] ~~Jl? (l(q ..2..q)
q .A]\± l:lJ~oj] S:. \fo]{i oj] W.::il q ;::
--------------------0 .:Q-~ ~±
OI .R~::: ~~~Oil .2.::: ~01 ~~~Oil .2.::: ~2.1 Oli?Lf ~'2JO I @ ~ LfE~'tiJLiq. ~~~Oil ::: -'?£ ¥~~'2.!
OIOPI~ OI ~LICl '-L 2f2l:L!. .A.~5H£ ~Liq.
This expression indicates that the statement given in the preceding clause is the reason for, or cause of, the
'ollow ing clause. In most cases, the following c lause is negative in nature. This expression is sometimes
shortened to - .!:::.2.f.
-.!=.2.~jl
/~q / ~L 2.~.:i!
v -L2.~jl
Qjq Qj L 2.~jl
7f ..fl..~ 7}~ 2..] ».]!: op~J1] :Ajt.J1Jl? How's Kylie doing these days?
Lf ~~ € t1] ~ il}l-c}J!. :Aj--80] 'ilJ.!: ?>! ~O}Jl.
She seems really busy due to preparing to get married.
7f .Aj ~ 1IJ1-@-ol] -gfo ] l:lpn1 :A]Jl? You're really busy because of all your tests, right?
...,._ _ _ _..,.*~A In
: -'?~ .A.If! %~ ~~~-E!-~I.A.~.!?-~011 CU'i'i.11 .:J.2.H.A.i -'?~ .A.I:C.fOtl ~ -'? ~'i'i.§LI Cf.
I was busy going to the immigration office during class time, so I therefore couldn't attend class.
(1) '- L 2.~.:il' C~Oil ~ ~~~CZJ OIOP I{t! ~~~q. ~~q II.I~'6~q ~'6~C~. <21' '6~q ~~012.7 1
[H~Oil ~~~Oil ~~~CZJ OIOPI7~ 2.12} 01~~Liq.
Because the clause that follows -!:::.~[11 is negative or undesirable in nature, it sounds unnatural for a
clause that is positive in nature to follow it.
• 0 ]:-2-~l-~2}2 *2~}1l,<>J.f:l...
(2) '-L 2.~.:il' ~Oil~ Aln. ~. ?012.J Q.J.A I7 ~ ~B.~ §-Am ~Liq.
Only verb s that require the will of the subject , a force of energy, and time can precede - !:::.2.[11.
: '.iiL~.A.f117 f LfCf'. 'I:JI7f 2.Cf'-E .A.If!OILf ~. ~OiQI 2.J;>;:I7f ~£.~ § .A.f7f OfLIQj. 'I:Jf.!!!!Cf'-E § .A.f7f OfLI71
ITHiEO!I ~* ~§Lief.
In .iiL~.A.~117f qq and t:JI7f 2.Cf, the verbs do not require the will of the subject; in the case of I:J ~.!!!!Cf.
it is not a verb.
\ !2.:il.A.i report
~~]}j4fef
to turn off (power to) a phone
~ofef 1 ~ tgtq
~¥ofC.f 1 ~~~ 7li ~q
~~ofC.f 1 ~~f ~2.1-1- ~ g.q
} . ol :Ai] 2ll rr.} E1 e>ll <?} g±~ it? (~ ~ e>ll n-l:f ..2..q )
-t ~~0\ll~t:t .2J::.~:ll nf~~\ * 1J:e>lit.
r--···· ........... ---------------- - ----------. ------- -------· - ------- ......... -- --------· ------- - --------- - --- ------- - ,
Oi-3t!tg0ll AAI ~Oli.A.i II~EI7~ CU<X;;!~ LIC~. 0~.3. AAI ~ II~EI fr-l::ll [[HgOll ~~£~~<X;;!
0 ~.3. I
I ~Liq. n~EI ~ ~:c!:il~ :;~~ ~01 .A.~.A.i
rrH §-E£ q ~~Liq. ~'§ tg,l-0!1~ n~EIOll
cH-oH I
1 {!J:z_t-o~q .s:!.LI .g£ 2.A.I-ll"'.f0ll ~ ~~ Li q_ 0 ~.3. AAI~ ~o ~-o~ ~B AAI7~ 2.71 rrHgOll '?;;!B
.JiC!c-H II~EI7 ~ .A.I~.r.l;qo~il:~ 0~.3. AAI~ LiEf- IIIEoH.A.i .go1 ~.:il ~<x..t~Liq . .J2.1l.A.i ~B
AAI~ mEl LHLH 0~712.~ AAI;g OIOP I ~ ~~Li q, 0 ~.3. AAI7~ ~Oj';J~ rrH~ 2.~ o ~~O I<X;;!.:iJ.
~7 ~ ~ q ~oP ~.:il ~<X;;!~Liq. o~.3. AAI~ rr~EI [[HgOll i~: li~:-HE·oHB ~~ j:l~o~ -oH.A.i ~ii!
Oil£ ~<X;;!~LICL ~ii!Oll 7~LI7Jf ~-7-~0I ~B AAI;g 0~712.~ AAI7~ A~~PI .A.I~~q~ OPI~
oH "-'?<X;;!~Liq.
' ------ ---------- ------- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------- -------------------- ------------ -
~
( 30 )1
I hear that Mark is in the hospital.
Ol R~:= {:!~~0 1¥lOll 2.:= ~2.1 -'f:!~O iq Oli?-7~ ~ [H A~~LICL .!i!.~ -t:!~~£1 .g~O I .!f-12.1 ~§Oil
~ ~ := ~~ -'?7-Jq -'f:!C.H 2.1~~\:::! -3;!:1!1-E q ::: ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H §;:= -'E:!<5~AI ~:= ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H A~
~Li q.
This expressio n is used when the preceding c lause describes the cause or reason for t he statement in
the fol lowing c lause. Usually, the preceding clause d escribes a situatio n or circumstance that negatively
influences the following clause or that causes an unexpected or unwanted result.
There was a typhoon, and the flight was cancelled (as a result).
®Q cannot be used because it is an adjective. It must be changed into its verb form ~~AIQ.
2 01IE~~ OIDI <§1018 ~:i!K>ll cH~ 01~~ ~~'0~71 rrHgOJI' ~ t:J~~Oll' cf-gOJI~ gt.g :il~7f~O I
~Liq.
Because this form is used to describe the reason for something that has already occurred, the following
clause must be in the past tense.
3 · ~ t:J~~Oll' ¥-1011~ gt.g :il~7~ AIJ\il~ .271 rrHgOll ~~go1q ~~~01 ~ * ~~Liq.
Because only past tense forms can follow :: tJ f'§l"Ojl, imperative or propositive clauses cannot be used .
4 Ol IE~~ CH.!:f-~ ¥~~'2.) .g%'0f1Ai~ Al§g[Liq . .:J.2.HAi ~~~'2.) .gtfOliAi Al§o~~ Oj~g[Liq.
This expression is mostly used in a negative sense, so it sounds unnatural to use it to describe positive
situations.
.::12.iq 71-B ~~~'2.1 .g~OliAi AA71~ oi-ECil. ol rrH ~ ~O:l 7 I CHo~:AI ~~7~ q Oll.g ~;;~~ 2.J ~:il~7 ~
{!Jn ~ rrH AI§~.:? ~~ Liq.
However, in some cases, this form can be used to describe positive situations, but they are limited to
cases in which something completely unexpected or unintended has occurred.
8-frol ~~~0 1 ~7 1Jil .§ Ol~~ ~~LI Cf. ~~~01 ~7 1 /1 1 .§ O l ~£1- ~)}jl ~~~~ ~ 2.l.£7f
Indicates simply the reason for what follows in the OfLj~~.£ .QJDI~LICf.
next clause. Indicates not only the reason for what follows
in the next clause but also that the result was
unintended.
-+ ~011 ~~'2! O l~~ ~~Lief. -+ ~011 ~~'2! Ol~£1- ~)}jl ~2.fle ~011 ~.£2.~ '2! 3,-!0I
This statement only provides the reason that O fLI ~~.S::. .QJDiof.Jl ~8LICf.
the speakers was at home. This statement provides not only the reason
that the speaker was at home but also the fact
that he or she had no intention of doing so.
-·----------
~
{ 31 )I
1
~ .AI7jl7f \:! ~2.1Cf
(the) alarm clock does not ring
~01 ~olefi~Cf
2 7f <J-1 :A~j .2. <iJ oJj 2Jl ~Lf. 2.:~ <J-1 £.?
Lf ~-=t-7} ~-;;(}7] ~0}_2. ~ Bt'i:J-ofl * :Q<J-1£..
OIXil £~011 211 't! Lf2.Cf ~-T7f fj"Xf71 ~I-Of2.Cf I~ 7fef
oI{JOII .g.§5f2.i 2H 't! 2.Cf OfOI7f Cf.XICf 1 ~f:!OII 7f0 ~ 5fef
Xl\:i~ AiiDILfOII 211 ~~5f:AI ~q 8~ '§!ol ~71Cf I Y-"? ~q
== ~=- ~ A~4l.Ai q -§ CH~ ~~'C>~Aii.R.
(6) 7~ $_ 1' ».] 71- "§}.lli. ~ .:::L~.!f-Lj-..ll? (o}CJ1 ;7;] J-j-~o] ocJ--6}t:f)
q l;j], "§}.liL ~ .:::1~.!f-7!1 £j ~ Gl..ll.
-~·~ q~ ~01 ~717-11 .§ Ol~q .![:1'2._! ~ :;::~Li q. .:J.C.H)..i '-{ 0 )!.= ~oll'::: {:!~~OI .¥-~~QI.!¥~~'2..! )..~{:!
Olq ~0 1 ~717-11@ .![:1'2._! ~~ Ol~ ~ qE~IJlLiq:; {:!~~ rrH.gOll ~~~01 ~(}j~q::: ~~ QIDig)"Liq .
n e word ~ roughly means the cause or reason why something bad is occurring. Thus, -(.£}E 5:-.fOII indicates
mat the preceding clause is the cause or reason why the negative event described in the following clause
occurred. In other words, the following clause happened due to or because of the preceding clause.
tJI~e! ~on
A
1...... ~~7~ ~CUe! ~on
I had a bad headache this morning because I drank a lot of alcohol yesterday.
-l
2 '-( 0 )L/~ ~ou·~ ~:c.p~ q~ ~~011'2.! .A.I§~ * <ll71 rrHg011~:ct7~ ~~ ~~ou .A.I§<W~ 01~
~L]q.
Because -(9.) L /E ~Oil can only be used in the case of a bad or negative result, it sounds unnatural if
used when the resulting situation is positive.
-71 Ufi@Oll
~g~~2f
Lf~~~2.1-'f:l'2.! Lf~ ~:i!f£1 -'tl'2.! ~~~2.1-'tl'2.!
~.Jlt2.1 ~<2.! Lf~ ~~2.1 -'tl'2.! Cause of Cause of Cause of
Good vs. Bad Result__'.: ___ Cause of a good a bad result a bad result a good result
or bad result
21-l¥~. Ofl~f.XI
~<2.!2.1 ~* ~~-'tl'2.!
Cause Type All OK External, unexpected : All OK All OK
cause
···:-···
~~~ AIJ;il
Tense of Preceding 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5 ~:AH £-§ AI:Ail 71-5 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5
Clause All tenses OK Past tense All tenses OK All tenses OK
(:i!f7-j - ~:AH . DI2.H)
~~~ AIJ;il
Tense of Following 2.-§ AIXil 71-5 :i!.f7-j 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5
Clause All tenses OK Past tense All tenses OK All tenses OK
(~7-j - ~:AH- DI2.H) - ~-
~At
Parts of Speech 2.-9- 71-5 -§Aft'._!- 7f5 2.-9- 71-5 £-9- 71-5
Used with All OK Verbs only All OK All OK
(~Af - -§Af · ~~Af)
AECJI~~ 'i'JOI ~q I ~~OI '2.]- ~~q AECJI~~ ~ * '1!£~ ~DI ~!I~ iiHS!Cf
Oi:Ail ~OI 'QtOI ~-cf I ~OI DITI'EiCf Afj]_7f Lf.XI ?J'£~ ~~5H.A.i g~~ 5fCf
+ + +
Ol .R~ ::: ~~~£1 LH§O I .t?.~~£1 ~ § ~ 3f-E. ():j 2.i 7 ~J.:I OI-F?- 3 £13~q<E:J ~ qE~~Liq, ~3f-E A~'EJ'O I
1?-~~Qj ~ § ~ 3f-E q ::: OI-F?-.£ ~AI~~~~ CI/l§Oll ~~~Q£ .:J. ~ ~ ~q::: ~~ QJDI3~.Jl ~~Liq,
7IE~£1 q ::: OI-F?-7 ~ ~q::: ~ ::: <6"AI~ ~ ~ OIOPI::: 3~J.: I ?l~Liq,
This expression means that the reason given in the preceding clause is just one of a number of reasons for
the behavior described in the following c lause. The speaker uses this phrase to state the primary reason for
doing t he act ion in the following clause while also indicating t hat there are other reasons. In t his way, the
speaker only hints at the other reasons and does not explicitly state t hem.
2 'N.S:. A/V-:J1. N.S:. A/V- :J1. tiH.A.i' ~~ 'A/V-7 1.5:. 5f:JJ.. A/V-71.5:. tiH.A.f~~ ~ .A.f§5ff2:! {:!~~0 1 ~~
~.Q.j ~6~ 51-E:- Cil 'Ci~ 0 ]~7 f <1!AI'2! .::J:g ~ 7fA I O l~~ CH.H~.££ ~5f:JJ.. <1!Cf-E -3:!~ LfEf
i:llLI Cf.
When used in the form N£ AIV-Jl N.S:. A/V-Jl 5H.A.i or A/V-71.5:. ofJl A/V-71.5:. 5H.A.i, this expression
indicates two representative reasons among many for the action in the following clause.
: ~i'.iltJ I ~~ g Ol~7 f Oj2.-j 7f:AI7f '?1-ECil .:J. Ol~~ 8 ~2.1 .!=f. 7f:AI~ CHB.~££ W5f.:il '?113-LICf.
There were various reasons why the speaker watched TV, but the speaker is only stating two
representative ones.
2 7f 0
]Jti %o}c.j MToj] * nt:f 1~/·iJl?
q l;j], o}2l:l}o] E.£ "8}.Jl -tL..!f-£ t>Hol= ~}.Jl t5flJ.i * 7}2..
~f2.1 (school) club
MT membership training
.A.~ the countryside
Ol't:! ~Of2.1 MTOil ~ 7fcf Of.§.I:J fOI.§.£. tifQ I~¥£ 5HO~ tifQ I~ 7fQ
.AI~.£ O I.A~ 7fQ ~%5fef I ~7 1.£ ~q I O I.A~ 7fQ
R§ ~~-§-~ Oil CfLI Cf -c!:Y.S:. <2! ~q I~.£ MIQ I QLIQ
7~ J7J »-1 ~
O ~ 1l 011 .!f-<3! ~ C 11_ o-jJl?
3) Lf
-(2.)2m S!f
!f.~~~m S!f
~~m !i!~
A/V I.
~ ~ m !i!~
-(0) 277~ !i!~
iim S!f
~~m!i!~ ~F?-Oiq ~.:r~~m !i!~
o1~~m!i!~ owr..!olq OH~O I ~~77~ .5!}
-- -~ ----- --~------ - - -- - -
'-{ 0)2 77f !i!.t':: ~~~Oil cH~ -Z:j~ [(jjgOJI Oi't! ~~ ~7~Lf Oi't! ~~ 5f~ cvq:: ry~ .uio~ gtLiq.
DI2.HOil CH~ lll~~ M~ g!":AI CC.{~ Lic.f.
Because -{.2.)27Jf .!il.f refers to the speaker's worry about what is stated in the preceding clause, the following
clause must state the action that is, or will be taken by the speaker. A clause in the future tense about a plan
of action yet to be taken cannot be used.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
4. o)~ L}E~'2 -
1
. 2 7~ S:.f-i-t!!Oll 7~AiiR?
q Lil, cl-§ ~Oll J- I ~OI ~,!7-j§R.
92
Hey, it's raining outside.
Ol .±E~~ ~cH 'g:JOI ~ ~~ q,q ~Oi~ rrH .A.f§-~LI Cf. ~cH ~OI ~-5 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~7i L~ ~~ LH-§O I
~7 1 gJ~Oi ~rr..!o~2.~.JJ. ~ rrH .A.f§-of-E 3:!Q£. ~cH~2.1 ~~ Cf.A.I ~o~'i:!.A.i ~Oi!:I!. :::: 3:!<f:J L ICf. rr~2.~.A.i o 1
.±E~~ ~cH ~OI ~ ~2.1 g~ ~-*Oll rr~2.~ ~2.~A i [Jj ~EH :::: -l]-~ rr..! § ~Oll '£.'~ ~0 1 '2:! ~ Li c.f.
This expression is used when asking for clarification or reconfirmation of what another person has just said.
The speaker repeats what the other person just finished saying as a way of asking for c larification about
something t hat was not und erstood clearly or t hat was hard t o believe. For this reason, t he form of t he
expression depends on t he form in which the first speaker originally made the statement. Then, because t he
speaker is asking the other person for c larification, the particle £. is added to the end of the indirect citation
form.
(1) ~cH ~O I ~.A.ig.Q..£ ~~~ rrH When the other person uses a declarative sentence:
~Cfl'$??
~ ~cy;H? ?
NV ·· .. -+··· .................................
~q ~ ~ 7i 2.~.:i!£.?
'---·~·---···--··:--····~-·------~-t-·--·--------·~-----·-t--· ····-··--···--------·-··--··-·····----·-- ··-·--·-··-···-·-·---·-·--···--·--
Mfc.f MfC~I' R?
A
-Qcr -Qqi'R?
.. **
-.--=;-
''
__.!,. ____ _ _______________.:_~-----~----~--!....----- ------------- ----~--------------------------------------------------
2 {l'cHtgOI Ql~~~ 'gJ'~~ [H When the other person uses an interrogative sentence:
. .
------------·--------
i :ilfJ-i ' Cj1q:L!.B.? Ql-"rolcr Ql-"rex1q.J2R?
Ol~q.JIB.? 2:1-~0iq 2:1-~ 0I~q.:ilB.?
~ ~A.f ~;~:H ~£1 ~~ '-Lf~?'2.1- '-£Lf~?' 2 ¥ 7f 7i{s-of0l. -§A.f£1 ~;~:H ~g '-Lf~?'2.1- '-.!=Lf~?' 2¥7 f 71{s-~LICf.
"or adjectives in the present tense, both -q:L!.R? and -2q:L!.R? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both - q:L!.R? and
- -"'q:i!.R? are acceptable.
3 {J'CHtgOI ~Bg~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When t he other person uses a propoitive sentence:
7tJ:r.JlR?
~ J:r.JlR?
v
7tJ:I 'gJ'J:t.:ilR?
~ J:I 'gJ'J:t.JlR?
~) {l'CHtgOI ~~g~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When the other person uses an imperative sentence:
.::::L:>:H
7t2.r.:ilR?
00
~ 02.r.:ilR?
v
7rJ:I W2.r!7R?
!
~ J:I W2.r!7R?
--- 1
---- - --'-----------------------·--'- ·----------------------"------·-··· ·············-·--- -··-------------- -- ------ - -
1 Xil'2!~ [ HA.f-g-3!-E '-( 0 )277~R?'2.1 ~Sf.:: ~775::i!~ ~:= ~EH£ A.f-g-3~'2'! ~Liq.
The citation form for propositive sentences should be used when responding to a suggestion ending in
- (£) 2 77fR?
2 o i .R~:= wo~-e "~Etol o1o1 ~v -3:!~ ~<2JA.I 717~Lf -st"~~ [[H A.f-g-3~7l.s.:. ~Liq. o1[ H:: ~g.
~EH7~ O~LI 2.~ ~A.i@ ~EH£ ~~Liq.
This expression can also be used by a speaker to restate or emphasize what he or she has previously said.
2 7~ o s::
uR~ o}{J 5"']oJ] ~~Lf"'l 1.!.. o
0 2
""H.fi.
° .
(9) 7~ 0 ........
---rt::" 2. M
Ol Olo-jJl?• Tij.Jl<5R
'-
.!i:!.OiJl•
7f ~7J-e>il-"l ~ ~ @0 1~All ~ ~r:}Jl tS"}lt!Ell
~ol Cj ~~ Jl?
I heard (from someone) that there's a fireworks display at the Han
River, so would you like to go together?
Ol R~:::_ <2J§::C.£1 ' :=q.JJ. '6fCf O{I ~~.g ~ LfEfLH:= '-e! Ci!'Jf ~:::_ ~.£. q::: .AfiEtO{Illi.Ai 01~0{1 ~:::_
OIOP!Lf ~5!.~ ~lfof[lj ~<2.1~ [H .A~gtL!q. [[f2.f.Ai Ol R~ Ql.AI OI~Oll ~:::_ @~.£! 8WOll [[f2.f ~ EH7f
'§2.~Liq. ~~~011 := ~1-E .AfiEt.£1 .£I ~O!Lf ~@. ~<c!. T:!~'6f-E ~ ~ 01 ~Liq.
This expressio n is a combination of ~ Cf.Jl ofCL indicating a citation, and - \::!C11, indicat ing recollection. It is
used when recal ling or confirming something you heard somebody else say previously. Thus, the co rrect
form of this expression also depends on the sentence type of what was heard previously. The clause that
follows t his expression can indicate the speaker's opinion, q uestion, advice, or invitation with respect to the
topic under discussion.
~Cf.Jl '6f£:!Cil
9:J ~q.Jl '6fe!Cil
~ 7i2.f.Jl '6fe!Cil
.£1A~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1
.
---------------------------- --------------------------------~-------------·····-----------------------------..
:em
A/V
~~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1
DI2HI ='}~
Q:j ~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1
~q
A ~:AH
~q
----;-------------- --- ----- -------- --- -----7·------~----- -------~-------------
-q.:il t5~'2:![~1.
v ' -Lqi!. t5~'2:![~~ Q:jq Q:j q.:il t;~£:![~1, Q:j Lqjl t;~£:![~j
-----------~-------~-~-----------------------t----------;--------------------------------
~q.:il t5~'2:![~1 .£jA~O j q .£jA~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1
2j-{:!:jOI~q:L!. t>~£:![~1
NOjq ·-· ••• •• • • ••• '· · · •· · ·•· •••• ••· •••· • • •• · •• ••••• · •• r•-.• • ·•
7~A~.:il t>~£:![~1
Q:j A~.:il 5~'2:! [~I
v ...
1:::1/>d -AI ~A~.:il 5 ~'2:![~1
: .-o • Q:jq Q:j:AI ~A~.:il 5~'2:! [~1
-~-----~-j_______~_l ____________~----------------····j__·-----------------l..---~---------------------------~-
• OI~OII ~::: g-§OI '6!'e1g~ [[jj
,',"hen what was heard previously was an imperative sentence:
7 ~2.t.:C. 5~f:!r:ll
=:;.;:~
C> C>
~o 2.t.:c. 5tf:! c·ll
q :§:p.]- ~Oil <U£ ~tg-o] J-H.£ ).~J;iq.JI i>]-~nj] /-l 7]oj] ~~ 7]- ~A] t:f.
I heard a new Indian restaurant opened in front of the office building , so let's go there.
--1
• ~-=(-7}- .:g=.t:J1 'i£011 7}-.7.]-Jl '6]-Jdt:i] %~ »-1:::: 7}- .g... ~o] ~Oiil?
2 O I .H~::: g-§ .!fiOII~ ~ * CU~ LJ q_ Ol[H~ ~CH'bf2.1 2.1?:!011 ~CH £1 ~ 3:!~ ~t7~q ~ ~ Af-W2.l
~g ~ 7ICH5t'i!:!Ai OI-E!Oll ~ ::: LH §~ £:lifoHAi ~1-E 3:!~Licr.
This expression can also come at the end of a sentence. In this position, while still expressing something
that the speaker heard previously, it also indicates either the speaker's disagreement with the other
person's opinion or the speaker's expectation of a response from the other person.
~
•[ 41 J•
1 7~ AH~71011 ~ ~~0 1 W0 1 ~ OiJ.l ~ ~ Oi.fl...
Lf ~ EJ lJ! 011 Al .:rz- <iJ t"}tB ~ »}q .:i!. t"}lfl Ell
AH~.PI011-E ~~OI 'C'JOI ~Ol.A.i ~~q <2.!E:i~011.A.i .;:t~ti~'C! C-j J.A~~ I <2.!Ei~~ Ol*tifef
R% g~ -i.!O I ~ ;;t;~.A.i UIE<'i~Cf g~ ~ ;;t;f2.~'C! ;;t;~7 1 ~011 ~~ o ~.A.~cf I ?R~
2~ Df.A.~ .!x!.Cf
R% LfOI7f ~01.!2<2.!CfE W~ "riO I ~<>i.A.i 012.1 £Y'2lt1 f¥~£ Ole~ .!x!.OICf I Dicl £~
4Y'-c:lo~f 2~ 1::1!-J?-Cf
~A1Lf.
------------~il..~oj1 7}~.
OI .R~:= ~ol-E .A.PS'OI A:i i3A:f0ll7ii.A.i OI ~Oil ~7-Jq OlDI ~.:il <1!::: LH §~ ~cH tgOillll ~~~ l[H .A.f§grLIQ.
~~ .A.~iS'OiiJll::: 'Q!Jj ?'~ ~~-'?- <L!~ LIQ.
This expression is used to confirm with another person something that the speaker heard previously from
a third party or learned about from some other source. The shortened form CfOj? can be used among close
friends and acq uaintances.
A/V I
~q j ?~ 7-J2H!!.A.i R?
- -- - 1 DI2.H
---~- ----
I ?~ -(.2..)2 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
------------------- : ___ 12:JQ
___
,
l£l ~ 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
________________________________ _
~ q~.A.iR?
A
'i'JQ~.A.iR?
... .......... ···-··--···· .....
7 ~q nq~.A.iR?
v -(.!::.) L q~.A.iR?
12:J Q l£l :::Q~MR?
~cp~.A.i.R? ll.j-EIOiq ll.j-EI ~q~.A.1R?
:i]m
Ol~q~.A.iR? ~<§!Oiq ~<§I OI~q~.A.1R?
Olq ····•·· ..... ········ ........
TI.~EIOiq n.rEi c~~.A.1R?
~;~:H (OI}c~~.A.1R?
~<§!Oiq ~<§! Oic~~.A.1R?
-------·--- -- ---------
7~ i;:J]-1} »-], ~;z.J- ~FfL7J- 7]7J- 3.:r:f1~J..-jA? Hyeseon, is it true that your boyfriend is tall?
q l.:Jl, .:::Li:St:~] e>i~Jl] o)-~e>iil..? Yes, but how did you hear about that?
q .:::L~il..? Al :_: 4'-;z.] »-]7j- M~ ~ ~~o-].B... Really? I thought she was a homemaker.
O I R~::: ~1-E Aroso l ~~ ~7-Jq ~~~ ?A!otl cH.sHAi::: Af§5rAI t>tt 0 1Jj, .gcHtgol ~ w~ l[lJ~~
ITILS:. .A.f§5~AI ~~Liq_
This expression cannot be used to describe something that the speaker directly saw or experienced, nor can
it be used to restate or reconfirm what another person has just said.
---------
~I oj-7]21- »-]7]- 7]% ~ 7:j..a.._ ( o)
o]-7]21- »-]7} 7]% ~ ~cf 1rV-i..a..? (x)
;Qt:fl~!J,iit?
to appear Qn a movie or TV show)
~~3fef
~"§t 7fef
D l~ E.2.fDfOll ~~~ 7~ Cf
~~ .1.q ~o I ~~Iii ~q
'=,'"XI*'*OI ~~Iii ~q
....
1 '-q~AiR?'~ A~~5HAi c.~~ [H£:~ .!Et~f>~AiiR.
(2) 7f .A]'d-?oJl ?
q t;Jl, t:J-%oj] 7J.!(:l£oj] ~ 7]-JI 1to-Jit.
(3) 7f "5"R
'--' t-l-.AJ-%_Q_
o .£Ic
2 1.- ?
q l;j], Jf-cj _2_llll]-£ ~t:Jloj] 31-ct ~o-Jit.
(4) 7f ~~ ».] ' .::@~~~7} ?
q l;j], tlJ-~Si01Jl.. l:l]-i:l_ ~~ ~ 7}27;j C~7J]-Jl.?
(
·---- ----- ------ ~---- --- ···-···--·· ---· ---- ------------ -----·· -···· · -··· - --· ··- --- ···---····
(1) Al\:i 1-gj 4~ .A.i~ AI~<>H 1[1::: ~01 LH~E-Liq. (2) LH~ ~QI cy:=: 41cm£ 41 \::!
~Oll 7~~ ~i"OI LH~ 3:!~Liq. (3) f:t~.LA.~7il LH~ ~~.£ ~2~ .A-1'2.1~ 01 2: ~~~
~.:il <liE-Liq. ~.g 'gJ.l .l£ LH~ ~01 ~Oi.A.i .li!~.A.~.:L!.7 ~ PiOI ~~<5H ~.!r. PiOI 9.,l"oi.:L!.
<li~Liq. (4) E!" .A-1'2.1::: 4QgOI'22 ~g-o1 ~.::? <li~ ~~ 3.A.I-l!"OI 'EP.H ~~q'22.A.i
~y
~2~ QI
~
·-.. ......
.:il~~ ~~~LIC~. (5) 71~~:=: 'f% 0 .£ 1Qrv20mmQI ~01 C:j LH~ 3:!£.£
l . .~~~~~=- ~:~~~~:. . .
ilJ1»-1, Oi Al1Al %011 -t:-0 1i'£0 1(1) Lff~q-t:lif.-i.2.?
g5JI Li1, .A.]~ i'£0 1..2..t=j c.}-.Jl.B.. -t:- 0 ] 41cml-} til ~ Oi .B..
o~n
00 41 \1 ~011 (2)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
0~7~
00
o~n
0 0 =z.~q] <if.££ -t:-o] (5)
-----------------------
?
O IR~::: q~ APs£1 ~~ ~.:ll ~I--E AtEtol ;.:!;1-t£1 ~ol2.fAi ~2.f7~Lf ~~ * ~~ rrH~::: -f:t§~ [["
Ar§~LICf. .gcH~£1 ~~ CfAI ~ ttl ~f~Ai ~ol-E APE!-£1 -f:t~OILf L7t:j~ LfEfLH::: -3-:!~LICf. [[f2.fAi
.gcH~O I ~ ~£1 g:g ~-W-011 [[f2.f §EH7f ~2.f~Liq -Li-~ ~§~£1 ~EH !f!Oil '-LIR?' ~ ~~Lief.
This expression is used when the speaker is surprised by or cannot believe what another person has said.
It indicates the speaker's emotion and feeling of surprise or disbelief while repeating the relevant information.
Thus, the form of this expression depends on the type of statement used by the other person. Specifically,
the form -LIR? is added to the appropriate indirect quotation form of the other person 's statement
~J;;.!CfLIR?
l£j ~CfLIR?
A/V
~~ 7i2.fLIR?
1£1~ 7i 2.fLIR?
- - - - - ------,-- - -- ----- ----
~ qLI R?
A
~qLIR?
v -(L-) L ctLI.H.?
; Q:jq , Q:j ~ctLIR?
------- -
: -------·---~---- ~---·------:---~---·----··--------------
~ctLI.H.?
Ol~ctLI.H.?
II~E.IOiet II~E.Ii!~LI.H.?
NOlet (ol}i!~LI.H.?
~<§JOict ~<§J Oii!~LIR?
~ et ~J:i!LtLIR?
:em -~/~LtLI.H.?
Q:jet Q:j ~LtLI.H.?
NV .... ........ . .
~et ~~ 7iLtLIR?
DI2H I~~ -(.Q.)2 7iLtLI.H.?
Q:jet Q:j ~ 7iLtLIR?
-LtLI.H.?, .l.l.fqLIR?
A
- 0 LtLI.H.? ~ LtLI.H.?. ~LtLIR?
_____ __________
..:........._ .:.__ _ _____Ol~qLI.H.?
_ ______________ :..
2:!-~ 0ICf 2t~OI~LtLIR?
* ~~A~ ~XH~2l ~.!?- '-qLI.£?.?'~ '-.Q.qLIR?' 2.~7f 71-5-o~Ol. ~A~.Q.j ~XH§g '--LtLIR?'~ ·-~qLIR?' 2.~7 ~ 7f-5-~LICf.
For adjectives in the present tense, both -LIL152.? and - £ LILI52.? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both -LILI52.? and
-'=.L~LI52.? are acceptable.
7 ~2.~LIR?
.::::Z./.:1
00
Q:j 0 2.~LIR?
v ~" .... ·-' ....·- .............. -;-- ................ -..
7~A I ~2.~LI R?
Q:j AI W2.~LI R?
_____ __
___:. ·-- ···-···--···-- · - - -
7f :§:jJ-)-oj] ~7]-"1] 7)- ~o] L.j-_2__1...]77)- .2.~ 5J-] o]~oJl~ oJ] Oi-{!~ ~.A] oJ-.Ai]iL.
The company's electric bill is really high, so please don't use the air conditioner after 5 p.m.
q Aa~oJ.R? %~ ».J7t §:J.A~ .::L~.!f-~t:ft..J ~~ *7r ~oJR. ~c.J §:J.AtoJJ.Ai ..2..'9!%~ ~"5t.:il
1it:f.:il ~~:: t:i]il-.
Really? I can't believe Yunho quit his job. He said he wanted to work here a long time.
3 ~CH'6f0llll1Ai ~::: g§OI <2J§5:<2J ~~£ .:Z. <2J§5:£1 ~EH2.f f£::: g§ ~~Q£ '-qLIR?'~
~~Liq.
When repeating w hat the other person just said, the same sentence form used by the other person is
also used before -CfL/2?
Lt <?:!cxJ1<?.! 0 1crY..8..? J.lJ ~~~ "§:}J-~o] 1fl~1..8... to be apt, prone (to do)
9-~ Ml£1 ';:,tAf ~T-7~ ~~~ <i:!oti<2JOiq <c:!oti<2.!0 iq 1 ~\S ~li!:J~ ~{!Jolq
7JI'ti Ml7~ Of-? {g~6lq {g~6fq I Al:z.t:ilt ~61~ ogJ- Q:j~ 6fCf
E/1[! Mj7f O:jAf ~T-.2.f 0110-J~q
3 7~ 01~~011 ~o I ~LiiR
q
CD l:l]E}ll! C7} ~7]oj] ~ ~77]- 1i!J-.Al C6> l:l]E}ll! C7} {j?]oj] ~qJI t>}~q]
® l:l]E}ll! C7} ~7]oj] ~o} 7}7-]Jl @ l:l]E}ll! C7} {f7]oj] ~7] ~ <5}7-jll}
CD 7~ oj 7.~] ~ ~ ~o j ~ !§Llr:f.
q ~o ] ~ 5:jqJI.B.? ~~~o j ~ ~t:i]S:. ~ £]1.B.?
:6: 7~ §1-2-t>}Jl l:l}cf .!I!.c-] ~77]-.B.?
4 l:l}cf .!I!.c-] 7}7-}Jl.B.? {}-7-}7] Qll.B.?
.,.
~ 7~ 41~ .Aj~ o] e>ia:J Jf-qJI t>}~q] ~1]<5] -E-.!f-t>}.Ai].B. .
Lf t;J]. ~3!1 e>i .B..
'7
7~ ~J'6 , 41 ~ ~.±f.~ 7.~] 7} ~
<5Rol= 5:jt..}.B.?
!.; ~ t;)lol= ¥!_ql-j.B.? 7-]\:l-Jtioj] %Jf- »-]7} <5}7].£. ~~~~Bfo}.B..
~
7~ o }71 cr »-1, -?W~1 ¥-1 w71 oJ1Jl? { 46 ]'
[H .A.f-g.gj-LIq ,
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's vague intention or rough plan that has yet to be finalized
and could therefore still change.
-(0)27}~ ~q
v
~m t>~c~
-(0)277~ 5~q
__________,_ __________
_ ___::......._ ______,________ Q:j ~m t>~q
1 01 ±E~:= ~Aig-'2.! 71fsoLil 2.1:=:::o1q ~~g ~ii'~Oil::: A~~* ~~LICl EE~ o 12.W~££
A~~ -"? ~~LICL
This expression can only be used with declarative sentences and not with interrogative, imperative, or
propositive sentences. It also cannot be used in the future tense.
• rj-% ~_!f-Ej *~ ~ '%[77} <5~Jl? (X) rj-% ~_!f-Ej *~ ~ %[77} '5'}J,i]Jl, (X)
rJ-% ~-¥-E1 -"?~ ~ %[77} ~-"lr:f. (x) rJ-% ~-¥-E1 9-~ ~ '%[77t'%[ 7~oj]Jl. (x)
~ t:]-% ~.!f-E1 *~ ~ %[77} is~Jl. ( 0)
2 Ol ±E~~ !f.~§££ A~~ rrH ::: ''2.! -( 0 )2 77~ o~cf. '-:AI ~7Jf o~q· ~ A~gj'LicL ~2.1q ·~
-( 0) 2 77~ o~q· ::: A~~-"? ~~Li q.
When using this expression in a negative sentence, either the form 'r! -(.2.)27Jf ofc.f or - fi:l 'MJJf ofc.f can
be used. The form~ -(.2.)277f ofCf. however, cannot be used.
DI2.H2.1 711~~ ~~ rrH A~oi-E '-(o)2 7iO!IR', '-( 0 )2-.~ .::il o~cv. '-( 0 )27Jf 0~q· ::: 1::1 1~~?..:! ~A: I'2.!
Cf*Jl~ ~::: j:fO IJ~ ~~ LI C~.
The expressions -(.2.)2 710liR. -(.2.)2-til o fCf, and -(.2.)27Jf o fCf, all of which indicate a future plan, may appear
to be similar, but they actually have the following differences.
- ( 0 )2 7iO!IR
- ~ - .......... --- --· ............... ... ·· -
~
.. . -- .... --·· _; _____ --·---- ·- ·---- ---·· ·· ____ .,__ _____ ________ __ · -·- . . . . · -· • . ..• . .. . .. h•·····"••h ... ···- .......... . ..... .
DI2.H£1711~~ w~ rrH
Refers to a future plan
: =~::: ~1-E .A.~OI ~~~2.1 ~ 6~ 51-E .Q.j.s=_q ~~:JO I ~~~011 <llg~ qE~~ [[jj .A.j§~Liq. O l.!l~
:: c::!~O iq ~g:il~ ~::: ~6.1~<2.! ~01q ~011 ~~ .A.j§5~[Jj <fJ~O iq i:! I-2:16.J~<2J ~%,f0ii.A.-J .A.j§5~\:!:! ~5
:-~~LI Cl
- -s expression indicates that the preceding clause contains the speaker's intention o r purpose for doing the
~..on stated in the following clause. It is mainly used in official situations, such as when giving a speech or
~uflg a report. Thus, it can sound a bit awkward when used in casual conversation or in informal situations.
~q.:il:;q
v
~.j.:ilA:~
~* AJ.Il= :All£!011~JIJ :AfCf o~011 ~JIJ ~Oi LfAi g:;~ ofcf 1 ~JIJ :;qq
.gj-~011 ~ rrH.!:f-2 7 l j:~ EfCf Al{t\3~ 2.AI.Jl 7f71 rrHgOII KTX~ Efq
::J. ~:AI~ w-olllil ~q ~~%!" O:j:Af ~-=?-OIIlil ~q
:All£!011 £.2.1~ tHAi ~\3~~ CH~f>fcf
_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 7}1:';].i!. ~YL.f.
(1) 7~ -¥-<3!011 LJ1~ 01°1=71 ~ -6}aj.i!. ~Y llr? (~R9.J x. ~ .g./\11 011 LJ1-6R 01°1=71'6rr.f)
q .2.~ ,c:. t>£~.2.1 .!I:.OJ ~t-11011 1:ffc5H o!Ofllc5r.llf.r ~.tL.rc:r.
(5) 7~ .2.~,<:. -¥-<3!~ ~7H-6R ~;.1~~ Y llr? (.i!.15J=9.J *~~ g~ 011 LJ1-6RJ--i ~7fl-6}q)
q S>_...'=-.0
2.-;::::-
7~ 7--j ~~7} ARo1<V_qJl -o}~T:11 7--j ~~ f;).
~tR iL?
People say that movie is interesting, so do you want to see it?
01 .H.~~ q~ -"~'SOl¥~~ 0~;;:~jl Xil~~ 't:J~£ .::1 -"ll!"OJI' EE ~ ' 7~7JJ-g oJ2.H'Oll Oi't! '§!~ o~2.~jl ~~.&j~
o ~7~ q 2.1.s:. ~ o~jl ~ ~ rrH .A.~gt-LJcL o1 g~~ -5--"~'2..!" -"~~ 4 ~~ LJ cL
This expression is used to express the fact that not only had the speaker been intending to do the very
thing the other person is suggesting, but that he or she was either just about to do it at that very moment or
intended to do so very soon . It can only be used with verbs .
•• • · ·~ •• ···· - ..____';~' · · - --.c=, ,_;p. •• ~~ --~--~ ·-,;'1;;.·~· · ...:..=..• ..o;...--~~- --- ..a:;............_ _
' '
7 ~2.~'2:! ~oJq
v
~ o2.~'2:! ~o J q
1 '-( 0 )2.~'2! §O iq'Q~ '-( 0 )2.~'2! §OI~q·:: ~0 1 .A.I§-5H.s=. t!!fi"~ Li q. .:J.~:A I '2J '-( 0 )2.~ '2! §Oiq'
:: l::l~£ :AI-5 ~~o~2.~.::il ~q :: A.~~ qEf~ rrH. '-( 0 )2.~'2! §o l~q·:: oti~J¥Ei .:J.%17-11 ~ ~z,r
~ 7f:AI.::il ~~g~ qEf~ ITH .A.I§-~Lic.f.
While both --(£)2112! ~01q and --(£)2.~12! ~O I <ltq are acceptable forms of this expression, -(2.)2.~12! ~01
c.f is used to indicate that the speaker was just about to do the action at that very minute, while -(2.)2.~ 12!
~OI<ltq is used to indicate that the speaker had already been intending to do the action.
2 Oi't! -?.:!~ o~2.~.::il ~Z/"O~.::il ~~:: cil .:J.ITH q~ .A.fiE:!"O I .:J.-?.:!~ ~0 1 of:Af.::il ;I;il<2.!"~~ rrH ·o ~~·. '.::1.~
:AI ~o f.s=.', '<2..1" .:J.cH.s=.' ~~ .A.I§-5H.A.i cH Et~ ol-2 ~~7f t'i~ Lic.f.
This expression can be used along with phrases such as Of~ . .::J.~:X:I ?;tO ~£. and ~ .::J.2H£ when
responding to someone who has suggested doing something that the speaker had already intended to do.
7 ~ ~o ] 6j.A}W2Jlll..?
q oj-~ ~% 9:j..2..aj tB ;g.o] ~o-Jll...
:APc t:l~£2.j ~ ~~ 7PJj.g OJ2.HOll AI§~ :AlE- t:l ~£2.l ~ ~~ 7PJj.g DI2.HOll Ai§W-'?
-"? exl~Liq. 'V~ Liq.
~~~ Can be used for actions the speaker will Can be used for actions the speaker will do
do from now or in the near future. from now or in the near future.
'2:! DI2.H2.J ~Oli.S:. AI§W-"? 'V~Li q '2:! DI2.H2.J ~011 ~ AI§~ -"? ~~ Liq.
Can be used for actions the speaker will Cannot be used for actions the speaker will do
do in the distant future. in the distant future.
• Y.:: 4l\1oJI oJ.;:- o:Jti~ ~ 5}aj.I!. i>H..R. • t.f:: Ljj\:!oJI a].;:- o:jt;}l ~ 5}ajJt! {}ojojJ..R.
(o) (x)
---'----- - ---------- - - - - ···-------------··--------------------------- -------------
C-jSf-LilJf ~ -§ 'i§!Cf
~~ofLJ7Jf ~Cflt:JI~~-§ .!i:!.Cf ~ C!I t:JI~~ ~~q
Ol .R.~:=
!f. / ~:AI Ol.g2.J -§-~O i q ~-§- .2.-Ef.~ 5~~~ 51-e 2.l.!:e.~ 7f:AI.:il <U ~ ITH .A.~~Liq Ol .R.~~
~~ rrH::: 'N.!:e. -(o)2 ~ N.!:C. -( 0)2 ~·. 'N.!:e. -( 0 )2 ~ N.!:e. -( 0 )2 ~ oH .A.i'2.1 ~EH~ t'tl"O I .A.~~Liq.
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's intention to do at least two actions or behaviors. It is most
often used in t he forms N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l or N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l N.S:. -{.£)2 -f'l 5H.A.i.
N
=----~--·- ··- --- ··- - - - - -··
• ~5:. ~ ~ ~ .:g..!f-5:. %[ ~ .:£J.i~l 7}-aj.Jl "5~..9...
I'm planning to go to the library to read some b ooks and also study.
These days, the number of restaurants where you can eat both breakfast and lunch has increased.
: Ol g:g.g ~oh'= .Af'ENI ~~ '.!!ll 2.1.5~'2!~ ~~XI'2.! ~:::: .Af'EJ".g ~~ '.!!ll 2-I.S:. 2.10ii.S:. Cf.§ Qj.S:.7 f ~:; ~
?~~ *
~gLICf.
Here, the speaker has only stated one reason for exercising, but the hearer can infer that there are other
reasons besides just losing weight.
~
7f ~u j »-], £_~ o~ 2B~o jE ~ <5H.R? •{ 53) 1
1
§§~ 'i!~ Cf to make some spending money
q l.:j], § .§£ ~ ~ 7S~£ '%} ~ ~ ~gj~ ~tq to accumulate experience
2 7f 0 ]Zf lf-JO:j].R?
q ~-AJ- ~ 61~_2_£_ l-1-§-i>H=- 71a:j].R.
Ol~.!f,JOICf ~~I 6J~2.£.. .AI§oi-E ~O I Cf
(1) 7~ .::?~ »-l, l!ll~~oJl 7}2;j.Jl <5~..9..? (-=jL~S:. '5}q I ~-=r- ),~~ {!%.5:. A}q)
q 1.:]1, .:pg.£ ~ fi ?.J-lL f..~O.l f.."J%.!2. f..J: fi 7}2;j.Jl <5~..9... ~o] ~~..9..?
(4) 7~ ~R ~A~]{!~ g ~.Jl ~o-]..9..? (~A~] ..:g-lf-5:. "5}q I ~Ro-J ..:g-lf-5:. -5)-q)
q 1.:]1, A~j ~_:g-o j 7Cj A~j ~o ]2.}).i ~
~o-]..9...
21£ 1
(3) . ~7 ~ '2,!qq
(4)
(5) :
(1) t-6'£ ntt 'i t-snJ-.t?l 'i '5Hf..i 71~% D~f.-1~2 i5Ji-lt:f.
(2) - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -
(3) -------------------------------------------------
(4) - -- - - - - -- -- - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -- - - - - -- -- -- -- - - -- - -
(5) - - - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - - -
Ol .A.fEtOI :Af71:Af~:i!f Q{~~ 5f7-JLf 0-J't! ~ ~ W 3:!0I2.f::: ~~~ ~ rrH. ~::: .:::J.2.-j~ £1:AI
R~::: ~51{::-
~ LfEf~ rrH A~IDLiq. ~:Af ~:z.t~ 5f7-j Lf ~~~~ 51{::- ~~011~ A~5f!J:j OIITH ::: 5!.~ '-O f/0-JO ~:AI'Qf
~0 1 ~~£ .A.~g)"Liq. '-O f/0-JO ~.~.'£ ~Oj.A.i .A.~5f71~ g)-Lief.
This expression is used whe n the speaker is making a pro mise to on ese lf, making a decis ion to do
something, or simply expressing such an intention. It is also used when thinking or speaking to oneself,
but in such cases the informal form -Of/OJO tXI is used. This expression is also used in the shortened form
-Of/OJO t.fr..
-OUO-JOP~IR
.:::UC-i
7fq 71-Ct:X:IR
00
9:jCf 9:j 0-JO ~:X:I.R
v
7f:X:I ~OI'Ot:X:IR
9:j :X:I 'MOfO~:X:IR
____________ ____ . ···---- ------- _____ :________ ········--_;______________________ _
....:....
7~ ).i]o]LJ-on ~ 7]-o~ ~?
Do we absolutely have to attend the seminar?
q -=z.~A, Jf-2.] .Jl!..er\3o] ~.H.~ <5]-.A]Ljll]- ~ 7]-<>}:7-]A.
Of course. Our professor is giving a presentation, so we have to go.
01 IE~ ~ ~= .A.f~O I Lf q:= .A.f~OI OJC.:! '§!~ ~ <SHO~ ~ere ?A!~ LfEf~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Lief. :!!~7~ ~EH
'2.! '-<U/~~O~AI'~ .A.~<S"~~ ~~ '§! ~ <SHO~ <51-ECil <S"~AI ~<Ug~ :r:!Eroi-E L ;gjOI CX}~Lief.
This expression is also used to indicate that the hearer or some other person should perform some act ion
or behavior. Moreover, when the past tense form -'1t/'X;!Oiot;q is used, the expression conveys a sense of
scolding or rebuking the other person for not doing something that should have already been done.
l
_ _
q %OJ ~ ~.2..'B .!f-21"6}::<] ~Jl ?J~~oj:::<].R.
If you weren't feeling well to begin with, you should have rested instead of pushing yourself too hard.
(1)
(3)
:51..
' --------------------
(4)
...2..."511..!:=. :51..
e n~ ' ---------------------------
(1) 7~ ~o] ~ ~ -3:! i{A] ?J,c:>_r:-j] .:::l~T ~ /1] ~A] ?jg 77]-.fL?
q .:::rt!lJs:. ;.]~~.Q.L-]77]- ~7W7-I <>« ~~f-1.2. .
(2) 7~ J.]-7-J-\:J 0 ] ~ :71] ~ 2 "5}J.] Y 77]- -3J ~ ~5:. .2...-f- ~ :711 ~"5}-E -3:! :Q-0]-.fL.
q ~J.}if:to] ~A-j . .:::rt!lJo} o]-tJiJ.]-if:t~S:. u:]-c.]--5}A].fL.
130
7f ~RoJl "'i 7} ~ ll!-~ R~ ~ 4-~t>H
9-"'l ~~.R?
Can you recommend any places in Korea worth visiting?
Ol If.~:= Oi't! APE!"O iq A~O I .-:J.2.i~ ~§~ W n~ll~ 9}7-j q Oi't! ~sO l ~01'2'" ~~ 7 ~5::17~ 91:;~
qE~~ ITHAf§gj"Liq_ ..::::1.2./lAi 5!.~ q::: A ~'E,I"OJI.7JI ?~~ rrH Al§gj"Liq_
This expression is used to indicate t hat somet hing is worth doing. Thus, it is mostly used to recommend
something to someone else.
~ ~~q
-(0)2 ~~q
9:j ~ ~~q
--- --- --····· ................... --- ········· ..
7~q ~ ~~~[.~
v !':. -(0)2 ~~~q ,.,_,. ., [.L
...., I 9:j ~ ~~~q
... '"! .................... - ------······· ............. ······················ ......... ............... ------·-···· ··-... ...
· i 7~q ~ ~W ~O le~
.,· ol2./l 1 ~~ ·':. -(0)2 ~w ~o1q :_ ,.,_,
...,cL
...., 1 9:j ~ ~w ~o1q
: R~:: Ef.~ Df%011~~olE.::: ?-:!::: O~LI:A:I~ .:J.iE:!CH.£ f!lf'tt~ rrH ~::: Oi'C! ?-:!~ )..~"0~7 1011 0~~
-=:fl~ rrH;._~ID"LI Cl
-.... s expression is also used to indicate that while the speaker is not completely satisfied with something,
: s still worth doing or paying attention to.
~
1[ 57 ) •
~~project
Oi ~7l}.fL? ~AI7'1C{ to make (someone) participate
~~<5fi:f to be sincere
Lf ~-9- »-] ~ -"cJ{JcS-~ J-1 4:-~W ~~ l-}'€[o]oj].fL.
(4) 7f 7'-1 .:£ ~ '&]] »-1 i>~1,) 2...£. o]A}'5}t:!;j.:ll t>H=--c-J] 7']-E" '5~1Jo] <>jiiJl..ll_? (1[q )
(6) 7f Ei]cj]A} 9t=J:: 7}\±~ ;_]-~~ ~ -'fltiTIA1 ~).~ ~ ~';&qJt!;_1 _g_? (.e?cJ ~ ~q)
01 q cxj].B..?
I have a fever and (resulting) headache because I caught a cold.
Please take some medicine, and then get some good rest for a few
days.
Ol Jt.~::: ~~ .A~EtOlllll Oi't! ~§~ ~~f>p-jq -E!~~ UH .At§~Liq. '-0~/0i S!AiiR'S!.q~ ~5 ~~lll.
'-{ 0 )J..i l£.'!2q~ ~5 .l¥E~lll ~~ ~ <5~7-jq -E!~~ [H .At§~Liq.
This expression is used to instruct or suggest a course of action to someone. It is stronger than -oVOJ .!i!.Ail
B. and is used w hen a person wants to give advice or make a suggestion a bit more softly than what can be
expressed using the form -{.£)Ail.£?..
7 ~.5:.~ f>~q
Q:I.S:.~ f>~q
v •· ·····
7 ~ J:l ~.s:.~ f)~q
Q:I J:I ~.s:.~ f>~q
2 Ol .H.~££ §~ rrH ·-s:.~ o~~~LICf2.~.:il CH'B'W * cu:::cil OlrrH::: ~~Pil o~~q::: 2.I.AI ~ LfE~
~qq
When instructed to do something in this form, the hearer can answer using the similar form -.S:.& o f~§
Lf CS{.Q.£.~
(5) 7f ~t!Jl:7.-] .lf!-7-J\:J g li}Lfci 7Ji=.-c1] ~ ~ J.} 7}o~ ~77]-.R? (J.l- 7]-q)
Lf _2_i>jp~- g9 ~.Q.y77]- o]-.!f-~£
Jl .H.~~ q::: A~~Oll7il Oi~Jil 5!-E -3;!01~~q.:L!. T:lf?.W ITH )..j%~Liq. Ol .H.~~ '-£~ 5~q·52.q ~t]
:.i !f.CEj.:L!. Qf~ .R~~Liq.
nis expression is used to suggest that someone do something. It is a much weaker and softer expression
man -.s:.~ afC.f.
.7 ~.XI .:J.c.H.R?
v
::[6f>~.XI.:J.2H.R?
q 7-}Jfl Jl:AJo] t.fl?1 9-~'il -&-}7-] ~Jl .AR ~.£ l:l}Jfl7-] .:z.elJA?
If it gives you a lot of problems, then why not just get a new one instead of getting it repaired?
7~ ~ 7 ~ 't}-l.{C\ ~%~] 7j-o): i>J--e'Gjj :7-l-71- q{-~Al ~4;- Aj:zl-771-:A] *~~~or.
I've got to go to Myeongdong to meet a friend , but I don't think I can get there on time due to the traffic.
1 al iE~::: ~~~Oil o 1~ ~ ~~ rrH ~ ·-o ~/Oi.A.i'~ .A.~5~A' ?i.::il '--( 0 )Lim·~ .A.~~H...1q.
When stating a reason in the preceding clause, - (.£)LI7Jf is used, not -Of/ Oi.A.i.
2 :!!~7i IE~~ '-AI .:J.~OiR?'~ Oirt! ?.:!~ 51-E- Jt'!OI C:j q~~ C~I 2/1.::1~/ll 5~AI m£LL~ ~?.!2.1
<c!-E~771§~ .R~5~7iq ~B~ ~ ITH .A.~gj"Ljq,
The past tense form -:XI .:::J.~Oi£.7 is used to express one's disapproval or regret about the fact that
another person did not do something despite it having been the preferable course of action.
O:j~ §-~ 'E:t~ AH.sf-'2'!.A.i '§!~ 5H.A.i L.:J.!?- rrl2-ofCf :g-Jz_f012.f.S:. §- *lc.f
~~ §- :lfl-[):jOt oi-l::Cil ~~~ .A.f2.i ~ .A.I?JOI ~q <cJEi~2£ ~~ "Ofc.f
~01 l.:J.!¥ ~7igCil ~501 ~q ?J:g-OI2.f.S:.-§- ~q
(2) 7~ :A1 ~ l:l17J- ..2..~ \t 0 1'B. ~:AJ-71 71~ 0 1 -5f-%t>RhJJl. (2 °1J:1 q3~ .!:2.-c})
q .::J.i:£:Jl:l17]- _2_~ \t0i1~ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ?
(4) 7~ o1J:ti ~ Qj-6.) ~ 1f£o1 ~GjL-j §-§ 0 1.2-:Aj-c}Jl. (.!f-.2.\:l7Jj1 ~~~ ~c.jq)
q .::J.~ ?
(1) 7~ o-j A11 ~ <il ~ .£~ q ~ c.J-BR l--jl:l-j 5j, ojJl. (~:A1 AR B-Oi1 71 ~-oj-q)
q 0 l-~711 q ~ 51 oj Jl? ~f-1 7-tlt::!Oilli%-B~f-1 2 ~.01.2.?
(2) 7 ~ ~ Q.]t£ uJ1l:lJ ~2.1 ..:g-717]- ~ ~j-l--j .::J.~~:A1 -&o1tl.!f- 0 \-nfJl. (~~ ~ -€ ~q)
q .::J. cj 'B. %Zl-Oi1 ?
(3) 7~ <iJ 3!" 0 1 'ilf~ EJ1£ lf£0 1 ~ ~r.1 L-] 4;'-0 1 ~ ~0\-Jl. (±-51i} ~q)
q 0~1 .::L?., ?
(4) 7f ~ o]-, 1:]1~ q~ uJ1 ..:g-lf- ~ ~{:]"01 ~ ~ :;io1~~7]- £lJJl. (..:g-lf- ~ ~{:]"01 -oj-q)
q -=z.n:J1 ?
___ _ _ _ _____ ?
CD "'J-%iiH~ 7]-~]7]- ~~Jl ® ).l-§-iiH~ u]-%oj ~~Jl
@ ).]-§-iiH~ 'o~oj ~~Jl @ "'J-%iiH~ "'l-78°1 ~~Jl
CD ..2..?jo]-Jl ® ~~ %"'lt:f
@ ~~ _2_).i]Jl @% .£OJ=o]oj]Jl
142
7. ~iiLoJ1 _2_2ll{}~oJ1 ~l.oJ1Jl!
o-Jq 7}-"-1 ~ -w ~ ~77}Jl?
It's certainly been a while since you came to school! Shall we go
somewhere to get a bite to eat?
You're right. This is a book I used to study when I was a high school
student.
Ol R~~ :i!~7~0il ~~~ 71{! ~<cl' 'r!~.§ ~~o 1q ~-E.!'~ :21-lfoHAi ~W rrH AI§~Liq. '5~XI'2! .::1. ~01 ~7~
Oil~ 'r!~£1<tioq ~AH77~XI~ XI~£1X I cr.;~ .3;1~ ~~Li q. ~A· %tOil AI§~Liq.
This expression is used w hen recollecting a behavior or habitual act that was repeated regularly over a
certain period of time. However, it must refer to something that happened repeatedly in the past but has not
continued until the present. It is used in front of nouns.
v
~---------------------------------------------~-------------------------
-; ~§-.A.IOll '- \::!'01~ ~EH.'= 22g ·~li~ LfEf~ ITH'.Q.j 02 '-W'It\::!'~ .:g.:::;.,WdiR
See Chapter 22 Expressing Completion, 02 -~/~'2! for information about the - I:! form attached to adjectives.
1 O I.H.~:: :LlmOil ~ A~~ ~A: I '2! A:l-5:: O~A I cri~ ~~ .H.~W rrH.AI§-0~715:. g)-LICl O I ITH~ '(Jlf7~0jl)
Oj2.i \:!', ';;:f~'. '7f-g', 'gJ~· ~ ~*~ LfE~LH~ .H.~:ilf gj-7Jll .AI§-~Lic.f.
This expression is also used to indicate something that was often done in the past but is not anymore.
In such cases, it is used together with expressions of repetition such as Oj2.i ttl. ;q.;:;s., 7f-El-. and ~~-
2 OI.±E~:: :ilf7~0il .AI~:: ~A: I '2! Of~ MLfA:I cri:= ~~ .2.l ~f():j .H.~W rrH .AI§-of7I.S:. g)-Lief.
OIITH~ !I!~ 'A:I8~'. 'A:I8~'. 'Oi;J;:il'. 'O f77f'. 'A:i \:!Oil' ~ Jlf7~£1 ~ .AI~OILf [[H~ LfE~LH ~ ~2f gj-7Jll
.AI§-g)-LI Cf.
This expression is also used to indicate the recollection of something that was started in the past but has
not ended yet. In such cases, it is used together with a word indicating a specific time or day in the past,
such as ;J::I\::.1''§. ;J::I\::.1'-'?-. Qi;l;il. Of77f. and Aitt!OII.
Here, the expression refers to the fact that the speaker had not finished drinking the coffee.
• o 1~~ 7-11 ~7]-7]- 'fl!fl *~r:il 7-11 °l-0 le>li7JI ~oJ .R.
These clothes are what my nephew used to wear, and (now) I've given them to my son.
• oj 7-}%7(1-i=- oj-1::1-] 7-17]- 'EfJ..l!fl 7-Jo:Jl.R. This car is what my father used to drive.
4 OI.±E~:: :ilf7~0il ~ \:!12! ~Oi8 ~ ~ . ~*£1A: I cri~ ~Oil ~ .AI§-ofA:I I'~~ Li c.f.
This expression is not used for things that have only occurred once and do not repeat.
This expression is also used to refer to a behavior or act that has often been repeated from a certain
point in the past.
past.
'-t:j':il~ :ilP~ .A.1;~:i1~ q EfLH::: '-( 0 )L'::: q.g.:ilf ~::: ~f01 7 f ~t:;L1Cf.
The d ifferences between -\:! and -{.2.)L, which expresses the past tense, are summarized as follows.
-----·----
-t:! - (O)L
·-·· ·-- · ···········
l
.::a.§iA1
OOO
l
J
:i?.l-7iQJ .A. ~-§ ~AH OIOPI~LICf.
Indicates a past fact in the present.
.............'j.
'
i (1) :i!f7i011 ~li£l:AI 'r,tg ~~ LfEf~ [[H (1) :AI-§ ~xH .g~.££ -%!'-§ [[H:i?.l-7i011 ~li.§
l
.A.f§~LICf. 'l!J~ W%1' [[H .A.I§~LICf.
Expresses a past behavior that has Expresses a past behavior that has ended
not yet come to an end. when viewed from the perspective of the
present.
(2) :i?.l-7i 011~!&~££ ~ ~-§ :£1lfoH.A.i (2) 8~~ :i!f7i .A.~~ OIQP I~ ~ :£1-g£1 QJol.:::.
~~Li ef. gj_8LICf.
Expresses the recollection of Expresses only the simple past without any
something done repeatedly in the meaning of recollection.
past.
-- - - - - -- ~----- - - -- -- - -- - - -- - - - -- -
(1) 7~ 0 1 Ai1 1lJ. cJ1 l:l1~ cc}u~ C£1 ~..9..? (;;\Hu1'V_rl1 ~q)
Lf l.:jl, f.IIDI 0 J.7il ~t:."j_ Ec}u}7} ;;\1\J?-0]1 ~t{ ti-]i)'j.71 :':.fL.
(2) 7~ o}o1~El1 7-J\t~~ ?£o1 -"l- ~t{ ~Si.. ({1-=f- o}017r 71-.A1.Jl ~q)
Lf 0rt1oll..9... 7-J\t~~ ~~ ~011..9...
(1) 7~ 01 7'-1 Tii u}A=j£ Q1..9..? (:1.7,:! ;;\117} u}-"1 ct I 7'-1 Tii 01ct)
q .:J..'i f.11lr nrf..!t:;t =rrnl'-fTir -"H£ ~ ~ e.t E~ rl1..9...
(2) 7~ o] -"1Zl-oll lft ~ E_;,i]Jl? (o}017r ~ q I lff01ct)
q l.:jl, ~~ \:[o}-"-1 ~.Jl 'V_o-]Jl.
Wei Ming, are you cleaning up again?
Ol R~:= ~I-E A~O I .Jlj-7~0U ~~ .!:2.7~ q ~7~q ~:= Uz_l 3:!~ .2.1Wo~Oj A:l-5 q::: A~EJ"Olllil ~'§"~ [H
A~g,t-Liq_
This expression is used to express the speaker's recollection that he or she directly saw, heard, or felt some
prior event or action.
.3.C~ 2~ 11 R
A/V
~ [.~ 2~.:L!.R
2 OJ .H.~::: ~f-E Af~OJ AH.§liJ'§tllJ .§! Af{IOIJ'2! Al-§"6f.:il OJDJ '§t.:ll ~::: Af{IOIJ ::: Al-§"6f:AJ~~
LJCf.
This expression is only used to state something the speaker learned for the first time, not something
already known .
The fact was previously known by the speaker, so -Ci2.f.:J:ill. cannot be used.
3 Af~Qj f:t~OJLf7Jg, Di-* ~EH ~ LfEf~ rrH::: 1cz.!~ 9~.5:. Ai§W * ~~LJCf. 3cz.!~Qj ~~OIJ:::
'~§Af + Of/~"6fCf + -Ci2.f.:il£'£. .H.~oHO~ g[LJCf.
The first person subject can be used when expressing a person's mood, emotions, or feelings. When the
third person is used, the form A+Of/ Oi5fq must be used.
4 OJ .H.~::: '-Ci~R)'Lf '-C-j2.f'2f ~ ~fOJ7f ~OJ Ai§W * ~ 0 [):j <2{-l.!-C-j ~~"6f-E QjDJ7f ~~LJCf.
"6f:AJ'2! ~~WO JLf tt!WOIJ 2Ef. AI§~-*~::: '-Ci~R)'2f-E ~2.J '-Ci 2.f'::: tt!WOIJ'2! AI§~-*
~~LJCf.
While roughly equivalent in meaning to -Ci2(R) or -Ci2.f. this expression carries a slightly stronger
sense of emphasis. However, while -Ci2(R) can be used with both honorific speech and familiar speech
styles, - Ci2.f can only be used with familiar speech.
: ·~o l 2.C-f2.f.:i:l.£?.'-E ~01 2...:il '1!-E £~~ .2:1-WoH.A.i Waf-E ?.:!Oijl. ·~o l ~Ci.2.fjl£?_'-E ~0 1 OlD I ~jl.
~ '§l'.A.I ~~ {J"EH ~ ~lfoH.A.i . ~ 01't:! ?.:!O I .gt$..!§1 ?.:!~ ~I {J"oH .A.i Wof-E ?.:!~Li ef.
The phrase ~01 .2.Ci2.f.:i:l.£?. refers to the recollection of seeing snow falling, while ~01 ~Ci2.f.:i:l.£?.
refers to the recollection of seeing that snow had already fallen, but had stopped at the time of
being observed by the speaker.
~7<~1
1 7f '*<;:lo]
"' '-'
q oJ-9- 7-Ru] ~J:r:i2}JI.R. first-birthday party
£Ai-tK>II.A.i ~!f-5fef
~6~10li.A.i ~~ill- ~[;f[::.f
OI.H~~ :21if~ qE~LH::: '-C-j-'£f I::IH-f30 iq it-&~ AiiAI5f7-jq tr.!CH, ~§~ qE~~ ITH Al§5f-E '-{ 0 )LCiiR'
7f ~gt.§ ~EH~ Li cf. [[f2.fAi :i!f71 ~Oll cH~ u~o 1q ~§. 01rt! it-&~ J;iiAI~ llH ~~ ifcHtgJ-2.1 ~:i!f tr.!CH£1
::: -3:! ~ ~~ rrHAl§gtLI c~.
This expression is the combined form of - Ci-, which indicates recollection, and -{.2.)L C11R. whic h indicates
background information and a contradictory or surprising situation. Accordingly, it is used when expressing
something contradictory to what the other person has just said or when expressing t he speaker's feelings of
surprise toward a past event or particular situation.
---------~--~-,
.3.£:!CiiB.
A/V j
~ £:!CiiB.
2.IA~e! CiiB.
5"'10
fAH 2{~ 01£:!CiiB.
- - - - - ' - -- ------- -- - --·--------------·- ..·- - ·- ' - - - - - -·--·- - -- - -· -- -·--- - - -- ·- -·-
1 Ol ±E~~ g.g %l.!"Oll M71~ '51-EC-ll OI[[H~ :CP12.I .g~~ Xii.A.I'5~7iLf :C,r71.2.~ ~CH£1~ .g%1-~
Xii.A.I~Liq.
This expression is also used mid-sentence, but in such cases it is used to indicate a past situation or the
fact that the present situation is contrary to what the case was in the past.
-C.i2.fjl£. - t:!CiJ£.
i!.f7i ~£1 .21-g
.A.I§- 71-5 .A.I§- 71-5
Recollection of
Can be used Can be used
a past event
~
•[ 67}
1 7f Ejj .:rl_S:. ~ l:lflJf--7 ] 7 } Oi'fl7-1Jl?
Lf 0 }YJl, l:lfl %] ~y77} .A~ Z{.!i!_q <fl"lfl"G]l.R.
Lf J.:1l, 7-1 W.JIS:. oj]l=lJ-9-;,.* ~.Q.2.1 ..g. J,.}TfJ-~ 0 ] W"lfl"G]l.fL. ~J ()jltg~Af flu shot
or~ night view
~d Oli~-'?-A~ ~.£2.i ~~011 CfL12.Cf Ai og,t.:il.S:. Oll '2t-'?-A~ ~2.2.i .g AfW~O I \'~Cf
OiAil 'cf~.!OII ~2.f7 fCf 'cfHOIIAi g .A.i~ 0F?30I Of-'?- OI%'8Cf
yy AAI7f §1~ ~og,t ~ j;:ICf
(3) 7. Al7] ?}o} <V_~ ;,}~o] HcxJ]Ji.? (~~ ~oj] ;z.}o]: ».]2J ~o] .2..1:})
q ;z.l .£ ~ £2~oJJi..
(4) 7. ~~ »-]7} ojq oj] I,t;z.]Ji.? (o}77} ~-=jLil}.Jl ~o] ~;AJoj] 7}1:})
q
Lf t;J], 0}2f'-(5) _ __ _ _ _ _
\t%J-~i>}.Jl ~ 0 1 ~.Jl7] ~ ~ ~ oj 9-<li ~ r:i] -?]~ ~<V_ t:-] 2}.JlJi..
1
Q) o1~ ,<:_ :A~l o}o17} oJl ~Oil oq t'l 1(1_ 'fJ c;d o-J iL
~ o1~,<:_ :A~l o}017} oJl~Oil oqt'll(l 'f:}~r11Jl
@ o1~ ,<:_ :A~l o}o17} oJl ~Oil oq t'l Jti 'fJ G12.}~_g_
@ 01~,<:_ :A~l 0}017} oJl~oJl oqtl Jti 'f:} ,<:_ .2_0J01oJ1Jl
2
'56
7f o}oj 7} ~~ ~ ~o}.fL.
The child hugs a doll.
01.R~~ ~01 2.1 ®sOl q := .A.~iM2.1 ~-5 rrH@Oll OI-9-01;J;I7~q 4-017~ ~~ ~ ?A!OI o~LI2.~ q := ~o1q
.A.~W ITHfEOll .:J.'E:i {,1':@0 1~ ~ ITH.A.~§~Liq, Ol .R~ ~ ~!f. -§.A.~Oll '-O I/'51/2.1/71-' ~ ~():j.A.i '2.!;;;Liq,
This expression is used when the subject's action or behavior occurs either because of an action performed
by someone else or because of some other indirect action performed by some person or thing. It is made by
attaching - OI/ol/2.1/7 1- to the verb stem. Note that only some verbs allow this affix.
c -§.A.~
,v..q
+ - 0 l/'51/2.1/71- ---->
+ -01- MO!q
~q + -'51- ~ f51 q
wq + - 2.1- W2.lq
.lj!q + - 71- .!j!7lq
_____ .. __..
, ___ - - - ·---·---------- -------·
..
Ol 51 2.1 71
" ese single word passive expressions are used in the following forms. The original action form is shown on
:O'le right, and t his is changed to the passive form on the left.
(1)
Ol ~EH~ 'CJOI ~-'? CU::: -§.A.~::: ·~7 1 q, 9:l5lq lfolq ~71q ~5lq' ~01 exl~ Liq.
Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~71Cf. '2jolef. ~ICf. ~7 1Cf. and
~oiCf.
-·--·-··--··-·•·•••••-••••••••••••·--·-··----··--·-·-··-·· ·-··-·· ----- --··- --·-··~~~~·-··r·--···----------····-····------------·------------·-··
(2)
01 ~EH£ ~01 ~-"?~~§.A.~~ ·~c! Cf. .!:i!.OICf. l::l~J?-Iq, ~o-lq_l§"clq. ~2.1 q ~71q. ~2.1 q. ~:P I
(3)
The clock is hanging on the wall. (I) hung the clock on the wall.
Oi ~EH£ ~01 ~ -"?~~§.A.~~ 'MO!Cf. ~Ole~. ~Ole~. ~2.IC~. ¥ olq' :301 ~~Li q.
Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~O ief. ~Oief. ~fO I Cf. ~2.1 Cf. and
~cl ef.
(3)
Ol .!±.~£ 801 III~:X~ iEJ ~01.2.1 ~~01 c~~ A~'S.2.l ~~ ITH-l'E-Oll OI~01A:I7~q ~01 7 ~ ~~ ~ .:;.:!01 O~LI 2.~
q ~ ~o 1q A~'SrrHiEOli.:J.iC! ~%!-O I ~~ rrH Af§-gLiq. rrls~ ~c:::: '-OI/o l/2.1/7 1-'7 ~ *:AI ?tt::: ~A~I
*OjAi Af§-gLiq.
Similar to the previous passive form in which an affix was added to the verb stem, this expression is also
used when the subject's action or behavior occurs either because of an action performed by someone else
or because of some other indirect action performed by some person or thing. However, note that t his form is
only used with those verbs to which an affix -01/5 1/2.1/71- cannot be attached.
7~Z!OlR
-0~/01Z!01R
.UiZ!OlR
:-············· · · ·············:·· ....
i : 7~A:~R
v ~;;H
.UiA:~R
7f~ 7~ 0liR
DI~H I "}~
JJ.f~ 7~ OIIR
.
-------------------------~
. ·- -- - ·-··- ·-- --·--········--~---------~-
2 O I.H.~~ '- OI/ol/2.l/7 l- '7f ~AI ~~ -§)..fOil A~ofA I~ R~Oll~ '- OI/ol/2.l/7 l-'7f ~ ~-§)..fOil
.S:. A~oj-E ~Sf.7 f <ll~ Li q.
Note that while this expression is supposed to only be used with verbs to which an affix -0 l/51/2.1171-
does not attach, in recent years its use has grown to include such verbs.
3 ~.g."'f .!f!Oll ·-of/OiAiq· ~ ..v.~ .gEH2.1~£~ LfE.f~Li q. o l-3:!~ ~E- 87=110ll"'i l:lHU.~ ~.:il
ofAIJ I t:Jf'EtLiq.
The form - OfiOiXICf can be added to adjectives to express a change in state. Please see in the beginning
level for more details about this form .
163
1 7f ~-qj~:§:j-7} <>1~~1 .Jl:AJ-o] xt<>l..R? (7;1'
q ~7.} tl-j ~ o] ~ ~2-l ~Jl.. Q!j~ liquid crystal
~~~<c.!" 7=1Cf
~ Oj~2.~Ai Q!j~~ ~q
(3) 7f ~»-]7} t:l.!f- #Yllr ~2-J ~oJ ..2.~ w39.<>1J3... (7lc.J-2.J c.J-)
(2) 7f o:j ;;%7} 1IJ1 o:j~ ~ 7Q-oj ~7l}-J3..? (~o ] '[t<>1J.i oJ-{io] q )
q 7.-j.£ 7}-i!. {i7.]~
------------------
(3) 7f -&~ ~oj] ~~ ~..2..~ ~ .!9:::= ~o] ~7.] J3..? (~ ~ ~ ~ 7.]7]c.j-)
q 41. "5}7.]~ - - -- - -- --
She got in a traffic accident a few days ago and was hospitalized.
: ;:~~III §~ .H.~~ rrH .A.f§£1 ~C~I Gilt! <§JOI ~01.2.1 £1:AI2~ Blll ~01 <§1011§ rrH .A.f§gJ-Liq.
-- s expression is used to exp ress the passive in cases in which the subject 's will or intention is not
- olved.
-7il £jq
/~q 7~7il £1~01R
-Jil £1~01R
9:jq 9:l7il £1~0lR
... ... ..
/~q
v -7il £!1R 9:jq
... ................ ...... ···-······ ......
7 ~q 7~7il ~ 7~0!1R
-7il £1
2 7~0!1R
9:jq 9:j7il ~ 7~0!1R
----~--.._ _____________________________ ___:. ________ ~---·-·-·············---~----- ------ ----------
Because my friend likes this store, I have come to frequent it often, too.
2 Ol R~~ J;:f~OliJ-11 ~Oi'd ~~ ~~~oj ;x; j crlJ-11.!:;:!.c~·pjj R~5f.:il {,!~ rrHAl§5f71£ ~Liq. Ol
~7-11 ~Pl! ~p-jq ~~ ITH ~~~.2.£ R~~ ITH~q ~0-g[~ ~ *
This expression is also used when the speaker wants to tell another person something that happened
~~ Lj q,
to him or her in an indirect and gentle manner. Using such forms allows conversat ions with others to
progress more smoothly compared to when more direct expressions are used.
r··-······-·-- -~ - -~ -~---------~~-------·-·· · ···-············-· ···- ~- --------~~----~----- ----~-~-------------~------- ----- -----------------~- -- ----- -- ------------------------- --J
{1~ »-1 ~ ~J.}7} Y.!f-- ~o-jJ.-j {1011"'-1 7}7.7}-& x2-£ (1)~ll1il :!qOJ.7-1°.t "'R ~J.}7} o}%011
2 7~ ~ ~ q~OiR?
q Lil, O~~OH I:TjA 8"01 ~lfoHAi q::: A~'EJOll/il _________ _
G) ~~o-j_8_ ® ~~o-j_g_
@ ~aj ~ o-j _g_ @ ~~ ~ ~o}_8_
168
Why is Jinju crying?
7f ot717r w~ J;I:j-;;t-1-ct.
The baby eats.
Ol R~~ ~£1-9-0.P ~ ,J,.~'SOi q §~. ),.~ ~Oil Ol't! ~(5~ <Wil 5V-Jq Ol't! ~EHOll O l~~ ol-e 3:! ~
2.ID lg)"LI q _~!f. -(5-,1,.~2~ ~g,1,.~ 01-l.i"Oll '- 0 l/ol/2.1/71/~/??--' ~ ~Q:j,J,.i '2_!~ Ll q_
This expression means t hat the subject makes person(s), animal(s), object(s), or other similar t hings d o
something or come to a certain state. This form is made by adding -O I/ol/2.1/71/~/~- to the stems of some
verbs and adjectives.
Ol 2.1 71 ...
0
.s:!.q .s:!.OI C~ ~q
to see to show to lie to put to cry to make to take to cause to ride to give
down (some cry off to take a ride
-one) to off
bed
~q ~01 q '2ijq
to stick to stick to be to widen to to turn to to leave
to; be (some- wide turn (some- remain; (behind)
affized to thing) to; thing) to be :
to affi x left
(some- (behind) !
thing)
'------·····---·· ---------··· --------------- ----·-··-·····------ - -- - --------
£1~ .gj~Oll <1!~ ~§ ~ EH£ l::t~1117ll ~ Li q.
Causative expressions are formed in t he following ways. The action, or intransitive, forms of verbs given in
the sentences on the right are changed to the appropriate causative forms in the sentences on the left.
(1)
(2) .=s:.
C> C>
(3) A~ .=s:.
C>C>
~ 7 ]c}
2 A~:i!~ TII~2.l ~EH 7 ~ ~~ ~~OI7~Lf ~ ~ ~AI 'ri~ ~~0112.~5:. A~ ~EH~ ~~<'>P.il f>~.::L!. ~~
([H:: '-0~/~ ~q· ~ ~<E:l Liq.
Regardless of whether the causative and passive forms of a verb are the same, it is possible to make it
unambiguously causative by adding - Of/OJ ;;;;.q.
~Ojl :Y:AE<;JOI \:'JOI ~Oj '1/Cf A-j~ ~£.~ ~D~Cf lji.A E <;J~ ~O i ef
to entrust
~
..
)- '
'f)0.
..
-
J
u:'
(4~
.. , · ,_. :::. .
1 Ol IE~:= <Wt! .A.PsOlllll Oj't] ~~~ f>~~~ .A.Iflct~ QjDI£ ~.A.~ Cl-@-011'-lll f>~cV ~ ~Oj .A.~g[Lict.
A~A~~ ITH ~ 'N10 I/7~ N~/~ V- lll f>~ct'£ .A.~f>~I!. E~~.A.~~ ITH ~ 'N10 I/7 ~ N20lllll V-lll f>~ct'£
.A.~g[Li q.
This expression is used to indicate t hat the subject makes someone else do some behavior. It is formed
by adding - /ll 5fC.t to the verb stem. With intransitive verbs N10I/7t N 2~/~ V-/ll 5fC.t is used, w hile with
transitive verbs N1 0I/7t N20ll/ll V-Jil5fC.t is used.
:rl~lll i;~q
A/V *llll iitq
* lq
... -·· ·········- .......
~- ········ ·--~---- -------·---- -- --- ---·····-·-····---- ------·-·······-------·----·--··-
3 Ol .H.~~ OjCt"! A~'MO I Oj~ ~!H5 ~ 5f-E ~~ 5~~5~7-jq 51~5~A:I ?J:::q::: .2.I DI.S:. ~~Li q. OI[H '-Jil
5~q'.£1 '5~q·::: '5~~5~q'.£1 2.JO J7~ ~Lief.
This expression can also refer to a person either giving or not giving another person permission to do
something. In this case, the ofCf part of - 711ofCf actually carries the meaning of Oj~fef (permit) .
• .!f-.2.~ .':_ 7.~] 7} ~;;:: '1] * Lf7}'l] t>K:J.<>JJl. My parents won 't let me leave the house late at night.
1 Oj~ A~'MOI Ojrt"! ~(5~ 5~A: I l'ilil ~cf-E .2.IDI£ A~W llH ::: ·~ -7il5~q'£ A~~Liq.
When used to indicate the prohibition of some action by somebody, the form ~ - 7'11 ofCf is used.
2 '-.S:.~ 5~q·q '-lil '2!~q·.s:. '- Jil 5~q·2.~ l::ll ~~ QJD I£ A~~Liq.
Two variants of this expression, -£~ ofCf and - 7'11 rel~Cf. can also be used to express the same
meaning as - 7'11 5fCf.
• ~ttl »-1:: 0 }0 *
17} P r '#"11 l-}-7}7-JI ~o;..a..
*
= ~ ttl »-1:: r l7r P r '#"11 Y.7rs:..~ ~o;..a..
0 0
~Atq ~~Atoll '-OI/o l/2.1/7 1/~/~-· ~ ~OI7~q '-7-ll otCV~():j At§~ ~c:::: -?,:!~ ~AI~ Ct§:ilt
~~ ~tol7r cv-;;;;Lict.
While the causative can be formed by either adding -01/oi/2.1/71/Ef./~- or -711 ofCf to verbs and adjectives,
these forms are different in the following ways.
-0 l/151/2.1/71/~/ff$--
(1) '-0 1/oi/2.1/71/Ef./~-·E ~.!¥ 80i011'2.f A~LICf. (1) '-711 ofCFE- £-§ 8 0i011 A~ 4- ~B'LICf.
o1/ol/2.1/7 1/.!p---, and -~-can only be used with -711 ofCf can be used with all verbs and
some verbs and adjectives. adjectives.
(2) ~QI ?Oj7f e~ §~ 017i Lf 5HAi ~~~'2.! ~~ (2) ~QI -'?Oi7f W~ 5HAi .:J. AICMOI ~~ of.S:.~ of
~CfE- ~~ LfEf't!JLICf. E- ~££ -'?Oi7f ~~ tt]jloi-E ~g of't;JLICf.
This indicates that the subject of the sentence The subject of the sentence verbally makes
performs some direct action, such as, the use someone else do something; the subject has
of the hands. no direct physical connection to the action .
.... 'Ejof}f ~ §~OlAi O fO I ~ ~ 7 1-E- ~~~'2.! ... 'Ejo j-E -§~O I A: I 'rJ.:il OfOIOI1711 W~ ofOl Of017f
~~~Lief. ~E- ~ Wll ~Lief. ~~~££~ofA: I 'Gl
The mother uses her hands to directly -§Lic.t.
perform the action of wash ing the child. The mother tells the child to wash himself
without physically doing the action herself;
the mother is not directly involved.
1)
3)
(1"-' 5) c.j-g [5!7I]Oli.A.i ~gt:: 80i~ ~~~ '-OI/ol/~1/71/~/~-·q '-7il o-~q·~ .A.~iiH.A.i cH:2:~
~{1-o~AiiR.
I
!
Lf oj Qf~ .2.71~%
-(.Q.),t.i]il..
6 CD 0]-u-]7-] ~ ::<il7r *
.g..~-6-}71] -6-J-AilJi..
~ ::<ilL.] »-1~ 0r 0l ~ 0l 711 <fJ% Cj- o} 711 i>HJi..
@ ~ ~ »-1~ ~1J ~ ~~ .A-j rr:j-X~ %0l L}.2_711 ~ o-j Ji..
® -3f\1 Oil c.fL.J ~ :§:J.AJ-Oil .Ai ~ :3J-%! ~ ~ t>J-AJ * ~ 71]77]-7-J <?d ~711 i>HiL.
180
II~
(fa),
7f ~~ Q} -?-j).i .Jlu}-?=l. op:ry7!} l=j.!f- ~ ~ -3:1
~0 }. ~tl if-11-.5:. c}).1 <)}.Jl ~.Jl.
Thanks for visiting me while I'm sick. I hurt so much. I want to play
basketball again soon.
W* 9)7-1.
That's why you need to get well soon. No matter what you want to
do, you have to be healthy to do it.
-OUOiO~
.. ····-·-····-··- -.___.....·~---
.3.q
A -OUOiO~
~q
.. ······ ·········· -·--··· ......................................
7 ~q
v -OUOiO~
Qjq
7~*o 1q 7~*0j0~
NOiq
.2.1~~o1q .2.l~~ OIOjO~
--·--- ------------------
7~AI ~o ~o~
v r;!:jJ;:I ~o ~o~
Only a person who has majored in math can solve that problem.
1 '-0~/0iOt'~ ~~oH-"1 .H.~o~.Jl {,!~ rrH::: '-J;:I' ~ ~0:1 '-0~/0iO tJ;:I'q ''2.!' ~ ~0:1 '-OUOiOt'2.!'.Q£
-"i"§af71.S:: g,t-Ljq _.:J.2.iq '-OUOiOtJ;:I'::: -9-£ ~WOll-"1 I'iOI -"1-§a~.Jl '-0 ~/010t'2.!' ::: ~.H.go 1q
5!..:ilA10ll-"1 -9-£ _A_i"§g)"Liq.
To emphasize the meaning of -Of/OiOt, either - A: I can be added to form - Of/OiOtA:I, or '2! can be added to
form - Of/OiOt'2!. Note, however, that -O f/OiOtA:I is generally used in casual conversation while -O f/OiOt'2!
is generally used in speeches and reports .
5 Ol R~:= ~~~OU Oi't! 3:!~ oH.S:. ~~~.Q.j ~21-E O~.!:f- ~§OI ~711 %1~ ~~ ITH A~5~7I.S:.
~Li q. 'O ~.!:f-2.1 - Of/Oi.S:.. -0~/0i ~.Af'.2.~ ~:= 5.':~ A~gj'Li q.
This expression can also be used to indicate the futility of expecting the result described in the following
clause regardless of what action is described in the preceding clause.
(2) 7~ ..!f-2.] ~.li!. oJ:.:r~o1 o1Jtl t:R~011 -"l ~ ~ g YJ- 9- ~gll}-..9..? (.A]-%lg o}7!1t:J-)
q AE.oj1
).~
'-'-'2
-cRt>~
'-'-
~{Jii1 <?=J'-'-tl
A<)R).l 100 At;l- A Ol ..Q..
2.IM 2
7jyt:J-.
If you don't want to go, then you don't have to. I'll go by myself.
7~ *
015!-, 0 1
:Q-A1Jl?
~ IIlJ_a? Al 011~1 <i} ~%2.] ~ ~
Dear, how are these clothes? Wouldn't you agree they're not really
my style?
Ol .R~ ~ ·~~~2.1 Oj'tj ~01 A~£. ~~£1'2:!'2.1 ~~ qE~~ Liq, 5!~ ~WOiiAi Al'§gj"Liq.
This expression has a meaning of "if the statement (in the preceding clause) is actually true, then ... "
It is generally only used in casual conversation.
- 7i:::
.3.q
A/V -7i:::
~q
MOiq
NOiq (0 1)7-f:::
~~\::JOiq
- -- -...... ..,_,_-
, - ----------- ........... - - -·--·-·------·--·-·---·--·· -
• tlj-llll;;zj ~~ ~ ~7(1- ~\fJ.]t:f.
If you're not busy, then let's meet for a bit.
g:g %l!"Oil ;...1-§-o~ '-7-J :::':ilf g:g2.l -fg0il ;...1-§-o~ '-7-l§R)'~ ~EH~ l:ll~ of:AI~ 2.1o1 ~ Of? ci--§-
Licf.
The meaning of the -7+§ form which occurs mid-sentence is very different from the -7i§ form which occurs
in the sentence-final position.
-7-j :::(R)
(2) ~:c!~ qEf~LICf. (2) WOre .A.~'i!.!" ore Ol~ 'Y~ [[H.A.f§.~LICf.
Expresses a conditional statement. Used to express a reason known only by the
speaker.
7f 2ll ~ g ~ ~oJJl?
-+ .g:g 8 l..f0ll .A.f§.£1~2.0l WOre .A.~o I -9t!"~ q l:IR7l- .:il~7.l ?J-ri.§.Jl.
<2.! ~:c!~ R~of.:il <]JgL!Cf. -+ .g:g2.J ~011 .A.f§.£1~2.0l ~~ QJ::q ue o 1~
Used mid-sentence and expresses the on CHiiH cHcg~ f;f.:il ~gLICf.
speaker's subjective condition. Used at the end of the sentence, here
the speaker is expressing the reason why
he/she is not eating.
·-- -- - - ----·- - ·--------- ·---------
1 7~ _a~ -¥-2..] ~ "6~).i llj~~ ~ {fo}Jl.
Lf .::::Z.t!11Jl? llJ~<5}~ ~ ..2.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-2-<5};.i1Jl.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
7f uj2.]7} o} n:t;J]S..
(1)
q tJicjl~ O~Eli1§. o] <2{% .E.Ai _!rl_).i]Jl.
5)
1
Lf ~O ~R --------------------------------------
CD 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o j ~ ~ 9- <V,~ 3:! ~-o}.fi.
(?) 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o1cj-S:. ~ 9- '&i ~ 3:! ~o}.fi.
Q) 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o10io]: ~ 9- <V_~ 3:! ~o}_B_
@ 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o1~ ~ ~ 9- <V_~ 3:! ~o}_B_
CD *:A1 ~J-o}oj: ~ 9- <V_ ~ ~ oJ1.B.. (?) *:A1 <(l ~ "GJ1 S:. ~ 9- <V_ ~ ~ oj].B..
@ *:A1 ?£~ 1):!-<>11 ~ 9- <V_~ ~ojj.fi. @ *:A1 i>£~ lfr~<>11 ~ 9- <V_~ ~oJ1.fi.
190
7~ ~~ »-1 ~ .AcJW 0 }~ :111Bt ~ .:;:! ~o}Ji..
Hoyeong really seems to know a lot.
OI.R~~ ·~'@~2.1 LH-§12.!"01 o~LI .JJ. ~'@~2.1 LH-§OI 7 ~2.1 7 1:::: ~77~:AI~ cio~O:I'2.~ ::: 2.101 ~ LfE~~ [H .A.~
~Liq. '12.)"'~ {!l~o~O:I '-( 0 )2 ~ O~LI2.F2.1 ~EH~ .A.~gLiq.
This expression is used to indicate that "not only what is stated in the preceding clause, but also what is
stated in the following clause". This expression can also be used without ~ as in -{.£)2 ~ OfLI2.f.
7f 0
J=7J ».]~ tl-j~t:.j- .7.]<5}-~ ~ .7.]-? Efl-]- !i!.}Jl.
It seems you (Yang Gang) takes the subway more than the bus.
1 O l ~~ {:!~~01 ~~~~ LH~OI'i:! ~~~£ ~~~~ LH~~ Mil, {:!~~01 ¥~~~ LH~O I 'i:!
~~~£ ¥~~~ LH~~ MiOt ~Liq.
When using this expression, if the preceding clause is a positive statement, then the following clause
must also be a positive statement, and vice versa.
• Jf-2.] {!,"'. ~.i:i!.C>l] .-l.i 7}711-& ~~ o}y 2.]- o}-'? .-1.]112:J~lR. (x)
- Jf-2.] {! .'?. ~.ill.oj].-l.i 7}711-& ~~ o}y2.]- o}-'? ~%"8llJl. (o)
2 Ol If.~ ~ '-( 0 )2 ~'2! O ~LI2.f' Ef-1011'A/V-7 I77f.AI5fef'. 'A/V-71£ 5fcf. 'Nllf.AI A/V' ~£1 If.~O I
.2.71£ ~LI q_
The expressions NV-7 17Jf;l:l '6fef. NV-71.5:. '6fCf, and N77f;l:l NV are often used in clauses following
-(.2.)2 ~'i:_f OfLI2.f.
XIOt JJ.I
AH£~l! ~A~
~Ail::ll.6
(4) 7f 211 4-~ »-1 ~ ~ ~Y.Ji..? (A}7] o] oj:7]~ i>}q I A}cJ"S:. ?J-o] i>}q )
Lf 4-~ »-1::::= ~J-'-J
otq.Jl .AlA]
~ n oJ-o}Ji..
\.0 •
Ol3:!~ t!~~2.1 ~o1q ~EHOil.$~~2.1 §:Qolq ~EH7 ~ c-JoH:A~Ai ~Ol 'a~ qE~~ rrHA~~Li q. '-( 0
Lj~ Cilq'~ W~ * ~~Lj q_
This expression indicates t hat t he action or state in the following clause occurs in addition to t hat stated ~
the preceding clause. The form -{2.)L / E [ilq can also be used.
-2 Cilq7~
A
:Q~ CiiCP~
\-----··-············-·---··-·----·-----~---········---- ··-···-···~---········--------
.z! cilcm
~ ~ CiiCP~
v
7 f-E Cil cp ~
~ ~ CiiCP~
~o1q ~CZJc-ncm
~{!!O i q 2t{!l'Z.! cilcm
'-'-----''-·------ ---··· ... - --------·------· ·-----·-·- - · -
Lf ::2 m]:§:j-~ ,'?_ i):01 l:l1{1- ~Jlq7} ~5:. ~.£.. <j- ~o};,4 7-1 ~ 71£1 <j- 7}.fl_,
Not only are the prices at that department store high, but the quality (of the products) is also not very good,
so I rarely go there.
q o1 ;,~ 1J.o 1llllj 7} ffi-o1 ~ !::: t;J1-cf7} 1tS:.-!f..t=:.cj~;,4 o}o1 ~o 1 ~ 71 011 ~o}.fl_,
This fish doesn't have many bones, and moreover, it's tender, so kids generally like it.
1 O I.H.~~ -t:j~~J!f *~~2.1 ? OPf ~OfO ~ g[Liq. .:J.2.I.:il -t:j~~J!f *~~2.1 LH.g.OI A.i.£ <§Jt!"~
~ 7f:A:I.:il <1!0-l '.:J.2HA.i'Lf '.:J.2.iLI7Jf'£ ~~oHA.i ~~~ 'M~-* <1!0-10~ grLiq.
This expression requires that the subjects of the preceding and following clauses be the same. Moreover,
both of the clauses must be related and be able to be connected by .:J.2.H)..i or .:J.2.i LI7Jf to state a
conclusion.
2 ~A.f£ A.f.g.~ rrH :: 'Ollq7 f' ~ A.f.g.~ * ~=c~l OlrrH:: -t:!~oi-E ~A.fOll q:= ~A.f7 f Ci oHA:I7~Lf
~I~ IE.fq:: ~~ LfE.P~Li q.
When used with a noun, OiiCf7f is used to indicate the adding of a noun in the following clause to that
mentioned in the first clause, as if making a list. It can also be used to indicate the location in which
something is done or placed .
197
1 7f
q
7}77}-g. o}E.£ lf:lo1 ~~t;l] .2)1
t:H~ ~<?1 oR?.Jo1 %{:!o1 w~
~ t:H~ ~<{]
Ellrt7r ,.
uR?.J77}::Z.1 ::z.r? 7}J.i1.R?
I
Q\~~10
....\llWg
--
large-scale discount store/outlet
7f7Jjg Of§£ 'CJOI CU-EC-li2H '2::! CH~ ~J DH~lJfXI CH~ ~ DH~OI ~:c!OI i'JCf I 7f~S:. .uf.A.-j
Xf-9- 7fef J;:f-9- 7fef
7f77jg ~~ tti.6.7f <lif=C-11 2H '2::! C-li7JfJ;:I 7f.A:j Alo~O I HHfsCf 177H~oH.A.i J;:f-9- Efef
Alo~~Efef
2 7f lfl01 ~ ~ o-j.ft?
q 1;]1, '?l 0 1 Y- ~ E11rt7r 71 ~.£ W0 1 t.f.Ai ~ ~ o-].R.
(3) 7f LJ1~£0i1 7}-9- 7}J.11_g_? (~ ,<?_ J-}'Ef~ 01 Wt:f I -=g-<fls:_ W01 -6}t:f)
Lf ~1. 7.}-? 7}_fl._,
(4) 7f _g_~ {..~ 0 1 W01 \:tt:f.:L~- "5TI_fl._. (~ 0 1 ~~-61-t:f I e1s:. ..2.~%<?.!- <?.!- ..2.t:f)
Lf ~1. {..~ 0 1 W01 Y-!= :J! :Qo}_fl._,
- - - -- - - - - -- - -- - - ~ 71 7} L-P?- ~ ~ o]_fl._,
(1) 7f ..2. ~ 7-14- »-171- ~sJ ~ \!!t:fli:!J--j_fl._? (1 '; ~ 9:1ir:t I ~s:. ~q)
q ~1. 1%% c5_t "{;lrcnr %.:@-~ tl!Orf-i ~sJ Y1 C;].:L~-_fl._.
(4) 7f 7.} J-J-ER 7} ~.£ <?.!- ~,<?_ :J! :Qo}_fl._, (10\101 \:j~q I~~ ;_J-ERS:. <?.!- ~q)
Lf ~o}_fl._, - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - -
(5) 7f _fl._~ 0}2l:l}01E ~ -6}.:LI_ <V,o-J _fl._? (J-}.:LI_ -}J,<?_ %~01 <V.r:t I ~5:. ~ _fl._(5-}q)
q 1.:J1, o} 2l:l}OlE ~ -BTI_fl._.
7~ _AjW 0 1 l-}'E}-~ .2. 2 J.i1R?
So you don't really know who that person is?
01 IE~:= ·q~ ?.:!:=. ~-EOI.JJ. 7 ~~ 7JgoJ £1~ ?.:!~·2.~~ 2.JDI~ qE~~ rrH .Af%~Lief. 5!.~ ~-o ~ .A~EJ"O I
__N
_l ___________~~~----------·------·-- O j ~ ~j: ~
2 Ol~~ '7Jf:XI'q '5:.'2f l::lf%1-;;:;-"?- <X};;;;LICf. .:J.~:XI'2! '±5::f'~ ·~IQ.,t-2.1 ~'OI2.f~ L7~01 <X};;;,LICf.
The expressions 77f;I:J and .S:. can be substituted for _:::::_j:f. However, it should be noted that _:;:::_:i': f carries the
added nuance of "the worst possible case" .
• 7.-JI .:?:7}-2- 5{f~r:-j] S:. 7.-j]7} '?l% -"?-.:?:~} ~ g_ ~.££ o}~ 7'1..11.
Even though my nephew is just a 5-year-old kid, he's so big that I cannot even hold him.
q t:J1. wor
Jl. 7-1] ~F? ~ 1t} t>lls.. ~ »-1 o:J Ci o
L§ 1
c} t4 ~o-j Jl.
Yes, you're right. Even just among my friends (without having to
consider anyone else), many have done so.
..
· ·· · · · · · -- -~ - - - ~- - - · · ·- - --· .. ..
- -- -· - - · -- -· ·· ·· "· ·- ~-- - ~- - -- ···~ · · -··---~~- ~ ~-- - -~~-~-----~-~--~- - -~--· ··-·· -···- ···- - · ·- -
~ .:r-121 5H.S:.
N
.2. ~ 121 5H.S:.
• ~{! »-] 7} s~ ;Aclw ~{J i5] ~¥i5R= ~ {{o}s. Oi 7-~] !fr <5Jl£ WlOJ-]77}7-1 £J-f8-oJ1J-i ~¥
'5}G1 c.}JL.Il.
It looks like Minseon is really studying hard these days. Yesterday alone (without having to consider any
other days) she studied until 10 at night at the library.
• iL~,<:_ ~-3j-6}717}o-jaj~_B_. A~128-A~tli-<5Jl£ 2\:J.~ -3j:AJ-~ *-=t--8-}.Jl <V_7-):=iL.
It's hard to find a job these days. Even my sister without the need to consider anyone else hasn't been able
to land a job for two years now.
• ;.~~J:J17} ~o}t-j- mo1 c ~7-1 %2fiL. .ii!.-*J:J1tR <5Jl£ ~ ~oj115~ %)_ :Aj£7} ~0-]iL.
The cost of living is so expensive. My transportation expenses alone (without the need to consider anything
else) cost about 150,000 won a month.
- - - - - -- - - - - - - --
OI.±E~::_ :i!~7~£1.g%)-:i!~ 't.!cH£1~ .g%)-~ .±E~%1" rrH.s=. Aj-g.gj"Li q . <£lOll~ ~.gAl-l!~ LfE~LH ~ '§I"OI
2...:il ·~~ 5H.'I.'£1 ~EH.£ '['iOI Aj-g.g[Liq.
This expression can also be used to express a situation that is opposite to what was the case in the past.
In such cases, a time word is often followed by ~~ <>H.S::., an alternate form of this expression.
Lf W0riL. ~ \:1 ~tll- <511.£. 0 1~711 ~71 ~ '8 ~ -oN::- ;,pg-o1?£01 ~~~~1iL .
.Rg fP I ~01 if.~Oief ~\::!~I 01~711 f:!71 ;'r(§~ 51-e A~O I t'JOI '6i~Cf
j_f7f ~W ~0 1 ~~~cf A:I\:±\!:!Oil %':~ llH I 0 1 ~711 '21 ~~~q
~511 21~~ ~o I ~ q -Q\::1 I 0 1 ~711 2l~l::ll7 f ~01 ~A: I 'Gs~~q
(5) 7~ o}~~ 1£l.A1 <?£~ ~).~~ 0 1 ~~ ~ .Jl <V_J:Rk. (.Jl~~).~~ A~1 ~7})
q 7-j~ .=z.tt} ~ {[o}_B_, o}~ ~ 01£j~k.
206
7~ * '%] _2__£ o:j <%' ~ ~ 7-j cxj] Jl?
Are you going to take a trip to Europe?
q 1;]], * ojj
7-j cxj]Jl.
'%] 7 N::- ~ ojj PoojJ ~ 21 A
l ~ 7 ~ 1?}\t
:: ~011
2 ' ::::~%Oil '~ 1:11:::::~ 2.Jo l ~c~l O I.R~~ §J...~2.1 A~IQf ~01 :;q~7jl J...I-§W * ~A I '2.! ' :::: ~Oil'
:::: 4-£ '7~Cf. '.2.Cf . •q7 ~q·2.~ ~~ Ol-§-2.1 2.JOIJ~ ~:::: §J...~2.f ~lJil AA~Liq_
The expression ::: S:.%011has a meaning similar to ::: ~Oil, but there are no restrictions on what verbs
it can be used with. ::: ~Oil, on the other hand, is generally only used with verbs indicating physical
movement, such as 7fef, 2.Cf, and Lf7fef.
Here, ::: ~Oil cannot be used because the verb is not one of movement, such as 7fef. 2.Cf. or Lf7fCf.
Here, ::: ~Oil could be used because the verb is one of movement, such as 7fef. 2.Cf. or Lf7fef.
7f J * ~<>itiJ.i it<>iJl?
Lf ~ OlJ _2:!::: ~ ofl A JAJ"OlJAi it<>i Jl. 7~ 2Hj:~ client (of a business)
~g3 fq to visit
The sentence is ungrammatical because the subject of ~~7f ~.gqq is ~:2.f. So it has a different
subject from the preceding clause.
~
1 7f ~:A~] ~ q ~o-J.fL? •[ 93 )1
o~2.1~ cfj:ICf
Cf2.1 ~ Qj:IQ 7118-§ LH2.:17fQ I DITI2:lXICf
~7~-§Qj:IQ :ilf~-§ ??.fef I ~-§ t!jiQ
(4)
7. {17 ~ ~;Jo-JJl?
Lf otL.JJl, - - -- - :J._~ ~ e>i1 no-JJl.
' 2
q O ~LI£, - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - --
CD '£ 2<5}-~).-j J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]J.-j ~o].fL
<6> '£2W lillt:ll ;..r 7}-:A] JI 7}-).-j :§"1J..roJl).-1 ~Oi.fL
® '£ 2 <5N=- ~ oj] J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]).-j Q:j oj.fL
@ '£ 2 <S"jt £%oJl J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]).-j q:j oj.fL
7~ £H£?
A-I~~Oll 0-1~ 711 7 ~0~
q O:IJ IOliA-1 _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
214
Did you get a lot of sightseeing done today?
Ol R~::: ~~~£1 ~EH2f t:il::;::~ 1-2~ 1¥-~~£1 ~8~ <SP~Lf ~01 {!l ~ [H ;_~gtLICf. '-{ 0 )2 ~~·
-(0 )2 ~~
~ ~~
A/V -(.£)2 ~~
~ ~~~
How did the glass window break? Did someone get in a fight?
Ol .R~~ .3.7lq *· Y.2.1 .2.1 DI ~ s.t::: ~AI-OII ~OI.A.i Ollt! 3;101 .:::1. ~.A.~2.~ i::!l.lll~~ ITH~~ .3.7 IOIJ~q
~~ ~.£~~ qE~~ ITH .A.~~Lic.L 'N'2.!" fi~q· EE::: 'N'2.!" ~ N'.2.1 ~EH£ '[liOI .A.~~LI CL
Used w ith nouns denoting a size, number, or amount, this expression indicates that the noun under discussion
is approximately the same in size, amount, or degree as the noun. It is usually used in the form N't! ofq or
N't! ~ N.
N
-9-~ '2.!" fi~q
-------~-----------------~------··--------------:__ ____________________________ _
o .JI-8"J=oj] ~1.:: {jS:. 7<.] ~ ~.Jl 9) ~ ~ 3.7] ~ "3fiA.
My house back home is just as big as the one I'm living in now.
o o}_lf-cj 3?:lti xS:. ~ ~ ~ x~ 'il;tOiA. ~7] ~ "6~.5:. ..<f-cj {lo] 7-~]~ 3?:lt>~.B...
No matter how comfortable a place may be, nowhere beats home. It may be small, but our house is the
coziest.
(I) was so surprised that my heart shrank to the size of a bean. (= be terrified; be scared stiff)
• ~~ ~ oj-~7} 'ait:.J-.
No younger brother is wiser than his older brother.
• 7Joj-:<.] 3.7 ] ~ ~ 9J
A rat as big as a puppy.
\____ -- -
~~7~c
- -
-------- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- --
E~
- - - - ----
~~.1J.2.I
-- - - -
~ Oj~ W~ l
----- -------------------------------------------------------- ./
Sorry. These days, I don't have enough free time to see a movie.
O I.R~~ {:!~~.2.1 ~@-:ilf .gEH7 f -¥-~~:ilf t~l;:gt~ .R~W rrH J.-j%~LICf. ~J.-f2.f ~01 J.-i%W rrH::: {:!~~
-( 0) L /';::./ (2.) 2 ~E
3.Cf e ~s
A -(O)L ~E
~q ~~~a
~ ~a
1£1 ~ ~a
v
~ ~a
Dl2.1j -(o)2 ~a
1£1 ~ ~a
------ - - - - - - - - · -- ···-····--···· .
N
"=-====~·--~ -~---· -----
To the extent that you pay for it, you should receive good service.
~
1 7f ::L ~:§:}7} W"oJ ~~ e>l.R? •[ 99 ) 1
(5) 7~ Al ~ o]-3!o] c-j -wor .!i!o] ~t:i] :§:19 ».] ~ e>i~ 7Jl c-j ~o}-ll?
q o]-3!£ ~o}- .!i!O:]ll. Al ~ o]~~ 1[ClJ1l.
Lf wo ~R
------------------------------------
CD ~o}%717]- ~ ~ OioF ~o ] ~cj-il.. ~ ~o}%7]7]- ~ ~ :Aj.££ ~o1 ~cj-il..
@ ~0}%717]- ~ := l)!-oj] ~o1 ~cj-il.. @ ~o}%7] 7]- ~ ~ Ei]'-1 77]- ~o1 ~cj-il..
:.2-
May we look at that newspaper over at the entrance to the subway?
'0~¥· ::: ~~C>I Oi't! -3:!~ ~~Ci~AI ?i".JJ.. ~~ ITH .A.I-§"61-E -3:!~ .A.~E!"Oiq .A.I 2~ 7~2.1~ rrH .A.I'§-gJLiq.
.A.I-§£1::: ~.A.fOll rr~2.~.A.i g-g-Oji.A.i .£12.J DI 7~ ~2.~A I :::c·JI .A.~Et~ 7 ~2.1~ rrH::: 'O ~Ef.q' EE::: ·o ~Ef,.s=.'~ 'C;tOI ~
q q_ 'O~Ef.Lf::: 'Oi't! .A.I-E!"OI~AI ~t!"OI ~cf::: ~OI.JJ.. 'O~Ef,.s=.' ::: ·~ .A.I-Et.s=. ~q·::: ~01 ~ Li q. 'O~Ef._s=.'
::: ~~~Oll .!¥~ .R~O I ~Li q.
The word Of¥ is used to express the not choosing of any specific thing in the sense of "any" (e.g., anything,
anyone). Depending on the particle that follows it, it can either refer to people or things. To refer to people,
t he word O f~Lf is used to indicate "anyone" or "anybody", while Of~.S:. is used to indicate "no one" or
"nobody". Note that a negative expression must follow the use of Of.!f!..S:..
(2) 7f i:J l:J1c.J\:l , .2.~ .7.~]7]- ~AJ Z}- ).j-o]01] ~}.g.;.}~ ~~o-].fL?
Lf 0 }1-J, ~ ~~~t:iJ.
Ol .H.~~ Oj~ ~0 1 ~l-t!2.1 ~.s=. O~Lijl ~~A'E:1J:I~ ?J.AI~ t!!fi::: ~.s=.2.1 ~~-t!~~~ LIE~~ [H .A.I§gj"Liq.
~2.ljl ~~5~7il-t!~5~jl {4:: ~01 ~~ rrH. o~!f.7~LI -t!~oH.s=. t!!fi:~ [H .A.I§5PI.s=. gtLjq_
This expression is used to indicate that although something is not really one's first choice, it is fine as the
second-best option. This expression is also used when the speaker wants to express a view that anything is
fine because he/she does not have any particular preference in mind.
~.2:~q
N ! (ol)q
~ O IL~
__
.............. __)__ -· . .. ..---·-..--.. - - - -
'(OI)Lf'~ q :.; il~ ftO I t'~~ 2.1017~ <ll~ ~~2.I:Ai l'iS:.~ ~Qjo~.A.I7 II::l~'EJ'Liq.
The expression (ol)q can carry a number o f different meanings as described b elow. It is important to learn
them well to avoid confusion.
(2) .:J.. ~OI Oll.g£1~ ~5:.~ 'S CX,t7~Lf ~-Z{.!i!,q t'i:.;~ LfEf'gj ITH.A.~gj-Liq.
Used to indicate that the amount of something is more than expected .
I was hungry and ate (as many as) three bowls of rice.
(3) ~~~2.1 ~5:. O~LI.:il. '2!~A~:A I ~ l'i:AI'2! .W=ti~ ~5:.2.1 j:~~~~ ~ LfEf'gj ITH .A.~gj-Liq.
Used to indicate that while something may not be the best choice, it is satisfactory as the second-best
option.
~~OICf :g I ~qq
,---------------···-·-····-------------------- ··-----------------·------------------··------------·-·--- -
f!b ~~ <i?3.2J ~*OI qg ~~ ~-=?-
\...______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(4) 7f ~4- ».]i>j-Jl CJi ~ 7-j]~ oj] t:lji>~A~ Q.Ji=-"5~ °F "%[ Jffit:1] ~Ai] ~1-}A]il..?
'(01)2.~.s=.·::: Oj2.i 7~:AI80i1Ai .::J.-3:!01 7~~ org011 ~:A I ::: \?l 0 Lf .::J.iC!CH£ .f!!'fJ::: -?.:!~ -t:!~W rrH;,.~~Li ef.
''2.!0 12.~£'. '!f.Ei 2.~£'. '( 0 )£2.~5:.', 'Oil/ii/~E:il2.~£', '0112.~5:.', 'OjiJ,.-j2.~£', '5~~2.~£'xi ~ ~),.~2.~ gj"7Jll A~~
4- <;]~Lief.
The expression (OI)2.f.S:. is used to indicate the speaker's choosing of something that will suffice even thougr
it is not the best option among t he available choices. It can be used in combination w ith a number o'
particles, such as in '2!0I2.f.S:.. ~Ej2.f.S:.. (.£).£2.f.S:.. O!l7li/~Eil2.f.S:.. Oll2.f.S:.. O!IAi2.f.S:.. and a f-"22.f£ .
~:2:~2.~5:.
N ( 0 I) 2.~.s=.
~ 0 12.~£
• .:::L~:lj] *!.A] ?:.f.TI. ~~ oj-t(! o-j ~Jj] t>Rit? o:j 7] ?)-oj-J-4 ~7(!-o] c}.£ % *1-"ilit.
How can you work all the time and never take a rest? Please have a seat here and rest (even for) a little while
• ~{lo] -%-¥-tl-ct.TI. t>R~.:l!.. ..2.. ~ 5:. ~oj-l:l-j~o-Jit. LJ1~-¥-E1 2f.£ ~{J oj oHo~~o-J it.
I said I was going to study hard, but I played around again today. I'll have to work hard from tomorrow.
• CZJ9 ~~!:: .!f-2 ~ 01cj-..S:. ~ 9 ~!:: J-}'i:fo loJISL . .::J.2-] 1.-]77} ~Jl W'~ 5!!-i].fl...
Yeongsu is someone who can do any job no matter what. That's why you should trust him (with this job).
I intend to talk to whoever I reach first. It doesn't matter who (that person is).
~.Q.j Oll~~ ~~ 'OjL ~~·. 'Oj't! ~t. 'Oj't! ~·. '-9:-?~.AI' 2!f, o~~7~.AIOI 71 rrH~Oll .gttOI ~q:: .Q.j
Oj~LJq.
The examples above mean "no matter what place", "no matter w hat one says", "no matter what the task",
and "no matter who", respectively, and thus they all basically mean "the same (result) regardless of ..."
tll..2.=-11
on i2 , tr ...u..,
I>?
~1~2.1 3:!01 gj,£~ LfDi:XIo'= 2.~ ~7 1 [[Hg011 :1 c~ ~~2.1 3;!0 I gj,71 [[HgOJJ .:::1. C~££ ~g 3:!-§ ~~~ [[H
Olio'= Oj'tj 3;!~ ~~i>H.S:. t!j{'JCfE QjOJ ~LJ Cf. .A.I§~Li q. ~. O~Oll !::..'= 3:!011 CH~ .A.-j~-§ L/£f~ ~
This means that if the best choice is not available, .A.I§ot.'= 3:!~Li q.
then all the other options are basically the same, This is used w hen choosing the next best option
so any of the available options are fine. when the best choice is not available. As such, it is
used w hen ranking the available options.
~ :XI5 7~ Qj.:il ~g ~~ ~01 gj,£~ 2.f~O I§ -+ ~0 1 gj,£~ .:::1. C~££ Qj.:il ~g 3;!01 2.f~O I 2.fo'=
q~ 3;!01§ {.J't!-OI gj,~ .:J.'c)' 2.f~-§ Qj~Cfo'= QjOJ~LJq. ~OjJ 2.f~.S:. gj,.:il.:J. C~OjJ Qj.:il ~g
QjOJ~LICf. 3;!01 \£lOI2.f~ '2.f~.S:. gj,£~ \£lOI2.f.S:. Qj-§2.H.'2.f.:il
This means that if the item the speaker ~~ * <1!§LJq .
most wants to eat-rice-is not available, then This means that if rice is not available, then the
noodles or something else will be fine. Thus, speaker w ants to eat noodles as his/ her second
the speaker is simply stating an intention to choice. If, by chance, noodles are also not
eat noodles. available, then the speaker could say 2.f~.S:. gj,
£~ \£lOI2.f.S:. QJ-§2.11 to indicate a third choice.
- - - - ____ , ____ __ ______
. , --·- - · -..--..-
1 7f ~~ 7fl<?j~Oil J..}'f:f0 ] W0 ] Q}o~ w"'ill~] ~ ~J#Oil <Cl_~o] ca ~J..-j
Z:J Aa o 1OilR.
Lf .::J.~. <Cl~-8 J..}if:folc}.£ ~ _2_2-}.Jl "5'}J,i]R.
.5f-2.1 01-§0I DH~ ~711 ~S?.Cf ~Oll ~71 1 ~Oi~ rrH-E t:!£f I i5f2.fj! i5fef
~~ £~011 lll~ ~ i£-Ecil LH~.s=. o~ oHot c5fef ~~ .A.!Lf I Lfefj! i5fef
(2) 7f ~<Cl¢i ::_ .2.-f- ~Jl -g <{j_¢i ~ ~7-]-~ 7]- 'Xl ~ t:i]£.. (%<Cl¢i 7-J-~)
Lf ~ 4- ~7-]£. . .:Lif:j 9--"il£..
(4) 7f Al ~ ~l:lJ ~ )..~ oj-Jl 2.}J-1l:lfl 7r -¥- 2 ~ 77]- o-jJ-1 C J-i]£., (~~)
Lf .:l~ £ 7-}0~ ll-] 7]- /~JAd A'fl~l ~~ ~ ~ 77]- c J.:j ..!t-"il£..
(5) 7f 9-q;J »-]7]- J..]{!- 0] ~ o-J -"1 J:8 t:i] ~ * 7]-~qj £., (7]-77}-& t:i])
Lf .:L 'El' l:fl9%J..ll:f.
I (j) ():j:X~ ~-Tf> ~i! Cii OIEf>~71 <Z:l ~;y JJ.If>~i! ~£~ }i!71 @ ~-=?-~011 7 ~ 71
You can use whatever you want , such as a ballpoint pen or pencil.
OlE.~:: (}j L -?.;!01 Ol{,l-2.1<§l~ q~~ [HE£::: CH '8£17~ q {,1-~£1 ::: Ef. 7 ~:AI
{:j~ £1()-j.s=. O ~Ef. ~~0 17 ~ ~::: ~
%0li.A.i (}jL o~L~ {:j ~oH.s=. {,1-~0I ~7~q -'t!!-N::;~ qE~~ [ H.A.~~LICl.' ::: :::·Q.£ ~Oj.A.-j .A.~~-"?
~~ LICl.
This expression is used when expressing that any of the stated choices are fine. In this case, there need to
be at least two choices given. They can be either a simple listing of two or more choices, or t hey can be two
opposing or contrad ictory opt ions. Th is expression can also be shortened to :: ::.
tg,t-oi::::AI ~o i ::::AI
N (oi):=:AI
. . 7~III ::::AI -9-A ::::A I
---- - - --····-- · --···-------- - ·---·----·- - · ------- ---- - - - ---· - --- -
• i!:-o] ..2..~7.j l:l]7} ..2.. ~7.] 41~ -%~~ oJF'-al:J1.£ ~i5,!]~ i;lyt:.j-_
Regardless of whether it rains or snows, tomorrow's performance wi ll continue as planned.
1 01 R~~ cH~£1::: ?-:!~ ~~oP I ~ltHAi · ::::x:1 '2! ::::x:l'. · ::::x:1 ~::::x:r. · ::::x:1~ :=:x:l'2f ~~
~6jQ.£ Af.g.of/ ].S:. -ru-LICf.
To emphasize the contrast between two choices, the forms :=::q 'CJ -§;1:1, :=:;~:1 WeAl. and :=:;~:1
• :1. J,.}'ifo] 7]7} 3.~.7.] 'll' 3.~.7.] ~1(\- ~·Jt! ~Lf ~1-i]Jl.
2 7f -A} 0 ~ »-] ~}Jl. ~~l 0 ] 0d »-17} .Aj-1?- »-}? ~r:i] <Ji~ J-11 ~}.Al Jl?
;qo~ .UI 5f.Jl.<f.II OI~ .UI7f ;~:p;r JJ.f~q ~2.H ;~:f-'? JJ.f~Lim w~q 1 wq 1 ~~ ~~ wq
~2.1 O~I E £§ ~~ AA? 5[2.'l.Jl 5f;1:] 'CJCf LfOI7f ~12'! AA? 5f7ll £.1LIJ7f A]5g 5fC.f I
'§!'q I 7fDJ"51 .!f-1 .!i!.Cf
!i!:g'c=J7Jii.A.i 'M~5f~ Ai .ff ~~~Of~ Cf ¥-:g'c=J7Jii.A.i :2:~ LH ~ EiiLI7Jf q ~q I ~ ~q I
~~q Al:c!OI £.112'! .:::J.'cl' .Xil~5fef
(1) 7~ Oi;::_ Y-et g6j~ ~~CJ-i1ii_? (~R g6j I 2-1~ g6j)
(2) 7~/\117} lil<?J~ l:l}~10J1 Q{~~ ~ u1!f-1£ ~77}_R? (~~"3"}c} I ~71 "3"}c})
q ?jo 1 l:l}llll ~ Q{-3; ~ u}%Lil.£. "3"}Ai1_R.
- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - ~ 7-}01:: ~ ~ ~ oJ1_R.
- -- - - - - - -- - - - "3"]-Al1_R.
(4) 7~ 4-~ »-1 :: t>J-1-J- -e- ~ 2.].£. ~~ ~ := ~ ~o}_R. (~oJ1 1-}~ 0 1 ~cf I ~c})
Lf .::LC1~1_R. --878 ~ ~ M-E:1 2}.::il_R.
q
In that case, wear your contact lenses instead of your glasses.
Ol R~~ {:!~~Qj ~6~ q::: ~~~ CH}:11~~ LfE~LH 7~Lf <ftQj ~~Oil .g~of-E. q::: 3:!~ .5!-g~~
LfE~~Li q. 'Oil'~ ~~o~.:il ' ~ cHH~ .A.I§oH£ ~Liq.
This expression indicates that the action in the preceding clause can either be replaced by another action or
that another action can compensate for the action in the preceding clause. The particle ou can be deleted, in
which case the form becomes ~ cH~.
ft cH~Oil
A - ( 0 )L CH~Oil
Bt~ cH~Oil
. .
- 4-·--- --------------·-·-·- -- · - -···- -- ···----······ - · · - - - ·--·-···-···----
7 ~~ cH~Oil
v
~ ~ cH~Oll
7~III cH~Oll
N
~~ cH~Oll
- -- --
7~ 017}1:1.{,<: .Aj~ tl]».}l;j]Jl.
This bag is really expensive.
7f ~Til E:_l-]~o-JJl?
Would you like some coffee?
~~
'llo-j..fL. 7115 function
.2.~g LH7f :AN~ fri:J iofq :AN~ fri:Jiofq 1 ~7-l:A I-E LH7f o-fq
LH'§I ~.2.f .H.-E LH7f OlloH-ofq ~.2.f .H.~ OlloH-ofq 1 ~~g LH7f .A.fq
.if'ElOll ():j~y [H Ali£ H LH 7f0ll 2.~ ~2.~ -"?-Cf 7fDil2.~ ~2.~ -"?-Cf I LH7f .if'ElOli.A.i Oll~ 7 I 'EJ~
A.f .2.Cf
~orJl. .
(1) OjiJiLI£1 ~±~ .!I.2j- C2.171£ ~q. §§~ ~2.~ -'?-7 1£ ol~q.
(2) ~.¥f.Ei lll ~ A I{!~ ~017 1£ ~q. ~~~ ~.¥f.Ei£ l:lt-¥-J -'?-71£ ot~q.
(3) *2:t :il~OIIAi A~ ~71£ ~q. 7~~:ilt ~Cil~c011 ~0 1 7t7 1 £ ot~q.
(4) ~~£1 ~¥~ .!I.2t-'?71£ ~q. l:liJt!" g.~~ At 4-71£ ot~q.
~---· -----·--·- ----
(2)
(3)
(4)
1
4 7~ -t]~ l:lf-i!:qc-jLII:l~1¥0iR?
q O~LIR, -t]~ A~OI:A:7~ ~01-"i
-----------------------------
<D l:l~ :Aj.£.£. ~~o-jJl ~ l:lp(-.7.] ?j.=tL ~~o-jJl
® l:l}V ~ t:JHle>11 ~~o-J.B. @ l:l~? ~o-jJ.i ~~o-jJl
',
242
How long did it take you to graduate after entering university?
Ol .H.~ := Oj~ ~0 1 ~(}jqjl q.A-j ~D~{!.Q.j .AI{!OI 3:::: ¥1EE q:= ~0 1 ~Oi'a~ qE~~ UH.A~g)'Liq
§ Oil ~~ ~~~2.1 -§:QOI ~li.!§ ~EH 7~ .AI{!~££ <§! 0~7 ~ :X:I';Uq:: ~~ qE~LH :: '-( 0 )L :X:I'
.:I~P I UH
'2.!011
2\::! '2.!0il
Ail ~ '2.!011
'Oi~ ~[H OiiJ.:i qe ~[H 77 f:AI .A.Ii'.!'Ql Wt! ~0 1 ~Oi'cl :AI ~o f .!flOil Ef. · ~ o f.:U£1 .A.Ii'.!'O I :AI'cl .!fl0il'2.f
~0 1'~ £1DI~Liq . qE ~01 ~Oi'ct'~ LfEf't!JLICf. ~ £1 DI~Liq.
Refers to a span of time from one Refers to an event happening a Refers to a point in time
specific point to another. certain time after the occurrence after some previous event
of a previous event. or time.
(5) 7f 0
J=7J- »-17} _2._~ ~ ~.Jll.oj1 ~o] .fL? (5~)
q 1;]1, ~.Jll.<>11 ~o-j _g_.
(2) 7f )-H£ 1-f-..g. ~u}E~g A}~2 oJ1 Q,~ ;.}tgo1 pJ-t:Jl.B.. (oJ1<2f% A1~-5}c.} I 9A1{})
q 1;]1, .A-j 5:. ~ ~ o-j _g_. 10~ t@ 0 1Lf oJ1<2f% ~t:Jl.B..
(4) 7f 9-~ »-17} r:t% ~<>11 ~~g tlt:Jl.B.. (\f.A} {1-?-Q]- A}-=f1 t:f I 10\:!)
q .A-jS:. ~ ~ o-J.B..
7f J= J »-1.
0 7
:7.1~ %1 t>R.fl?
Yang Gang, what are you up to?
Ol .H.~~ {:!~~2.1 ~-~-g:~ ~ ~011 ::I~:!!~ l:lf§2£ i>HAi ~~~2.1 ~~~ ol-E 3:!~ LfEf~LICf. ~~011
Ai ~~01 AI-§Ofl::t:j '-Of/Oi Q~·~ ~OjAi ~iOI ~~LICf. frAi~ ~'Ol-E O I.R~~ ~Afof~'2.! AI-§W * ~:;
LICf.
This expression indicates the doing of the action in the following clause based on the result of completing
the action in the preceding clause. It is often used in conversational speech and is sometimes shortened
to -Of/Oi st.:il. Because it indicates the order of two or more actions, this expression can only be used with
verbs.
• ::<1\:ft;JioJI l:l1 till -§-7}7\- ~c1 %2.]- 7}::<1.JI ;,~ ~tl1 7r ~c1 ~ <>J..Il.
Compared to last year, the cost of goods has gone up, and (therefore) my cost of living has greatly
increased .
.:Z.2.iq -e.A.i~ qEfLH~ '- Of/Oi 7fA:I~'2.f Ol~~ qEfLH~ '-Of/ Oi 7 fA:I~·~ C~.i!f ~:: j:f017f
~~Lief.
However, the form of -Of/Of 7fA:Ij]_ that expresses order and the form of -Of/Of 7fA:IjJ_ that expresses a
reason are different in the following respects.
The propositive and imperative forms can be used The propositive and imperative forms cannot
in the following clauses. be used in the following clauses.
• ;,j%% ~>'-Jtill 7}::<1.JI ~~.£ .!t\!JJ..1 ct. (o) • -'2% cj-J;j 7\-:A1.Jl ~ .!(d<>J1 7}kJ1Jl. (X)
• 1!@ ~ ~7-J-"5}j 7}::<1.JI ~~.£ .!i!_lJJ..I·i1.R. ( 0) • .e% cj-J;j 7\-:A1.Jl ~-%!<>11 :Q-J..1ct. (x)
• J..j@ ~ ~>'-J-5\l 7\-:A1Jl ~.£ .!2.~77\-..ll? (o) • -'2% cj-J;j 7}7.1.Jl ~ .!(d<>J1 :Q"771·Jl? (X)
• -e-~ cj-J;j 7}:A1Jl ~-%!<>11 n-<>1..11. (o)
*
'-Of/Of 7fA:Ij]_' 'iiOU~.A.fO.J .A.f§~ '?JgLICf. '-Of/Of 7fA:Ij]_' 'iiotl ~.A.f2.f ~~.A.~ 2~ .A.f§-g{
Only verbs can come before - Of/Of 7fA:Iji. * '?JgLICf.
Both verbs and adjectives can come before
-Of/Of 7fA:Iji.
• ~c] ~c} 7\-:A1Jl {j <>j] ~-'Bl * 7]-..ll. (o)
• J..j@ ~ p,fo] J..} 7}7-].Jl ~o ] .2.7.}2.]-..ll. (o)
(6) 7~ ~~]o ] od ».], .!f-<)!~ M.Jl <V_01Jl? ({j-7']-7] ~:: .A~Z{o] Y-r:f)
q 4-{-;l oj] o]]£ -oj-j]_ <U 01 _fl_.
7~ <?Jo}, :i!f~ ~ 'V.~.fl?
Mom, is there any fruit?
OJ .H~~ ~~~.Q.J ~§~ i>~.:il 8 .!f!Oll :I ~Jl~ 7~:A J.:il ~~~.2.1 ~§~ '6!-E ~~ LfE~~LJ q. OJITH~
~~~.Q.j ~~OJ M'd ~Oil :A~2.J ~ ¥o74Ai ~~~.2.1 ~§~ gLJ i:L OJ .H~ ~ '-0 ~/0i q'£ ~04.A.i A~~*
~~LJq,
This expression indicates that the action in the following clause is done based on the result of first
completing the action in the preceding clause. Moreover, it also indicates that the speaker performed the
second action in a different location than that of the first action. The shortened form -Of/OiCf can also be
used.
.A.~q
v ~q
.. ..
----------------------~------------·-···----------------~------·-------- - -------------------- ------------
• <>jAil J-].7ol-oj]J--j ~'f ~ J-}-t:f7}- ~~~Yt:J-.
Yesterday, I bought dumplings at the market and then ate them (somewhere else).
Ol If.~~ q::: .A.f~Olllll .!¥~~ [ H.A.I§~ [H~ '-Of/Oj q -"?Cf'7 f £1 ~ C~I Ol ~ ~ '- Of/Oj -"?q'of.:il
~EH~~ l::l l ~ofA:II2! 2.1DI7f q~ -"?2.15HO ~ g,t-Ljq_
The form -OfiOJCf ?Cf is used when making a request to someone, but note that this form is different in
meaning than - OfiOi ? Cf. which looks similar.
g~ U}3. ~1. l(!.Q_j1:} ojj 7}-:: ~ojj 7jnj -§- g~ Oj-3. ».]. :A]{f~ 't} 7} 7;j ~::r:i] 7jnj ~
~.:r ~~~C-fl ~.::r-011/ll ~.::r-7f ~f5 l-E ~2.H~ CDOH ~5fef I ?et-
Ojl:tJOI'§"~ Ci l ¥ 2'S7Jll C!~~~ Afq I E.2.1Cf
~c!! ~~~'2JC-fl ~c!!OII7il Rg i?-~51-E: ~'§f-§- Afef I ? Cf
2 7~ ~;;<~] .=1.~ ~ -=z.~~I'Jl q .=1.5:!~£.?
(1) 7~ 1<-j 7.]~ ;_j;>;Joj] 7]--Ct:-J] %1 ¥12)-~ -5:! <V,o-]£.? (Jlj-9:)_ ~ % ;_j-q)
q J~, ::i!fDJ:~% f..rt:nr "?-A~l£..
Ol .H.~ :::~~~£! ~Efm ~Ai ~Oiq.JJ. ~~~£! ~~01 ~Oi'a~ qE~~ ITH Af§~Li q. ~~~~ $-~~
.9.1~Efl A~O I OJI~ Al~~<c) ~~ t!l-117~ CXJ~Liq. OI.H.~ ::: ~N6~.:il'2! AI§~ -9- CXJ~ Li q.
This expression is used to indicate that first action comp leted before the subsequent action started.
Moreover, there is a before-and-after relationship between t he actions in the preceding and follov• .,g
clauses. This expression can only be used with verbs.
- .:ilA1
- .JJ.Ai
(4) 7~ {f7]oJl <'d ~2-Ja:j~ %-.fl..~ 711 ¥-1a:Jl.fl..? (<5J.AJ -e.g ~q)
q g~ g ~o-Jol= .£ll.fl...
<D ~~~JI. ~
1.61
A\..!~
·l ?'CL E _ l:ll- 0 D=l _A-l
c - L:. 'I
256
Do you two know each other?
Ol R~~ Oirt! ~-501q ~01 ~Ojq71 ~011:::: §x,t:::cil .:1 ~01 ~018 "*-Oll OiiC! ~~ AH§lll ~lll £17iq
~~~~ ITH ~~ OI~Oll {!F-!"~'2.! ~:1!~ ~Xl~ ITH .A..I§g[LICL ' - j l !:2.LI'::: ' - j l !:2.LI77f'~ .A..I§iiH.S:. ~Li q.
This expression is used to indicate that the speaker learned something new, discovered some new piece of
information, or found out something was contrary to what was previously thought after some action or event
occurred. The form -.:il !i!LjlJf can also be used for -.:il !i!LI.
-jl.!i!LI
· ·· ··=· · · .,.,..,.,..
. . . .. · · ·· "="" •··· J
..,...,.,.
u
v - .::il .!i!LI
• l:l];:ii}7j] ""~7-lAi All ~~'?..l ~ '?£.:i!. ~~o-J.fL. -=r'C}Ej] ~.:il.!i!.Y %""~.2.J ~~o]~oJ.fL.
I put the shoes on because they looked just like mine. But when I did, I discovered that they were my little
sister's shoes.
'-.JJ.S!.L]' <ii"Oll::: -§.A.~'2.! .g.::?- CU;:;;L]Cf. ·~g.A.~'q '~.A.f+O]cp~ 2.~ ~iC! @~0] ~Li ef.
Only verbs can come before - ::il !:i!LI . If an adjective or noun + o ICf precedes - ::il !:i!LI, then the sentence is
grammatically incorrect.
: ''[';tCf'-E §~A.fOIE'..£ '-O f/OiJ.:I Cf'~ ~Oj § A.f£ l::lff-lA.i MjOf ~Lief.
Because I'JCf is an adjective, it must first be changed into a verb by adding -Of/OiJ.:ICf before it can be
used with - ::il !:i!LI.
.:I.'\:J.t:iJllHJf- 0 ].:i1. .li!.Y llHJf- ~Q1 {J-o] ).Ez.J-~if"Al 'i'J"cJ-:: ~~ ~:;tJJ ~'Xl.Oi.ll. (x )
- .:I.'\:J.t:1JllHJf-7} ~.:il .s!.y llHJf-~Qj {J-0 ] ).Ez.J-'i't% if"Al 'i'J"t:f:: ~~ ~:;tJl ~'XJ.Oi.R. (o)
: '~H.Sf.O ICf'-E §A.f7f OfLIE'..£ '~H-5f-7f £1Cf'£ l::lff-lOt g)"LICf.
Because ~H.Sf.O!Cf is not a verb, it must first be changed into the form ~H-5f-7f £1Cf before it can be used
here.
....
(5) 3(!:A1~ q »-Jl Lf"'i 41%01 t:J¥ -lf-7.1%}1:.}!::= -"~Zf 0 l ~:d. ciS.
....
·-q .!=2.LI' ~011 §~Arq 'OICPr 2~ {:1~~0 1 ~~~2.1 O l~q ~~01 @ ~ LrEr~ LICL
When an adjective or O!Cf comes before -q .!i!.LI, the preced ing clause indicates t he reason or cause of the
event or action in the following clause.
1:!12~1)
on JL.,l 0?
2 1....u....
-+ Of71~ ~PI {!Olle .!f.7ig% '§l<]leciJ '2!jl LfAi -+ Of71~ ljJ~ 'ZJOf -9-e ~~ ~ ~i!f D-j2.J7f
~:z{!i!.Cf .!f.f;IJ;:J
?Jg 3;!~ ~}jJ.XJ~cf-E 2.jOJ~LJCf. '2! ~~Cf-E 2.jDJ~LJQ.
This means that the speaker thought the This means that the speaker's lower
baby would be heavy before holding it, but back became bad (sore) as a result of
learned that wasn't the case after actually continuously holding the baby.
holding the baby.
-------·-·--··--------------------- ----------·----
7illlii ~ -§i?: DfAICf ~'§ rrHofq 7inl~ of.A.Ic.f 1 oi:Aile ErBol £Jq
5jl~ J.I.J2.J- ~~ cz.t ~-ofq ~IE ~1:11~ ~01 ofc.f 1 ~~H;~;:Icf
~ !i!.e ~~ ~OiofCf 'cl"Af ~T-2.f J;:f~ ~PI~ !i!2.i qqq I ~fof7il £lc.f
(3)
(4)
Ol ±I~~ {j~~£1 ~15 ~ lll~f>f'i:! Li-3011 ¥~~£1 ~~_f7f ~{Jq~ 3:!~ LfEf~ [[H --'f§gj"LICf. '- Cf7f
.!=2.'i:!'Q£ MJI!I. gj"LICL
This expression indicates that if the act ion or behavior in the previous clause continues, then over time the
result in the following clause will occur. It is also w ritten in the form -Cf7f !:i:!.\:1.
~~~--~ ....-....----...-..
1 iEEf>fCf iEEofCf.!i:!.'i:!
v
~q ~Cf.!i:!.'i:!
'-----'----·-----···--···-······--··············-····-·----··-··-··--·
q ~ .;::-0]1!--1 ~7-1- {ft:.l- .!i!..~ 7-f~£. Jlc.].S::. -6]-.Jl ~~ "61-111 ~:: 3i :Q-01-Jl.
I think I naturally just started cooking and cleaning up my place after living by abroad by myse~ ' ex E
while.
7~ 7}~2.] ~1 ()-}_ll~ ~<'>H 7-1 717} oje;j.g..;:! :Q-o}_9_.
It seems difficult to get to know Kylie.
2 7r 0
J7J »-]7} "'Efl:lH~ L:j lf- TI{o] :rr.]? ~ ~ ~o}Jl.
q .=I.~:7j] ~l:lH ~ TI{o] :rr.].q..q .!i!.~ ;cJ.7Jo] 1-j-llll}{lltJlr:j] Z:j7-jo jl;j]Jl. ?.!.6§£~~
instant food
(5) 7~ -;~ 0 1 ~ ~~5:. 0 1 :§:l;.l-oJ1;.l 7-l14f ~<'>J-.e ?>:! 0 1 ~~:A]£.?(~~ ~{1<5] <5)-q)
q .:z.~z. q~ 7]:§:171- ~ }.~~ {JL1L.f.
(2) 7~ .£..~ ~ ~;_l 3::"5 7-]7-]Jl n.J~~?;:! :Q-o}.£... (~~ }.~tt~ .2..cljc5}q)
q 7-17-]Jl llj~~ n:Jj.S:. ~:A]£..
01 .R~::: .!!.1-/Wll Oi't! cH~~ -E!~-op~q ?3-gJ~ ?,:!:il~ ~ 0 1~2.1 ~.£~ LH§~ ~~ rrH Al§of-ECil. -E!~
LH~ol olif ~::: -'t!<2.1o1£101 ~AH Oi't! ~~7~ {!!:uq::: ?.:!~ .R~~Liq. o1 .R~::: ·-ciLI~·~ ~w
*~~Liq.
This expression is used when the speaker wants to refer to something directly seen or experienced in the
past when describing how that thing has subsequently changed. The seen or experienced content is stated
as t he reason or cause for the changed state of affairs being presently witnessed. The form -c~ LI'2! is an
alternate form of this expression.
- r.:-jLI
Oll~~q Oll ~~ C-j Ll
A/V -C-jLI
~¥-o~q ~.!;f.o~C-J LI
• iZH ~ ~17} .a;; .§0 1 'it}_q.Jl ii}"GJYlfr 4-"§:fOl~£ :K {} 1:! 7{[0 }.fL.
Jaehyeon said he's been broke recently, and (as a result) couldn't go on the school trip.
r--
1
I
1 Ol R~::: :i!P~Oil ?3gjii~():j ~711@ AI{,!~::: .gEH7~ ~AH2~ CH~~~~ qE~~ rrH£ .A.~-gfLiq.
This expression is also used to indicate a contrast between what one experienced or knew to be the case
in the past and the current state of affairs.
• u]-3. ».]7]- ~~oJ1:: p£o] tlj-!!!l_t:--]Lj .fl..~~ ',; ~7]-"5\j~ £OJ=o ]oJI.fl...
Mark was so busy at the beginning of the month, but now he seems a bit more free .
• ~o]-o]7r -3f'C!oJI:: o:j"3,JJ ~ p£o] qy c--] y~ .fl..~~ 18- liJ.toJ1 t.f7rA1 ~ ?lot.fl...
(My) daughter did a lot of traveling last year, but these days she doesn't leave the house at all.
• (4] 7]-) ~~ ~ IIJl:: A]-'Ef~ o];; ~ ~ 7] Q:j<5]-t:--] L-j .fl..~~ * 71 Q:j ~ *<5r3!.!o-J.fl...
I remembered people's names very well when I was young, but now I can't remember them.
The subjects of the preceding and following clauses are different, and thus the sentence is
grammatically incorrect.
The topics of the preceding and following clauses are different, and thus the sentence is
grammatically incorrect.
L--
4 OI .H.~£1 ~~~Oll~ DI~H AI::X::il7f ~*~~Li ef.
The future tense cannot be used in following clauses this expression.
• 2f2f »-1:: v z~l '?1 -:;o~}GJ t.1 ).11111 ~J22.l ~97} ~ 7-l otl..a.. ( x)
~ 2.}2.} »-]:: 7?z~l '?1-:;o~}c-jy ).11711~JlQ.] ~97} £1~012... (o)
5 Ol .H.~~ :C.f710ll 01't! ~§O ILf ~~~ t!'~ -?.:!~ .2:llfof0j WW rrH~ Af§5fECil, OI[[H~ 01't!
~§~~~%fOil t:Jf~ ~10101 q~ A~OILf ~@OI ~01'BLicf.
This expression is used when recalling an action or state of affairs directly witnessed in the past, with the
succeeding action or state of affairs occurring directly following the first.
'-c.-jLI'7 f cH~£1 £1DI~ rrH~ '--( 0 )L/~Cil'2.f t:Jff:l ~-"? '1!:AII2! q~:c.f ~~ ~OliAi ~fOI7f 'XJ~Licf.
When used to indicate contrast, -CiLI can be used in place of -(S2.)L/l=Cil. but note the following differences.
-------------------:·----- -- --- - - - - - - -- -
. ------------------~----------------------------······;··----------------~-------~-------
-(o)Lf~c-u -C-j LI
CH~~~ Jlf7i2.f ~XH ~EH CH~ • oJ5'&-& rrJl ::7J7J-~.J:::J;]J oj~ ~ rrJl:: 7]7J- -3)-c-j y
Type of Contrast of a Past and .Aj~ ~ ~ 7 ~ -'5'-ojj.Ai Alj .A]~~~-=]~-~ -'5'-oj].Ai
Contrast Present Situation ~ 3.Li].B.., Alj ~ 3. J;j].B.. .
njo}~ ~ ~ ;l;J.B...
Have Different Subjects
- - - --·-- -
~~ '2_foH 10kgO ILf .UICf 7-114;- fiHAE¥E.'2! 9:jef I fj:Xf71 ~OI t'iOI .UICf
R§.S:. Of017 f ~~ ~~ -M <2! 9:JCf Oi~~ 'B! -M <21 9:JCf I -8-~ii!.OII ~Oi7~.A.WE-I ~ 9:JCf
o~.s:. ::::r 7f~7f ~717f t'ief ~1*011-E ~7 17 f "Clef I~~~ Cf.g.!;f.Ei ~717f 'CJOI ~Oj~q
(1) 7~ <?:[2-j ».]7} 7,:}7J-<'>R~ ~ .:Q-A]Jl? (S. '(i}t>}q)
q l;jl, oH<?J %%-5~~~ 7,:}7J-<'>R~ ~ .:Q-o}Jl,
(3) 7~ ~u} ~01].!1!1-] ~~ ».] ~ <=§oj 1IY2Jo] i![o] ~9Jr.1 2f.:L!.Jl. (<=§oj ~~01] qL.]q)
q o}{lu}q 1IY2Jo] i![o] i="o}}tl-}li!}Jl,
2 c~~ .A.~Et~~ ~'g:i!~ ~J:H2.1 £~01 Oi~lil ~2H~~LI77~? '-c~LI ' ~ .A.I-§c5H.A.~ g~~ ~{:j5~
AiiR.
~
.2.1~ ~~~ 5~.Jl q.A.i:
(3) ~101~
~~~O I.JJ.. !t~~ .A.~E[OI xl~q.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- -------- - - -
(1) 0 61J"IIf1!- ~f.~-5!-l! f-;iot!.Je ~0~160! ~~~ ~f.~-6~2 L!-f-i.Je ~0~1601 IJ'51PJ10i_Sl.
(2)
13)
(4)
I worked late for a few days straight and fell ill as a result.
No, I drank some coffee earlier, so (because of that) now I'm fine.
Ol .H.~ ~ ~H= )..~EJ"O I 01~ ~:;~ ~LH7~q 01~ ~~ ~ !FJOll :1 ~:1!~£ 01~ <§jO I ~~g~ qE~tg! ITH
;..l§g,t"Liq. :L!~7~ 0ll A~-t!o l ~.:;.~ -3:!o 1q w~ -3:! ~ :2.1lfo~Oi oloPI5H= -3:!~Lic~.
This expression is used to indicate that something happened as a result of something the speaker did or
said previously.
[ -91/~C-JLI
v -91/~C-JLI
7~ i:}-7] ~ ~ ojrrJ1.B.?
How's your cold?
1 O I .R~~ ~~~2.1 ~8~ ~ ~ ~~~2.1 ~~~~of.til £1~~ rrH~ .A.I§~ -"?- ~~ LI Cf. '-( 0 )LI77F
£5:. t::!f.W ~-"?- ~~LICf.
This expression can also be used to indicate the speaker's discovery of what is expressed in the following
clause after doing t he action stated in the preceding clause. In this case, the expression - (.2.)LI7Jf can
also be used to indicate the same meaning .
.::J.2.iLf q :::_ .A.f'EtOI ~~ ?.:!~ Cf.A.I <2..!~oH.A.i ~~ rrH ~ .??Oi7f 3<2..!~££ M~ -"?-~ ~~ LI Cf.
However, when the preceding clause is relating what someone else said, the subject of the clause can be
in the 3rd person.
-9-0i
~}:: I
Subject
The subjects of the preceding and The subjects of the preceding and following
Agreement
following clauses must be the same. clauses can be different.
between
Clauses
Parts of Verbs, adjectives, and nouns can be Only verbs can be used.
Speech used.
G) :i!f7i011~Oi'cl ~Oil CH~ ~:il) G) :il)-7-1011 ~Oi'cl ~Oil CH~ ~:ilf
(2)
(3)
(4)
(4) 7~ 2lJ J.-j ~ 011 7}J.-j 0 ]-.!f--3!..£ <(!- J.j1(o-]Jl? (J.-j ~ 011 7}q)
q ~ 01 q VfX!E-J2.J-.Jl.Jl.
Ol R~~ -t:!~~2.1 ~-§Oiq .gEHJ~ ]jl~£1~ :1 ~.J!I-£ DI2.HOll ~AI l'i~ <§JOI <§j0jq7~q ~ ~~ .gEH7 ~
~ ?.'!~~ ~~ rrH ;..f§~Liq. -t:!'@~£1 <§JOI OIDI O I ~.!¥E~ oH2..:ll <V:= 3;!012.~~ 'OI~Pil. :1~711. Ai~7ll'
21- ~~ ~01 A~~ ~Liq. ~j:!:oP~q ~Jl~ rrH £li'OI ;..I§~Liq.
This expression is used to express the speaker's view that if the action in the preceding clause continues,
then an adverse result or state of affairs will occur in the future. If t he action in the preceding clause has
continued from some time in the past, then the phrases 0/~711. .:J.~7l/. and :A:i~/1/ are often also used. This
expression is usually used to warn or admonish another person.
~ cpf-E
-§cpf-E
q ~ ~:§:j-{:l oJ1 ~q. %~ Jl? A1il-7-1~ ;7}C ~ Rf01 »-q7H::- ~.:g-.5:_ _2.7.}2.}7-]1~7-1 .5:_ %2fJl.
You went to the department store again? If you keep using your (credit) card as much as you have been,
your salary might not be enough (to cover the bill).
1 '-cv~-e·~ ~A:I g~-~ ~%!-Oil ~Liq_ [[f2.f;,i -6-~~<2.! ~%!-Oil M'2:! Oi6ll~Li ef.
The expression -Cf7fe is used in negative circumstances. Accordingly, it sounds awkward when used in
positive sentences .
2 '-ef7 1-e' ~ 7~~<21 2.IDI7f 9.-PI rr~-@Oil ~~~Oil ::: o1 2.H~ ~~ol-E W<c! '-( 0 )2 7i0ll£.. -( 0 )2
'E!)Cil£. -( 0 )2 A:I5:. ~2.f£. -~Oi£' :301~Lief.
Because -i:V fe has a hypothetical meaning, the following clause ends in a phrase indicating
supposition or conjecture, such as - (£)2 7iOIIB.. -(£)2 ~Cil£.. -(£)2X IS:. ~2.f£., or -~01£..
Lf
- - - - - - - - - ~ oJ1 .g.-A~17}
(2)
(3) - - -- - - - - - - - ~1<?:foJ1
01 .R~~ AI{J ~ .:1~:x: 1 ::: 'ri":X:I'2! Wof::: Af~OI O:l2.i 7f:X:I ~~~ j!2.=1~ ~ ~~~££ ~~ ~.rr~££
.:1~ ~.!LO I 71Lf .::J.2.i~ ~:C.f2.f::: :!:££ Af§ru-Lief. '-2f/:i!f Df~!"7f:X: I ef'2.f::: 2.1DI~Lief.
This expression is used when the speaker, after considering a number of possible situations, concludes that
somet hing could be considered more or less t he same as t he topic or subject t hat has been mentioned. ~
has the same meaning as the expression -2f/21- Of~!lf;J;ICf.
I:J 1
-::!- 1!)0ief
~q ~ ~ ~ O I Cf
- - --- -- ··· · - - -
{! ~ O i ef
- ( 0 )L ~O i ef
~q ~ ~ ~ O i ef
v ... ... ... .... ... ... ........
7f::: ~Oief
~ ::: ~Oief
···----·····---· ·--- - ···-·· - - - -·-· · · -- - - -- -
~£:! ~01q .!:F-.E.Oiq .!:F-.E.~t:! ~01q
:em Ol~t:! ~01q ~gJ'o jq ~gJ'O I ~t:! ~o1q
NOjq .. ··· - ... .... ··- .. ·• · .
1 7~ 0
1*-0 1 .!f:ltQl 30~ -%!.<?.1~1 "'i1~t>H.A-J 5~ -%!.oJ1ito-JJl.
q .=l~ J: ~ ~.Qj .:g-~}.£ ~ .A~o1t:J1A.
7 ~77 12.1 O:j~~ A~-'? 7fq <§! '.::!011 ~ \:! ~£ 7~LI77f 7-j2.j
'2! 7fq
7-j iii~ '[~O I D ~.A. I q <§1-"?~011 ~ -B ~£ Of.A.ILI7Jf 7-j2.j '2! D~.A.Iq
7~:1!f .2.1 6J~ A~-'? 5fq Ai 8~g q~ \:!. OI\:J ~g. Ail\:! ~.2.LI7Jf ~-'?~011 ~ \:! 5~Q
4
7f .2.~ 2H 2<E:l0ll ~711 .2.~0iR?
q §££ 7~~ CfjA~ ~ ~Jl X{~Cil
----------- ~CH£ 7~ ~ CfjA
286
7~ 0}77} .g.;z.} .5!..~~-ci] *
I sent a text earlier. Didn't you get it?
~.2..1J,e>i.fl?
01.R~:= Ol't! ~§~ ~'cl! .!f.l ::1. ~EH ~ ~14;- ~:AIW rrH ~:= OIDI OI~Ol~ ~EH ~ ~~~ -'i?-:AI<5~.:Ll:A~ ~ rrH
Aj§~Ljq_
This expression is used to indicate either the continuation of a state after doing an action or the maintaining
of a previous state of being.
_]
N ~q
v -OUOl ~q
~~ q ~~ Oj ~q
=~-----··---------------------------------------------------·---·· ------ --
• 'ihl-]7}t::+~l-J77} 7.i] 7} :§:1Qj1l<>11 o]c.] 7}l-i 01] ~3[1_~ ~ Oi ~~JLllA.
Since the weather's hot, I'll go to the conference room in advance and turn on the air conditioner.
1 Ol .R~ ~OU '-0~/0f.£ A I~~ <c!~ OiDI(Oll: -~/~Oi£. -0 ~/0i£. -O UOiAi g m 2.'2:1 '-0~/0i
!q'.£ ~<2.,1'~ * <x!~ Liq.
When this expression is followed by a connective ending that begins in -Of/Oj, such as -'U/~OJR - Of/Ol
R, and -Of/OjAi, it can be shortened to -Of/Oj Xf.
2 sA~ ·~cfQj ~ ?~ ·~o~ ~q'.£ '6~/\l ?i.:il '~O ~Ef.q(~<EJW: !q-Ef.q)'.£ AI§~Li q.
In the case of the verb ~q, the verb ~O f~Cf (abbreviated form: xf~Cf) is used instead of ~Of ~q.
-~;~q - OUOi ~q
....... _....____ _,.._~.,.,...... ··--·-··· ·---------- .... ------ ---- .................... ------ ---:·"·--···· ... ·------···-···-··-------···- ---·- --· ___........... ..
_. .....~ ................
OJ ~~ ~ CfE Cil .2i;.~O I 'X..!€/LICf. .:J. ~~01 Ol~ OJ~ ~~01 ~Lf.:il. .:J. ~EH7f 711~ ~:A I.!r.i.JI 'X..!i3'LICf.
OU£ 711~ ~:A I.!r.ie:AI <zJ- .!r.le:AI ~ ~€/Lief. * The resulting state of an action after it has been
The focus is on the performance of an action. completed is maintained.
It is impossible to know whether the result of the
action continued following its completion.
1 7f o.p~Jll i>BR? 1':X l§ ~ {f-=r~ ~ ~@}-~e>iR.
7 f~~nq
jl7 1~ ~:gj]_OJI ~ q
(5) 7f e:J ~. lij o] 2Jl 0 ] ~Jj] :A] :A1 ~<'>Bii.? (.=Lcj r:.j-)
Lf Oj-77} ~oj] o}o] ~o ] lij oj] .=z_~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .=z_2J1Ji...
1 Ol R~ ~ 01't'! ~a ~ ~ .!fl.£1 .gEHq ~:ilf7 f .:J.CH.£ ~:AI !r.l7il ~q~ ~Q..£. <fiOli.A.i I: IH.g '-O f/01 ~q·
2f t:JI~~ 2.I D I~ 7 f~ LICf. ~.A.f'2I <fiOll ~.::?~~Lief.
This expression refers to the continuation of a particular state of being following the completion of an
action. Thus it is similar in meaning to the abovementioned -{)VOl ~q. Only verbs can come before this
expression.
-------· ----------------------------------~·------------
~m ~q
v ~01 ~q
• ..2..~ ~ '?J.7.Jo] ?Jo}l-i ~{I ~ ~ 1-];fro] ~~7.]£ %c.}.fL. o]cj ~~ ~ oj f-aj.Jl t>R.fL.
Today, I have a lot to do, so I might not have time to eat lunch. I plan to eat lunch early (in advance).
·-a ~/01 ~cf~ ·-o ~/01 ~q'.2J- 7~2.11:1 1:;::-opJI M~Liq. .::z.2.H;..i 01 ~~;..is;. l:l~f-1 JJ.i.s=. ~ .g-Efol ~~
?3!?-7~ '[l~Liq. .::Z.iE!Cil '-0~/01 ~cp~ '-0 ~/01 ~q·.s!q ~~-'§!~sOl ~/\l£1~ AI?!O I ~ ?3!?-7~
Bt~Liq .::z.2HAi 01rt! ~~ .s!BoP~q :A~~w UH ·-a~/01 ~cp~ c-J 'ClOI M~ Liq.
The expression -Of/01 -9-Cf is used in almost the same way as - Of/01 ~q , and therefore in many cases the
two expressions can be used interchangeably. However, compared with - Of/01 1fCf, - Of/01 -9-Cf is more often
used to indicate that a relatively long time has passed since a particular state of being came about. Thus,
-Of/01 -9-Cf is used more often in cases describing the storage or saving of something.
• o:j7]:::: 3:~ Aj t:Jl %:c\% .!i!.~"6fl ~ :£-'?JLJt:.f.
This is where we store items from the Joseon Dynasty.
(1) 7~ t:J-% tg~1 ~t:q ),/,171- 7~.i!f ~7J11 t.R~1 .g.t:ll.R. (.:r-&-1-t:J-)
q .:::Z.~.R? .:::Z.if:! ~t:q ),1,1 7~o1 DJ% ~ ~ o1t:q -=ttJH .!f-OjOflJ!Oi.2..
Ol R~:= ~~~£1 Oi'tl {tEHq ~8 ~ ~ {tEHOU.A.i ~~~£1 ~§OI OI~Oi~~ qE~tg! ITH .A.~~Liq_
'-{ 0 )L j:H£' 'itOll ~AH~Oiq D I 2H~O I 2.AI ?i~Liq. ~.A.f '.£'~ ~S:/'5~.il '-{O)L j:H' ~EH~ .A.~W *
<XI~LICf.
This expression is used to indicate that the action in the following clause is performed while in the state, or
under the circumstances, described in the preceding c lause. The present and future tenses are not used
before - (£)L xH£. This expression can also be shortened to -(£)L J:H by omitting the particle£.
-(O) L j:H.£
nq
v -(.£) L j:H.£
Qjq
· · · · - - - - - -- -
3 Ol .H.~~ '-OUOl ~~ ~H£'q '-0 ~/0i ;'§ ~H£'£1 ~EH£5:. i'i'OI .A.f§g[Lief.
This expression is also often used in the forms -Of/0-j ~g J;H£ and -Of/0-j ~ J;H£.
,. (1) Ol't:! ~§O I ~E..§ 3:!011 ~~01 ~§Lief. (1) ~.2.1 ~EH 7 f ~AI£1e 3:!011 ~~0 1 ~§Lief.
The focus of meaning is on the fact that the The focus of meaning is on the fact that the
action was completed . resulting state is maintained.
(2) C£l2j ~~01 ~E_£jjl 'cl ¥.J .:J. ~EH7f ~;q~Lief. (2) ~21 ~EH7f ~AI.§ ~EH~ Lf£fLjjE!.£ ~.Q.j ~~
[[f2.fAi Ol't:! ~~ ~fC.f7 f 'C! ~EHOII ~~ Ol~~LICf. ~fef7f 'C! ~EH£. AI§~ 4- ~§Lief.
The previous action is completed, and the The previous state is simply maintained, and
resulting state is subsequently maintained. therefore the expression of incomplete actions
Thus, it sounds awkward when used to describe or states is possible.
actions that are not completed before doing
something else.
~ jl71~ ~~IC.f7f 'C! ~~OlE!.£ Ol~~Lief. ~ ef ~AI '[J.§ jl71~ ~~ere 2joi~Lief.
The meat was not fully cooked, so this This sentence means the meat w as eaten
sentence is awkward. while it was not fully cooked.
(3) <>let! ~~I ~E..§ ~~IAi ~7lliflgotl (3) <>let! bf~OI ~:A I£1-E ~EHOIIAi efe ~~ ~ lifl
<>let! bf~OI ~:AI£1-E ~EHe ~I ?J§Lief. AI§~ 4- ~§Li ef.
Because it expresses the completion of an This can be used to express the continuation
action, it cannot be used to express the of a certain emotional state while doing
continuation of one's emotional state. another action.
Lf ~~~Oil 7cf~ g ~~ "* ~ ~.£ *Glti frO I ~~£1 q eyes become bloodshot
.'II'.~XIl f Lfef to break out in a (skin) rash
~710i1 ~'8 ~ {to}Jl.
~~I %17 f '[Jo I ~q aj~ -58 rri-25H.Ai ~~ A:ISFA:I ?.tc.f I ~ciLI.!11!9-A: I7f qq
(2) 7f .2..~ "§}j]]_Oi] \fl:lJo] 'ii :£1~cf~"'-1.fl..? (21-"'f-~ <iJq I 4-<fl ~ ~q)
Lf l:Jl, :J. ~ "'l .2.-¥- 0 }-? ~3{::1 ~~.fl...
(5) 7f :1. ~~7} lf-"'-1~~.fl..? (.!f- -2-.Q.£ ~~~ 7}c.]q I~~ .!:i!q)
Lf l:Jl, :J_~ ).l - - - - - - -- -- - -- - - - -
7~ ;;z}ol= ~17} q_t~ g~o J Aaw 3!-<Vl;jJiL.
The food you (Jaya) made is really good.
Ol .H.~~ {:!~~£1 ~~:ilf ~~OI ~~~£1 ~8~ ~q::_ £1DI£ ~)..f2.f grJJll )..~g,fLI Cf. ~)..f2.f grJJll AA~
liH::_ ·~0112. :::_ ~)..f£1 S,::i!~ ~0 1' EE::_ ·~011 2.:::_ ~)..f£1 5.:~ [Cf2.f)..f2.j £1D I£ )..~g,fLICf.
This expression indicates the doing of the following action in the same manner as, or in accordance with ,
the preceding action. In these cases, it is used toget her with verbs. It can also be used with nouns to mean
"just as" or "in accordance with" the preceding noun.
-(O)L CH£
v
~i ::: CH£
-----------~----------------"-----------------------------------~----------------------------;------------------------------------------~-------------------
~;..i cH£
N
~ zj-r.H£
• ~o-jy7} 7-]\:t ?~Oil ~4j.~ qj.£. ~A~] ~~{loj] 7}-"l -"fl 3. g ;,} 9-1t~.R.
Just as she promised last weekend, yesterday Mom went to the department store and bought me some
new clothes.
1 oI .H~:= .!:2.~ -§.A.~q ~.A.~2.f gr7Jli.A.~~LICf. .:J.2.iq ~-§.A.~ ·~<5~cf. ·~q's>.f ·-j l {,!Cfq'£1~Sf
::: gr7Jli .A.~~ 4- ~~Lief.
This expression is normally used together with verbs and nouns. But - .::il ~q can be combined with the
adjectives ll!ofc.f and ~q .
3 ' ::=: cH£'::: ~~~£1-§6J"O I OI~Oixl ::: ~.A.I *-~~£1-§6J"OI '§!Oiq::=: -?.:!~ qE~~ rrH .A.~<5f71
.S:. gjLICf.
This expression is also used to indicate that the following action occurs or is done immediately upon the
occurrence of the preceding action.
-(O)L jfl~
Ol\9 ~~ ~;;:1~7-JLf J::l~£12: ~fE!i7f t;!!ofJ::I '(J~ 'Oi\9 ~101 ~~o-f2:£'b~~~ol'~ ~ LfEf'o)JLICf.
LfEf'o)JLICf. This expresses the fact that an action is done in
This expresses the fact that an action has stopped exactly the same way as another action.
or that a certain state continues.
• l.Jl7r ~;..J- ~ 21 J-i.w-;; 12.J~ t:Jl.£ ~~ 0 ]
J-i.w-;; ~;..J- ~ oJI %a! ~..g. ~H ~ 2 ~ ~<>I.a.. 12.J 15Jl ?Ai]R .
I left the documents on my desk when I left Please tidy up the documents just like I did on
work. my desk.
--- ------··---------·------~
Oj 80i ~~-§ 7f~ ?Cf ~3- Oi2:l~Lillf L/Pf ~~o-IQ I III'2.foH !i!Cf
01~~ gxil-§ ~Oi ?Cf L/Pf gxi~ ~q I III'2.f ~Oi .!i!.Cf
~7H~ o-fe ~~ -§ ~2.~ ?Cf Lf£ ~ ~5fJ::I'21 LH7 f 5fq 1 oH .!i!.Cf
~""~ Ko
..=.'-'"..... rean Grammar iR CZise . Intermediate
(1) 7f Jt}:§:.oJ:, 7}7-j]oj] c}l.;j~y? (.A]7].Ajc})
of ():j ~~ 0 0
r4
-=r pi PI H
" " 3:
,.J- ~ o:j -::!(
'Kj-
~
Oi~
'81U (IIU
........ 5"5" -=< 0 0 0
UiD •IO
LH
@@) Lr
i\~
~@) ~
_j
@@) ~~ ~
~~
@ @) ~
~lo u ~'N
• •10 ~
OIIU 0 oi C'-· 0~ OIIU o;j a~· ~
r::-< i51 ~ 0~ i1T uD :z o~·
o<t-'KRJU o;j" o;j ~ -
0 ~J 0
~
JIJ ruj Dfo =L.J ~ ~
~ ~ J\J ~ 0 ..... K 'i\-<
u~
0~ = _j Ol '8~ Ill~ o\IU
[}j •K 1]J MD
£!~1 ;t(K ~ ~lo 3]1
~
........ rulru
-<~ OIJ OIIU iiO K~ 0-' ~ R:IS !U\IU 'QIU
ruj
~110 LiD -=r OI!U :n~ ~ '0 ojru
0~ ~
=
~IIU OlD ........
L..l =L.J li!U ~
K
;jQ Ol r::-< rio o ~ .Jl•io K~ ru1 =ru1
!E ~ 0
Bill JIJ "'
K iiO uo 0~ JIJ
ru1 ru1 o-<- ,.J- 0 ,.J- p=
I •K
JJ D aj o:j ru1 cK K
cK Kr LH ~ u= o;:: ojJ ru1 r1
r.r OIJ OIIU
D~J 0
i:i'IO OlD
0 liiU
\10'0 0 Lr
~ KIO
~ ~IJ :(:o ~~
J J ojJ
';K JY!o •10 ,..J,.,~
~~
~~ rrjo 'D.J 'K
OlD ;Ko r~< JIJ JIJ rH JJ r1 J~ r::-<
0 '0 ~~ 'Or W:.l 0
~~ 0
r<
1fJ 'D.J ;j(J 00 ~ ~IU ;j(J K~J
0~ 0 ;j(J 1(
;j(J P-:1 J\J o\J li-
JIJ o \ o!J L!J
r1 iJJ iJJ olo ojo R"R 0~ Qll ~ r\
KlfU
ow
0~
'=<~=~ -=<t:J
JIJ
~ R.Jflo
KlfU
oW ori
'liJU 'liJU KlfU
ow ~ JIJ
~~ 'K IU\!U IU\IU
KlfU
ow ~~ ~ 3)0 •K.~ ll ! l!J 'KD
0
- r1 r-l ........ nro ,.J- ,.J-
0 0 OlD .J\fU K~ ~iK R .<_\ D j".J 0~
~
u "'
(5 PI pi "'
JJ
(IIU (IJU
KIO
~ ~ :r " "
5"5"
KIO
OlD ~ :r
,.J-
0
~
0 Lr oj rzo 0 jo ~ 7K r< 0~
@ 8 0 8 0 u 80 Lr 80 co 8@0@) 8@0@)
(
(
;s ..... N M "'=" ~ It) CD :I N
0
(")
7~ ~] o ]uj ».] 1f:A~ ~ 7-~ :?.~] z=jo ] e>-lrrlJ Jl?
Wei Ming, what does your boyfriend look like?
OI.H~:= Oirt! Al{,l~ 8~~.£.£ '§!o~7 l!i!q::: cH~~I£ Oirt! ~Oil 7~IC~7iq ~~q::: -?;!~ .H~~ U/l A~
gtLiq . Oj710liAi 'Jtf:= 'Oj2.i .!:f* %011OjL ~~Oil ~-gr·~ 2.JD io~7 1 rrHgOll 'CH~~~~£.£ .:J.~cf ::: ~01 ~
~ Liq.
This expression is used to state a characteristic in a non-decisive way, that is, that something is more a
certain way t han another or is closer to one characteristic than another. Here, l,lJ refers to belonging to one
category out of a number of possible categories, and thus it means "generally so".
A ~q Al-E ~o 1 q
v :::: ~01q
~q ~:::: ~o1q
• :A-j :{17;: o-j~ rrjj;: t ~o]~;:nl] 7-]"S-.': .:1~71] 7'-] ~ 0 ]7-] ~t:j].B...
That friend was one of the bigger kids when (we were) small, but now he doesn't look that big.
·----- -~------ - - - - - - --
1 OlE~~ <ftOll ~Af7f ~ rr~::: .!:2.~ ~A~ -*6.1o!-E !j!Aflf <1!0iOF ~Lief.
When a verb precedes this expression, an adverb that modifies the verb is normally necessary.
• 41 %"~,<='_
717]-185cm'?.l3l:'!o1oJ1.fl... (x)
~ t.J1 %"~ ,<='_ 717]- 185cm91.fl... (o)
5 ~f7~ £1 ~ ~ AI~O I Lf ofLf£1 Af-c!~ .H.~W rrH::: '-( 0 )L ~Oief'~ A~5~0F ~Lief. .:J.2.iLf ~f7~
2.f.S:. ~f7~0ll ~~ 71{! J;:l4i-.'§ ~ OI7~Lf ~-E!~~ ~011::: ' ::: ~OI'X;!Cf' ~ AkiOF ~Li ef.
When used to describe a particular event or point of time in the past, the form -(£)L .l2:'jO iq is used.
However, in the case of past events which continued for a particular period of time or which occur
regularly, the form - -E .l2:'jOICf must be used .
: Ol~g 'Oi~~ [QI'2.f-E .A.I~OI ~..!71-E of::X:I'2! ::X:I4;;-0 ILf §t!2.1 £1ol7f ~,171 liHgOJI' ::: 12:'!0 I ~Cf'£ .UjO ~ g[LICf.
Here, even though Oi~~ liH indicates a time in the past, ::= BOI~Cf must be used because there is a
meaning of a regularly occurring experience.
A: l\:!"~llfA: I ~~o-~'2! ~.g ~ £1~L.f .!:c.~~ 3:!0il t:JioH.A.i '§1:i!l-7 ~ .:::J.~lll ~::x:I-E ?JL.f
R-§S:. i'JOII:lf!!!!Cf R-§Oii-E ~\30 1 ~£ ~Oi.A.i ::X:I\:!"~Oilt:J ioH.A.i
.:::J.~lllt:J~!!!!::x: l ?Jc.f
(2) 7f ~.§:1 ».] o~,<:_ 31{<?__11:-j]£ ~~ ~-5H=- -3! ~o}.fL. (~~ ~<3"}q)
q l=Jl, q~ o}o] ~ .!i!q Oi ~ ~ o] ~o}-5}J.-j].fL,
'A'Ejc.f:::: ~.A.~Oll *Ol.A.i 'Cfi2.1 ~.A.~2.f ~:: LltJOiq o.A.7f ~q·:::: ~~ qE~~ rrH .A.~g)"LI Cf.
The phrase .6~ ct is attached to a noun and means having a feeling or quality just like the noun .
-~.A.f.2.f ~.g .!::.7~ 01 Lf ~7f ~cfe ~~ '.:::J.2.i ~ ~~~ ~0 1 7f;J;IJl ~ere £1ol~
LfEf~ [~ .A.I§~Lict. LfEfL~Uj ~.!;f. ~~0 1 gj.e ~.A.f011'2! ~Li ct.
.Q.ID I
Used to indicate that something has the Used to indicate a sufficient amount of a
same feeling or quality as the preceding certain qual ity and is only used with some
noun. nouns w ithout final consonants.
_ .:...._
mysterious".
______________________________________________________
mysterious".
B4- J.AI7 f {:!J~ IIfEI~ .2.~0li.A.i o[q .2.~ 0li.A.i ofLI77f ~~ !f-@OICf
q ~o)-Jl. ~i}
------------------- 1i ~o)-Jl.
(9) 7f 2Jl .:z. .I!. E ~ <?} <iJ .2. C;j .:iL -5H?
q 0 1 :Ai1~ i}"8"Jlo1 :A1L-]-J.i ~o:jJ.i Jl.
''8Cf ~ ~Af<>\\ ~Oj J ~J-.p~ :X\L\ ~ ~~O\q ~0\ <ll.q~ ~ ;; qE~'§ [[H J-.I%~L\q. ~ . Ojrt\ ~0\ -?:\2.H
7 ~.A\~ <L!OlO ~ ~:X~~;; 7~:X\~ <L!q~ ~0 1 ~Lj q_
The expression gq is attached to nouns and used t o indicate t hat som et hing has the qualities or
characteristics of the noun. Specifically, t his expression refers to having the qualities t hat are typically
expected in the particular noun.
~=~----~----------~=~~~------~
'a:X~
N gq
),.~~
---······-····-·················"----~------------------------------------------··-····-··---------------------------------~----
gq
'£[9.j ~Af7f .AIL10~ ol-2 ~OILf J\f~. 9.JDI~ 'il9.J ~Af7f 7f.AI.::il 'X..!l= ~130I Lf Wl~ 7f.AI.::il
£1DI 7f.AI.::il 9,!Cfe 9.joi~LICf. 'X..!l= ~5':~'E/ !i!.'2JCfl= 9.jDI~ LI Cf.
Meaning Something has all the qualities and Something appears to have the qualities
characteristics that the preceding noun and characteristics of the preceding noun.
should have.
:g.1o.q 7lt!" ~Af ¥-lOll Al§oH.<r_ J\f~~~-§-LICf. ~Af %0ll ·~~~q·q ·~~~Cf'j':~ 'E/ :g.1,q
Can be used after nouns denoting places 71-t!" ~A f ¥-lOll Al§of~ W.!l~LI Cf.
and institutions. Sounds awkward when used after nouns
denoting places and institutions, such as
~~~q and §{~~q.
on
Examples
J:i {:!*7 ~ ti-E c.t-E ~71£ .!i!c.j- J:i -t:!*E ~71£ ~~.:il ~4;- ~ 2.JC-j I ~~~ OJ~q
Ai t:tH~7 ~ Lt.2.-E c.t-E E.2.~0 ~£ .!i!q J:i ttH~ Q,tQl ~g. ?17JJ:~ I ~<2.!~ ~~tiE- ?171~ ~~q
J:i 7iUJ§QiJ)..i 7iUJ~ 0 ~}..1 .!i!q
CD A
az=Jo] ~~~c.-J-& J-}'Ef~ Aa~ {Jo-J.R.
~ uj~ »-]7} l:ljJtl- ~ ~ ~ ~ Al ~i} lJ!-1:fAc-j%jJl.
® *oj c}J-~ Oi"'a ~c-J-& ~~ 0 1 Lf~ 5: ~ J-}.JI1ie>iJl.
@ 7<i] ~ ?-~ 7.}7] 7~~ oj] I:Jlt>H ~J-;_J- 7-}~ Aifj/j] ~t>HJl.
....... _____ .. .. .. -
~--- ~---.. -
314
How was your trip to Tokyo? Was it interesting?
Ol .H.~~ .:J. .g~o1q .gEH ~~~ :Y~%1- rriJ A~g]Li q. ~Af~.££~ A~%1- * ~jl, -§A~s>.~ ~~Af<>ll
2~A~~LICl
This expression is used to emphasize the degree of a particular situation or state of affairs. It can only be
used in declarative sentences and can be used with both verbs and adjectives .
A
-Qq
~!f!o~q
v
~q
• SJo-jtlji[J_ 7Jot:AJ ~ S:i} ~<>11 ~~o-JA. 7Jot:AJ ~ qA] ~kltA'i ~n}L.}- 7] ~:7-l %etA.
I found my lost puppy a little while ago. I'm so happy to have found my puppy again.
1 oi.H.~oH-5-Am ~ ~~ ·~~ol', ·~·. ''fiol'. ·~·:1!~ ~::: ~..s:.~ qE~LH:::: ~A~.s>.~ g)'JJll .u.m ~LICl
When used with a verb, this expression must be used together with a degree adverb such as 'il:!{:Jol, ~.
\'jOI, or~ -
• :A}o~ »-]7} ~o}Lj- ~lf-'b"H':-7-J %2-}.R. (x)
- :A}o~ »-]7} ~ o }Lj- ~ 1)<5] ~lf-'b"H':-7.] %2-}.R. ( o)
Here, without the adverb 'il:!{:Jol, the sentence means that the speaker does not know the amount of
time that Jaya studied. Thus a degree adverb is necessary.
2 o~:A:I~ 'MI-§OI qq·, '.2:~7~ qq·, 'b"-5-o~q·~~'El ~1-E A~~£1 L 7~o 1 q 7lg~ ~~ rrH:::: ~..s:.~
You can 't imagine how upset I was because of the traffic jam.
• ::1. ~% .!i!.2 ~o}LJ- 1f%~-i::-:A] %2-}.R_
I can't tell you how much I was touched after seeing that movie.
:XJ5 ~OJ 'rJOJ ~Jq R§-OIJ ~A.~ oHA.1 ~oJ I 'rJOJ Qf<5JCf
(3) 7. 7<}%7.}7} ~~ql QjJ 7<lii}~~ Ef.Jl rfL.]J.il.B..? (7<] ii}~ol ll:J.ii}.J1llll}2q)
q *~-2- .AlZl-011 ~
(1) 7~ £]-;;-~ ~7-J- {(q 01 A~l %OW~ql-'T-9£oj]Bl7} ?£oj ~q~.A-j.fi.? (?£ol .2..1:})
q t:JL 7<J\:f .:r9£011Bl7r ~nrl-f 0JOI .9;!:-'e-7-1 %cr.2..
(5) 7•l-H7} u~ q »-1 Bl'B -3! ~ ~D}7} o}11_l-]? (:§:}7} f'jol 1-]-q)
q g Jt!ljA-jI
--------------------------
Jtll-]77]- ~~ ~%-o}q.JI ilR.
7f o:J .!t, :£ ~ 3:. ;.}ap:n
Dear, are you planning to buy any more clothes?
~~Ole>i]Jl.
Environmental pollution is getting worse, and it's a big problem.
Ol .R~ ::: Olrt! ~~OI £1~~ [H q::: ~Sij£1 Oj.AIJ ~ ~01 .:1.~'2!~ iiHO t ~q7~q Oj2.i 7~.AI ~:&2..£ !i!V,i
.:IiE! :~filf7~ q.2.::: ~01 '8~6~q::: ~ ~ qE~~ ([H .A.~gj-LICf.
This expression is used in situations in which there is no other choice for the subject but to do the preceding
action (in the case of a verb) or to be in the preceding state (in the case of an adjective).
-( 0 )2 *~ton ~q
O!illllq
A/V
7f o:].!i!., .2.~5:. OF-2-W ;;z.Joj].fL? Dear, are you going to work late tonight, too?
"*-'C! JJ.I7~ 211 A:j~Jll -§1~~ AlEf,s.q ~A:~71 ~oH '§tOll ~2:!"~ 7 ~7-ll £HAl AlEf,s.q
j:H±~o I 211 0 l'&7il 'i'JO I ~5:;!:q R§-ll l~ 1::117~ .2.-E t:I~'EJOil ¥~01 ~Ol:A~Al .2.s.Cf
?! i![-g"'c:JOI 211 {J~ W2.~jl 5~q ~A:~7 1 O~OI7f Ofll~Al §OI \'JO I 'l§!R5 fLIJ7 ~ {J~ '\§!"q
(2) 7f *"q3 »-1 ::= \:[;zj-%o] £-!f. ~oJ-oH=- ~ ~oJ-..fl... (\:f.::z.J-%o] ~o}r:f)
(3) 7~ 211 % 7]r.}-2.].::z.] ~.Jl <5J-J-J-l:j] 7} ~ .::z.-1 ~~~ <S"}y ? (LB 7} ~ .Ai ~~ ~ o}r.}-)
Lf ~ J-}'ft 0 l ~Sf" ~ ~ o}l-] 77}
--------------------------------
(4) 7~ 2!1 ~ ~ 711 ~~~ i>H..fl..? (~~o]-c})
q {f.A]-7] 1.-f-0 ] ~ %oi ~Y 7!}
------------------------
(5) 7~ .A] ~ »-19.1 ..!¥-~ ~ ~ ~ oi~c} ~J-i ..fl..? (71 ~<5"]-r.}-)
Ol ±E~~ 01't! ~-§-Oiq .gEH'2! <li~ q:::_ -?.;!~ ~g ~ qE~~ [ HAf-§g)"Liq. O:P IOliAi ·~· ~ '.2.~'2.1 2.IDI
~Liq,
This expression is used when there is only one available course of action or state of being. In such cases,
~ has t he same meaning as .2.<5.1 (solely, merely, only).
-(0)2 ~01q
~~01q ~~~~01q
NOiq
~{:!j'EJOiq
_ ; . . _ _ _ _ .. ______ ~{:!j'EJ ~ ~01q
- -- - ..·--
01 R~~ c-J .Y~oH.A.i .A.I§~ rrH~ !2.~ ~Oll 'N'2! -( 0 )2 ~o]q' EE~ 'A/V-71'2! -(0) 2 ~o]q'2.1
~EH.£ .A.I§gJ-L]q ,
This expression can be made even more emphatic by using the form N'2! -(.2.)2 J&':Oief or AN- 71'2! -(.2.)2
J&':Oief-
(1) 7f o-J~~l t>}~ ~~~1 4:~ ~ ~~ 4: ~o-J_g_? (l:IH-8:- t:ll£ <t! ~cS-}r:f)
q .A~~ ~\)l= l::lij~ L.il~ q;-5)i~ ~Oj0{1.2.. .
(2) 7f ~~ ~~7] 7} ~~"51 ~2.}~o-J_9_. "¥l cS-}..U 7-joj]_B_? (7-] ~ttl 1:1}-1(-q)
q q~ ?!~ ~ "5}.J1 ~~ i£-~7]7} ~2.}~o-J_9_.
(3) 7f ~4: »-]7} o-JIE! \:J".A}~.A] ~o}_B_? -Ai] ~-=[1-7} ~o}t>}7-] := _g_. (~~ttl ~J-~7] q)
q ~A
'--'O 1'-
»--;::::- . ~5:. 'Hi.Jl. J-j~S:. ~!i!..oj]_B_.
(5) 7f o}tl-j .A] JJjjJ-~ 2Jl .A~~~] :§:}7} L-j-1J.t..J? (.A] ~77}.Aj J-~Zfi>H ~~ ?!~ ~~ceiq)
q :A~~ ~\)l=
* 10]1Jl.
U5 L:. \...!.0 _:Ll=l
~ ~710]17}7-J'%-2. 0 ~~~0]17}..tiU-11Jl.
While there are a number of places you could go, the Korean Folk
Village is just the place to see traditional Korea. So you should
check it out.
7f .6-:.1-1
1....-u , rl.s_ -il1 ul..Q..t"J1
'-1 '-- /-I I o .... I o}
\...!.
.E..~
2 L.:..
01 rl
Lj
7,Lo]..Q..
I \...!. ,___
01 rriJ.11 Jl?
Miss, if there is nothing else that you like, how about this design?
Ol .H.~:: <£tOll q.2_~ ~ .A.~£1 :.:~ !2.q C::j .yQ~7ji .H.~%1" ITH.A.~g[Liq. ::::;, q::: 3:!.5:. ~i:A1 '2.!' <£,!-£1~.A.P ~
=.:::I2.r~ 3:!~ .Y~%1" rrH -"~grLJq.
-~ s expression is used to strongly emphasize the meaning of the preceding noun. That is, it emphasizes the
noun as the prime example among a number of other possible choices.
£1-"ro~~£
N
~~ 0 1 0~~£
A
{ 153)
1 7~ ~7Jg 7-]7]~ 10j]7}.AJ-%Jl~~o] Jf-12-}.Jll-~Zf<'>BJl?
21~ ~~I-Ofl ~ ~§o~ cil 7~ %Ro~q .:J. Lf2.f '2::!0i~ ~.l1t2.1 t!H~ ~I 7~%£.~ ~o1q
.2-I.A.IOJIJ..i '2J~~E Cil / ~:g 'iMRo~C~ 1:i~g I :2:I.A.IOJI.A.i '2..!~~-E Cil 7~ 'iMR~ ~Oiq
(5) 7f ~.:rz. ).j-oloJl 7}:AJ *.R~ ?>!o] !f-]c.j-.Jl .A~z,l-<'>H.B.? ().~.£~ ~~ u)-%)
q ~.:rz. ).j-oloJl 7)-AJ *.R~ ?>!olc.}.:il J.~z,l-<'>H.ft.
..-::--
1
328
-~
You are aware that today a special guest is visiting us from abroad,
right?
Lf -=z.~ . ~;.}~~.5:.. ~ ~
J.l-§-~Jl1Jl.
g * ~Jll u} 0 l3..~
Then I'll use a microphone so that the people in the back can hear,
too.
Ol ±f.~~ .!f.!Oll q2::: ~§Oil Cll~ ~~01q 71-ff. ~~ 7ICH£!::: ~:i!~ :3~ qE~~ UH Af§~Liq. ~ . {:!~
- 711
Al~5~7il
-711
1£! 711
A/V
EJ ;t;l ~;1-711
Q:! ;t;l U7il
• %Ji. ~ 1.]1 § g_ '5-J oj l:lj i:'.1 Aj ?-J-7-]1 4'-{:J "11 uJ1£ ~ i5"}.J.i1Ji..
= -'6-Ji.~ t..J1 § g_ '?.JoJI:Iji:'.1A1 ?J"J1J-i=
} 91J"11 uJ1£~ i5"}-"i1Ji..
Please take notes in order not to forget the important points.
.gQ.,f~ 3Jil ~.2.'2:1 Cf-E .A~Olllll ~H7 ~ s=.1c~ ~HS:.IA:I 'CJCf I OIOi~~ 7JICf
~2.1 ~f'2:! .2.1~ ~~01 OI5H%f -* ~q .2.1~ ~~.5:. OI5H%f * ~q I ~~51~~
1 q~ .A.~E[~~ ~g-Oli.A.i O~~OiLIOll7il Ef!-9:!~ .!:?-~~mR? .::IE!~ .5!~ '-Jil'~ .A.I-*<5H.A.i g ;g
~ ~{:jc5~AiiR.
(3) (4)
~ *~;:;;Liq.
When using this expression , the action stated in the preceding clause is the speaker's goal or reason for
doing the action stated in the following clause. It is interchangeable with -711.
C""7--,....-.,-..---..,_-~..,...-~...,..--,.--=·---~-------~-- --------------- ---------,
~fE.o-~c~ ~fE.o~s=.-&
.gq .gs=.-&
A/V
!f.:;:;o~A I
\:'l£-&
- AI \:'i!:C.-&
.gAl ?.tEe.-&
L --·- ~---- -- - ~------ - -- -- -- ··----- - -- --- - -- -- -· - ···- --- -- - -··· · -
'-.s=.~·~ *~~Oli.A.i Lf.2.~ ~~£1 ~.s=,q ~6.1~ LfE~LH 7iLf .A.ILf£1~lll ~ LfE~~ rrH.s=. .A.I§~Liq.
The expression -.5::.~ is also used to express a time limit, degree, or method related to the action stated in the
following clause.
'-lj]'2.f '-.s=_~· ~ 7~£1 i::l l:::::'5flii.A.I§'5fAI'2! ~~'5flil ry'5f'2:! Cj-§:i!f ~~ * fOI7f ~,;;; LI C~.
While -711 and -.5::.~ are very similar in meaning, their precise differences are as follows.
- 7il
336
7~ -ci-&t:1] .7ol-!I. ~ ~ ~77}Jl?
It's hot, shall I open the window?
Yes, I'm planning to go to Susan (and then come back) with a friend.
Ol .R~ ::: ~~~2.1 ~§0 1 ~£.§ .!f.IOU~~~2.1 ~§~ g}~ QIDI~Liq. OI[H ·-~j~q7f2.1 '-~/~-· :::
·~p~ AIAil' ~ qE~LH ~ -3;!01o ~LI 2.~ '~§O I ~£%!' ~ Qlolru-Liq. ~~~Oll ~ ~71, ~AH, DI2.H AIAil7~ q
~ * ~ 0 1J:j ·-~/CXi!q7f ~ ·-~/CXi!Cf~ '§t~ * ~~Liq. §.A.~~ <ffOll ~ * ~~Liq.
This expression ind icates t hat the subject performs t he act ion in t he following clause after the act ion in
t he first clause is completed. Not e that in this case the -<ri.f<xJ.- part of -'W<xJ.Cf7 ~ does not indicat e t he
past tense but rather t he completion of the action. As for t he following clause, all tenses can be used ,
including the past, present, and future. The phrase -~/<xJ.Cf7~ can also be shortened to -~/<xJ.Cf. Finally, t his
expression can only be attached to verbs.
3 o1 .H.~::: Oi~ ~6~ of.:JI ::::1 ~§-ol ~~~ ~:AI£1~ .gEHOli.A.i Oi~ ~~ ~~of7-Jq ~::: 7lcHof:AI
fJ::: ~ 01 {!!~ ~ llH .A.f~~ *.s:. 'll~Liq. .1:2.~ -t:!~~.£1 ~§- ~ ~ ~Oll ~~~of:AI cri::: ~01
!?-<c:!ol {!!71./il £1cx.t~ rrH ~Lief. ?£ Jif710ll ~Oi'd ~011 cHc>H.A.i'2.! .A.~of[]:j .5:!.~ '7fq. .2.q Efef.
~2q' §-.A.f2.f ~OI ~Li q. OIITH~ ·-~.Ucx.t~C~I'£.5:. t::!f-¥-1 ~ * 'll~Liq.
This expression can also be used to indicate the speaker's doing of some action and then experiencing
something noteworthy or unexpected while doing that action. In this case, it usually refers to the
occurrence of an unplanned event after doing the action in the preceding clause. It is mainly used to
refer to past events and is used together with verbs such as 7fCL .2.Cf, EfCf. and ~£Cf. When used in
this meaning, it can be replaced with the expression -'U/~eCil with no change in meaning.
(1) Oj~ ~01 ~OjLfil '?l!c 8l.IOll ef-E ~01 ~Oj'tJLICf. (1) ofLf£1 ~~01 ~li@ -?lOll efe ~~~Lief.
The second action or event occurs while the The second action is performed after the first
first action is still occurring. action is completed.
-+ .A.i~Oll 7!-E 8l.IOll ~~ 'Cf~C!-E £1DI~LICf. -+ .A.i~Oli.S:.~H.A.t ~ .A.i~Oll I!" ~~01 ~li@
Here, the speaker met a friend while going ~Oll ~~ 'Cf~Ci-E £1DI~LICf.
to the bookstore. Here, the speaker met a friend after the action
of going to the bookstore was completed.
(2) '-ef7f'!c 2.§ ~.A.f2.f .A.I§OI 7f5~Li ef. (2) '-CUI~ef7f'!c -?-£ l;llcH£1 £1ol~ 7f:XI!c ~.A.~OI
- Cf7f can be used with all verbs. =4=4 ~~~~ ~~~Oll ~Lief.
-<UJ~ cm is mainly used with verb pairs (in
the preceding and following c lauses) that form
opposites or contrastive meanings.
l a.
(1) 7f .g'l§<S"}cj 1-j-;jqJl <5"}7-1 ?:1-~0l.R?
Lf ~oJl Lf7J:t:flr 1:117} 2-l---'i I:f---'1 ~ <>1*01£..
(2) 7f 1
0 A~1 ~ oJ )fo-J .fL?
Lf o}Ljoj]Jl. 0}77} _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :rrJ~<Sfl-"i t:f--'1~oJ.fL.
(3) 7f ~717} ~ i=-~ I:l1~7{1- :7c{.g ~ ~7/j-.fL?
Lf ~»-1 71- #LJ77J- ~21 t:f--'1 ~-o]- ~Ai] Jl.
(4) 7f C>iti qt:j..2..-"121Jl.R?
~~oJl ~.:r-2} ~o ] t~J-I:foJl .gcj {toJ.fL. t~}I:foJ1 (1)~~ 'J:t:flr ~:§:!- ~~-oH::- 1,! ~ ~
oJ.fL. ~:§}-l:lfl.!f-~ 0 1 ;<a~ oJJtlllt:J2fJl.R. ~cjJll:lfl~ Xl:o-J£.. ~'tl c:l1Bfl~ (2)_ __
~D 1 ~ {:]3}/11 <5flAl L:jlf- ~ ~ ;doJ.fL. ~Cl1Al <?_f~ A}cj ~ojj L.j-{(oJ.fL. ~i(it:~1 ~ojj
01 E~~ ~P~Oll ~~8 ~o1 q .gEH~ ~.g~ IT!I .A.I-§51-E ~~ ~J:HOII:: ::1. ~01 :AI~£1:AI ?i.JJ. ~:;~
qE~'EJLiq. OlE~~ ~.E.~ 2.IDI6~:: '-cxt/~-·~f .2:.1-g~ qE~LH:: ''2!'01IDj::j-tJ ~Q£ ~.A.f <itOll ~Liq.
This expression is used when recalling a past event or state of affairs that has not continued to the present.
It consists of -'~J./'Xi.-, indicating completion, and \:!, indicating recollection, and is used before nouns.
AN ;
-- --- --- --------
.£I.A.fOiq Qj.A.f~t!
NOICf l
2,1-~0iq "§:j-~ 01~12:!
- - - - - - - - - - ' - · -- - - -- - - -- --. - - - -··- - - - -
Yunju, who used to be modest when she was young, now has an aggressive personality.
2 ~~A~I ·-~/~'2!·~ ~01~ §A~I :£~ rrH£1-l= '§2.1 j2~712.1 ~EH7~ ~;;H£1-E ~cH~'2! ~¥£~
j2P12.1~EH7~ ~AH7JfXI XI~£!~ ~.5f ~ q AI§W * <x,!~Ljq_
Unlike the case with verbs, when -~/'tiel is attached to adjectives there are two possible interpretations.
It can refer to cases in which the present situation has become the opposite or contrary to a past
situation or state of affairs, or it can refer to cases in which a past situation has continued in the same
state until the present.
- '2!
.:c.j-7i011 AI~HAi 0~ ~Lt:AI '(jg ~- ~ .:c.!-7i011 .:c.j-7i011 AI~HAi OlD I .:c.!-7i011 ~q ~AH77f:AI :AI~£1:AI
• 7.~]7} 0]·7J} .!i!.Td {l:t ~ cxj 7]oj].!f-~:::r:·l] • o] {} ~~ :A~] 7} 0}7J}~Td ~ t:·l] t:f ::': {}if:
~).] * .!i!.~<>j Jl? 'irt <>!Jl?
I put the newspaper I was reading earlier This is the (same) newspaper I read earlier.
here. Did you happen to see it? Do you have a different one?
-+ 2.f7i0il A. I~H.A:j O f~ ~Lf.A I 'i'l.g ~~.H.~ ... :i!f7i0il A. I~HA.i OIDI ~'cl ~
This expresses an action that started in the This expresses an action that started in the
past but has not ended yet. past and already ended.
2 '--{ 0 )L':: 8~ol Oitt! ~-5-0]q J,.~{:!O] Jlf710il ~Oi;d::;~ qE.~LH7-Jq ::J.. J,.~{:!O].gj".fi..'@ ~ ~:X:Hllf
;:] J;:]~£1::: -3,:!~ qE.~LH '-~/cxt\::!'Jlf j:~0]7f 9.J~L]q_
The phrase - (.2.) L can refer either to the fact that some action or event simply happened in the past or to
the fact that the completed state of an action or event has continued to the present. Thus, it differs from
- 'X.t/'X;!'2! in the following ways.
-(O)L
... :cf7i0il oi~Oil ~Jl :1 o1~£ 7114i- o 1~0il 'Xli91 ... :c.f7i0il o 1~0il ~Jl. :1 ol~£2- o1~0il 'XJ.AI u~
'irt2-.AI ~ "i" 'irt§LICf. ~ 21~f0j OIWiof.Jl 'X,!§LICf.
Jimin went to the U.S. in the past, but Jimin went to the U.S. in the past, but it is
whether he is still there or not cannot be understood that he did not subsequently
determined. stay there.
3 Jlf7-j ~ qE.~~ [H -5-J,.f-E '--{ 0 )L 'Jlf '-\::!' .2Ef.~ J,.f§.~ ~ 9)~ C-j] ~H ~-§J,.~q 'O]Cf'. 'OfL]q'£] ~
?::: '-~/cxt'C:!' ~ J,.f§.'OHO~ gj'L] q, Oj[[H::: ·-~/~'2:!·:: '-\::!'~ J,.f§.'OHS:. £]o ]-g~ j:~ ] 7f ~~L]q_
When expressing the past with verbs, both -(.2.) L and -'2! can be used, but in the case of adjectives, OICf.
and OfLICf, the expression -'X.{/'X;!'2! must be used. However, -'2! can also be used in place of -'X.{/'X;!'2! with
no change in meaning.
• <>!51 ~ rrJl 3:·2·.-~1-?-~oJ ::: ..ll';'§.}.li!.oj] ~ <>j7}li:lJ.i ~~~ o}o].£ li"\~<>!Jl. (x)
~<>!51~ rriJ 3:%~Td 9-~oJ ::: ..ll';~.li!.oj] ~ <>j 7}li:l.A-] ~~J o}o].£ li"!~<>!Jl. (o)
~ <>!51~ rrfl 3:%o}Td 9-~oJ ::: ..ll '; ~.ll!.oj] ~<>j7}li:l.Ai ~-~~ o}o].£ li"!~<>!Jl. (o)
Juyeong, who was quiet as a child, has become a lively kid since entering high school.
Ol~ Oj~~7!-E OjCI£ 7~Cf ~'.:1 Oj~~l 7~Cf I~~ CfAI 7 ~Cf
(2) 7~ J-}.£ »-1~ ~2.] :§:)J-}-oj] _2_7] ~oJ1 Oit:ioJ]J--j ~-5Hl_e>iJl? (~o}-q)
Lf 7<~] 7}- *,<: -3[ ,<: ~.:il :§:) J-}- $1 e>i .£...
0 }0 17} .!f- .
~ 0 ]Lf ~ ~ ~ 0 }7} :£l<;d_~yt:J- .=I.CiJl ~ 7]] ~ OiLf <5JJ-J (5)- - - - - - - - -- -
- - <{1-T ~ .=I.\[~ lA]{} 0 ]Lf ~~ .2.J- ~<Xi~Yt:J-.
Oi .R~::: Oi~ ~0 1 ~~'61 ~~q;: -?,;! ~ Q.jO j'6fE ?,;!Q£, .:J. ~Jl~ O~.!:f. -?,;!~ EJ':AI <(l~:; ~ qE~LH7 1~
'6~jl. Oi~ ~01 ~8' Cil cHoH~'6fE A~'E]-2.1 O:l2.i {J2.1 ~EH~ qE~LH71~ grLJq. ~. o ~-EJjl ~~~ org.,
~E~77fg org. ~:::: ~[H£ ¥'Et.YOI ~Oi:A4 AI~~ org., £m qjl Oiom ~:::: o~:;~ qE~LH71~ g[LJq.
-OUOi I:J:j2.jC~
7 ~q
v -0~/0i l:tj2.jq
l£jq
. .
.. · -- ·' ---·-·······-······- ·· ------------------------ _______;._____ _
• %~ 0 ] /Z]Lf '?J7-] ?J::: ~~ ~ cJ- .:?-]~~ aJClD]Jl ~.£..
I plan to get rid of all the clothes that are no longer popular and aren't being worn.
• ~»-]7]-lflJJ. -6JP·i o12.J ~ ~;<J] ~\.e.}- ttl~OiA.
It was so hot (and all) that I cut my hair short.
OI.R~~ Wf>I-E j,fE,f£1 q~ 1=J2.I ~EH~ LfEf~Liq_ [Cf2.f),.-j @ruj ~OII"'i .:J.1=J2.1~EH ~ llfQ.Io'I-E
-3;!01 8-R~Li q.
Because this expression can indicate a wide variety of emotional states, it is important to understand the
emotional state of the speaker from the particular context.
• ::J. J..J-;g-oj il_.;:r rrit.+ 1:1-j~oJ.ft. (::J.~j.-1.-j t..-j.!j!- OKjJl A,;jAj i>jJ.ft.)
In the end, (s)he left for good. (So I am very sad and miss her/him.)
(3) 7f OJ7J )).]'% 'T -2 ~ 'VSio-J£_? ~~o ] '(!- ~o]- ~o:J£_. (% lflc.J-)
Lf OJ7J )).]7} 7.]-JTL 7.-] ~ ~a:jJ--j ~~]7]-
q7 ~q
- - - - - - rrjJS:. <V,-;;LJc.J-. 7.}-82. Q{-4,:- .A]Z}oj] 7.}-? ~7.]~ cJ-:': .A]-~o] ~.Q.~
'V, 015:. ~ t:Jl oj] -i=-.!f=1 -&-}.!f- %~ (5) -&-}~ .A]-'ff<fj l-j c.J-.
7~ u}3. »-], J..j"~~¥ W"oJ ~~ Jl?
Mark, have you studied hard for the test?
01 .R~~ o12.1 7-ll~of:AI <ri~ ~0 1 ~Oi Lf.A.i ~~q~ 5-:S2...£. .::::1. ~:c.~ ~of:AI '2l~'2! 3.:! ~ 2.IDI~LI Cf.
~~I cHoH Of-a.i!. {1{1~ o fg~ LfEfLH.i!. ~~LICf. ~.A.f~ ~Oll ~ ~~LICf. *
This expression refers to an unplanned event or action that continued until it was completed or thoroughly
finished in a way undesired by the speaker. Thus it includes the speaker 's feeling of regret or sorrow with
regard to the resulting state of affairs. Only verbs can come before this expression.
1 '-Jl Wc.f' 'i,t()jj~ ~.A.~'2J' ~ 4- <V;;;; L]ef. ~g.A.f7 ~ .2'2'! ~iCJ ~:gO] ~Lief.
Because only verbs can come before -Jl ~q, combining it with adjectives will result in incorrect
sentences .
2 '-jl wcf~ 4-0·Pf Oi't! ?.:!~ ~ of~ef~ ~~ 9..j:Aj~ LfEfLH~ ~SF.s=. <V;;;;L]Cf. Oj[[H~ ' - j l W{l!
Cf'j:~ EJ 4-0i9..] 9..j :Aj~ LfE~LH~ '-~-·. '-( 0 )2 EjjLIJJf' ~9..] OiD ]2.f ~Oj M~ ~Sf-7 f i'i" 0 [):j ·~·.
''r_l-c::.A.j'2.f ~::_ W.s=. :A~4- ~0 1 .A.~g~Li ef.
The expression - J2 ~q can also refer to the subject's strong will or intention to do something. In such
cases, it is often combined with an expression that indicates the speaker's intention, such as-~- or
-(2.)2 EJILI7Jf. to form expressions such as -.:il ~~q. In addition, these forms are often used together
with adverbs such as ~ and ~E.A.I.
3 '- JJ. Wef'Oll ·-o ~;Oi lfi2.lef'~ ~j:~Ai ·-o~;Oi lfi2.IJJ. wcuef·~ A~oi-E ~SF.s=. <V~ci l. o1 ITll~
Ol-a.il. {:j{:j~ L ~~ C:i ~~o-HAi .H~oi-E ?.:!~Lief.
7
This expression can also be combined with -Of/Oj l:tj2.lct as - Of/01 l:tj2.j.:il ~~q to emphasize the
speaker's feeling of regret and sorrow.
l~
: (2)~0 1 (j) ~_5:1_q C-j Of-a.:il {J{J'Et !:::. 7~01 'rJOI ~§LICf.
-9-017f o12.1lll~of:Jl.::J. ~~ 9.I:X I~2..£ o-~-e ~.Sf-7f -9-017f o12.1 lll~zt ~.s=. OfLI:J1.9.I :X I~2..£ zt ~.s=.
'2ii3-LI q, 0 f'B Ll q_
Mainly refers to situations that the subject planned Refers to situations that the subject did not plan
in advance and therefore did intentionally. for or intend to do or happen.
@ I
t:lj~O ~jl .Sf.2.jlzt ~]~
A feeling that someone was ill-mannered and rude
• 'cf7.} ~-T-.2f i)j]oj~ f1 :1.. .A}'ifo] {;':- Jtl7.] ~ • 1/4'-£ 'cf7.} ~-T-7} {;':- Jtl7.] ~ ~o]l:lj c.j.Jl
~~Ol.R .
01'i:! ~01 ~:1!~2..£ .::J.'Ci ~EH7 f .<r.I'X;!q, .::J.~lll.:g'Mfq .::J.'Ci ~0 1 {!J7 I:XI 'C.tlll of2.~:Jl !r.~~i=Cii£.::J.'Cl ~01
i= 9.IDI~ 7f~ LI Cf. {!j~Cf-E 9.ID I~ 7~LI Cf.
This refers simply to the resulting or final state of This refers to the fact that efforts were made to
a particular situation. prevent a particular result, but those efforts were
ineffective. The unwanted situation still occurred.
-+ ~:1!~2..£ :go1~'li:Jl. ~.H.~ 'bf~qi= 2./DI~Liq. -+ :g~ :Xf:XI '2,1'£2.~:Jl. ~.H.~ ~f2.~:Jl !r. ~~£Lf ~
Falling asleep and doing poorly at the ~2..£E :go1~'l;!:Jl, ~.H.~ 'bf~Cfi= 2./D I ~ Li q.
presentation were the end results. The speaker tried to not fall asleep and do
the presentation well, but, in t he end , (s)he fell
asleep and gave the presentation poorly.
_______ __ ____
, , ,,., ____ _
,,
(1) 7~ *
Ail% ~17} .2.~ ~.A}oJl 1-f~c.J-tB.A-JJl? (%AJ0l 1-fc.j-)
q 7-jJ~ .!f-cJ ~ i>}c-j y %1---!01 l.{.:L!. O
.l<'J.Oi.2...
CD J.l--c.j-71- ~ 1}:-c.j-71-
@ 1J:t:-1 '-l @ J.l--g t:i]
CD -5l-q 7l-
@ "5-Ji::- ~]q
354
I intend to wash my car on the way home.
Ol R~ ~ C£{0{1 oft ~~01 .:1:.~01 ~q::: 3:!~ qEf~ ITH A~gtLiq ~. Oi't!
of-§XI ~ of:=XI
~(5~
::J. ~:ll.ft ~~ 7~ 2.f.Jl ~ol-E 3-"!~Liq. ~:ll.ft cH~5: ~ ~~ q EfLHoj ~~::s:jQ.£ ~~::s:j<r.J .g6jolq Oi't!
AfiS£1 ~-t!<S:l<r.J ~~~ DI-9-0i ¥[~ rrHOi't! ~:ll.Pf ~XI ~{;)~ ~ ~~ ~ -'? <U~ rrHA~~Liq. ~Af2t
~A~~Liq.
This expression is used when doing t he preceding action is of no value of use. In other words, the result
would be the same regardless of whether t he action is performed. When stated, t he result is expressed as
a strong, almost definit e supposit ion. The strong supposition is usually based on general common sense
knowledge or on the consideration of someone's usual or habitual actions. This expression is used with
verbs only.
-(.Q.)Lf DfLf
7fq ofq
v
l£l 0 Lf DfLf
"--~-"----·-·---·---
• 0 l BC>i := .B.~oJl J-H.£ J-~{1 <?JE-1 1)1 %e>ic}A-j "}~ ~ ~~-~tf o}t-f ~ ~ 71oj].B..
This word is a new Internet term that probably won't be in a dictionary even if you search for it.
• o}3. »-1 oJ1;;tJ1 :1. o 1o]:71 ~ '6~.£ 'li ~~ 7-j oJ1R. -&-}t.j- o}t.j-oJ1R .
Mark won't listen to you even if you tell him that. It's no use (even trying).
1 0 ~7] 2-}»-10117-ll J 7-~.li~ ~)1~ 7.] ~~-5B ~ll~R?
@),
q 0 ~7]2-} »-]s=. o-];~.1] ~7-ll ~o-j{t_Q_1-]7J~ ~~-5B ~Y- u}l-}- *~51~ 7-~o:j]R.
.2.~ ~ -2'!7 10li.A.:j Oi~ ~O I O I ~E-:A I :AI-5JJf:AI A~~ ~OI%~£LI7J f ~fO f!i!.Cf
<cJEi~££ ~fOf!i!.Cf I A~~ ~O I O I~Cf
:AI-'?- JJ.IOll7ll 'cl"Af ~-=?-7f '1!1=-:AI ~Oi!i!.Cf :AI-'?- JJ.IE- 'cJ":A ~Oll7ll <cJ7 17f i'££LI7Jf ~Oi!i!.Cf
I ~E!~OI 'UCf
:Ai%7.:f7f .:il~OI ;d"l=Cii .Jlj,:l2.i 8 7fCf :Ai%7.:f7f .2.2.H£HA~ .Jij,:ICf I .A.H7.:~ Afq
~2.il7 f L-j.!:f- C-j2.iifCi l8 'l!ltCf L.:l-9- C-j 2.i~A~ 'l!ltCf I .:J.'c{ ~ 2.1Cf
:g!;f.~ 8 5HA~ !i!.Cf I .:J.'c{ cf%~0ll !i!.Cf
(2) 7~ Q{-4f J.j{}o] 7-Jxt ~ r·l] L-j-..2..I!. »-]7} o}~ <i} .2.J;l].fL. Gj 7]qcj ~77}.9..? (7]t:f2.lt:f)
q <i1% EJJY77} 7Jt:f2.17-J w;.Jr:.~.
7-l oj].R.
(5) 7f %).~ 0 ] 0 ]Jt! 9-oJl ~~ J.j~ ~ .!i!..~r-1] 7-1~.711 ~7]J?l "6}1;]].9... (.!i!..q)
Lf :J._ cJ .7Jl, Al ~ .7JJ ~7JJ?l "6H::- ~ .!i!.. Y 0
JJt! ).j ~ £ - - - - - --
~~~ 7-jOJ:.
01 IE~~ ~~~2.1 LH§~ .A.Ix oH.s=. .:1:~01 ~:Piq 7ICHOil DI*IAI ~gjc~ qE~~ rrH .A.~~Liq. .:J.2.I.:.il ~Oi
qAI ~~ ~Oil cHoH ~~<S'~~.A.i W5!-E -3:!~LICL
This expression is used to indicate that there's no use even trying what is stated in the preceding clause or
that doing so would not live up to expectations. It is used to refer to something that has not occurred yet as
a form of supposition.
-OUOi ¥,t;,I.:~
l::liWq
NV ~q
- - -- --- ·-······-··-·- --· -------- -
• -'PJ-\l;:. LJ17} 1i-~ <5}~1 ~ W:Al- LJ1 ~~ ~7-J ?:.f.2.1l 7-J oJlil...
It doesn't matter how honest I am to the department chief. She won't believe me .
• _2_ ~ .:Q-o ] {- ~ ';:[ ;:_ o] Q]lf-~ <?J Oi ~7-}- ~%~ ~ 7-] oj]il... 7.}-c}c.j )?;~ o=j~ 7~ ~.2-.Ai]il...
On a cold day like today, it's no use Qust) wearing this overcoat. You should wear multiple layers of clothing .
1 01 .H.~~ {:!~~2.1 LH~OI .:J.~ lfl cH8o~X I ?J7~q ~~ 0 1 o ~LI2.~::: ~~ 2.1o1~ [[JJ ;..~-o~7 I.S:.
gj"Ljq_
This expression is also used to indicate that what is stated in the preceding clause is not that great or
noteworthy.
• :J.. ~o1 ojaJ-?-~ ~~} ~Jld-'t! ~.!I!.c.j-!:: *1% 7-JoJI.R. uj~ ~oJ1-if'i!! ~ 'V_.Q.y77}- Zj7:,3i5}~1 o}J.i1.R.
Even if the task is difficult it should be easier than the last one. You can finish it in a few days, so don't
worry.
• 0}017} W~ Qjoj ~~} ~o}t.f lfl01 Qj~ojJl? :J..tg Qj.Jl1i~ t:jJ.£ QjrJ17}'i!- ~).1c.J-.
The child won't eat a lot of food anyway, so let's just let him/her eat what he/she wants.
3 .::1.2.~q i!j-7~ ~~~ 71{:loHJ.i ~~ [[JJ::: '-0~/~ ~X~ -cx.t/<Xi~ 7~0liR' ~EH£ A~~ -9- ~~Lj q_
However, the form - Of/Oi !_&Xf -91/9:1.~ 710!1£. can be used when supposing what likely happened in a
past situation.
7f 0,J=7J ~loJl rll :J..1IJj :J.. ~ ~ -t]-~1 ~2-}.:il 0 H71~oJ 0 ]: ~ !::t:i] ~ ~ 711 ~2]7} £ll.R.
I should have told Yang Gang not to do that back then, and now I regret not doing so.
q :J..1IJj oH71t>H ~~J- ~~1 ?,f'V,-% 7'1 of1.R. c-j o1""J {178 ~~1 o}J.i].R.
He wouldn't have listened to you even if you had told him back then. Please don't worry about it any
more.
Lf .!f-~"811 ~A} ~%<itt~ 7-JcxJ1Jl. ~~ »-17} Jl£ l:l} llli7-j ~_B_. ~ -
c~OI Aj[q stubborn
~ 12..! .UJOlllil O I.A.f~ Uli §- £21- '§2.f11.!?-~fq 1?-~fc.f I ~12..! .UJ7f R§ ttf~Cf
.A.~l)jJ ~~ ~2.~ '§2.fj! ~~£2.~ .!i!.Cf ~~£2.=1.!i!.Cf I R§ ~.A.f .A.~OI ~ ~q
:XI-'?- .UJOlllil ojg ~ l:lJ-¥2.f11 opJ~H .!i!.Cf oH7 lofef 111~0 1 L.:J~ .AiJcf
2 7f optl_ o:j~Oi1 lf!-AJ.£..£ o:j~~ 7}2 11~-ci1 \:£0 1 G-] ~77}~* 7}3!)~Jl.
Lf 1[!-AJQ] ~»-17} -c+%1 ~A} ~o}L-]- ~3!)~Jl? .J~ 7}J.i1Jl.
(5) 7~ Ljj 7} Qjj .Jl~~JiL rrJl_:g-_!f-~ ~{]<51 <(}- ~~A1 ~~7} Ql. (~~i>}q)
q ~u}l-}-~~~~Jl?
7;j14:f x~-.5}~ ~-=Jl-7} ~ 9 ~~ 7-JcxJ1Jl.
CD .S:.Q.j- ~;g. t:J1 y 77]- ~ c:j %l _g_ ~ .S:.Q.j- ~2.]-j]_ w*~Oil <id e>i _g_
@ .S:.Q.j- ~2.]-j]_ w~ ~'Xte>iiL @ .s:.Q.} ~2.]-Jl oH£ cj- .s:.~ 7-] O:J].fL
364
-(~)Let~
7t ~~ .A}1J_t=]]Jl.
~~oJl rt~~~ ¥-1 <5}Jl1i~.fL?
(I see) you bought a lottery ticket. What do you want to do if you
win the lottery?
Ol .H.~~ 7f~ ~%}~ q EfLH::: ~Q£. ~.xHq :;)_fl-j£1 ~~ ~CH£ ~~~ rrH ~~ Of~ ~0-jqAj ?J~ ~011
cHoH OIOP I~ rrH AI§~LICl. ijt~~Oll::: 7~ ~~o 1q ~~~ qEfLH::: Wee.! ·-~01£.'. '-( 0 )2 71011£.'.
'-(o)2 'B!C·ll' :;oj -9-£ ~L!Cl.
This expression is used to refer to hypothetical situations either contrary to what actually happened in the
past or what is happening in the present, or to situations that have not yet occurred. The following clause
usually includes an expression such as -~OlR, -(.£)2 7iOIIR, or - (.£)2 '2)Cil to denote the hypothetical or
suppositional situation being described.
-(L..)L.q'i!:!
~ ~q'i!:!
Ojj HH q Oj j ~q'i!:!
A
~q ~ q'i!:!
OjjHHq OjjHH Cl'i!:!
():j;.t.:~O i q ():j;.t.:~~q'i;!!
£j"~Oiq ~~ O I ~q'i;!!
NOiq
():j;.t.:~Oiq ():jA:~2.~'i!!
(0 1)2.~'i!!
£j"~O iq ~~O I 2.~'i;!!
.... :..·-·--------------~·······:·----···
2 ~J;H~<2J '-{L) Lq~·~ '-( 0 )'i!!'~. :i!P~~<2.) '-<1!'/~q'i;!!' ~ '-W~ 0 'i!!'. '-W~Ci2.~'i;!!·~ tlp[l~
~*~~Liq.
The present tense form -(!=.)L q~ can be changed to-(£)~. and the past tense form -~j~q~ can
be changed to-~/~£~ or -~/~C:f2.f~ with almost no change in meaning .
J
'--(O)~':v_~ '-( L)Lq~·:: ~zj:V.~ 7~~2.\J:F. £1Di~ q 7~:A i.J:l ~:Ai'2J" '--(0)'2}':: '-(L) Lq'2}'5!q 7f-5
{:jOI \:'i:: ~Oll .A.~£io:j ~Oi'§t 7fE{:jOI ~~ ~~ [H~ .A.~o~:AI '2i'~Liq.
While both -{5?.)~ and -(.~) L ef~ can refer to either a condition or a hypothetical situation, -(5?.)~ is used for
things which have a higher possibility of occurring than -{.!:::.) L Cf~. Accordingly, if the event being referred to
has no chance of actually happening in reality, then -{5?.)~ should not be used.
011t! ~01 ~01'21" 7~01 i'J~ rrH .A.fgof££. 7f5~0I 011t! ~0 1 ~01'§ 7f5~0I 7-J.£1 ~1::- 71{1 {t~fOII i'JOI
7-l£1 ~~ rrHe .A.fgofXI 'rJ§LICf. .A.fg~Lief.
Used to refer to events which have a high Often used to refer to events which have little or no
probability of occurring and is not used with events chance of actually occurring.
that have little or no possibility of occurring.
There is a chance that the person will have a There is very little chance that the person will
lot of money in the future. have a lot of money in the future.
-+ WQ~.A.~OI '~'7f~ 7~01 ~C;j ~OI:Iii! -+ WQ~ A~OI '~'7f ~ 7~01 ~C;j ~oo§! 71{1
Aj-g%t -9- ~§Lief. {t~ LfEfLHE '(01)2.f~·~ AfgoHOt Xf~~'E:j§LI Cf.
Here, -(5?.)~ cannot be used because there is Here, because there is no possibility of the
no possibility of the speaker actually turning speaker turning into Dongsu, the hypothetical
into Dongsu. form (OI)2.f~ should be used.
- -- ........... ----·-·-----
(2) ~:::rl7]-
I '-1 <51-.Allo]nl]
-, 0 <">
~I ...i:L,
+ <51-ol_Q_
e. '-'- 2 l:l]-_Q_
c 2
¢. oJ_Q_
I.M. 2
i2-llr:J] <">
'-'-' 'I .J:L,
-+
(4)
-+
Ol If.~:= :i?P~Oll ~~'2! ~~ 'riCH£ 7~~5HAi ~~ [H A~ru-Liq. ~7~ ~Oil CH~ .¥-~q ~E~771-@-~
qE~LH7I=c f>~jl. .::1~7-11 5~:AI UO~ q~o1~q:= ~~ qE~LH7I=c g[Liq. '-<U/~ Ci2.~~· crg.Oll:= '-CU/exi~
7~0liR'. ·-ru/cx.t~ 'B)c~r. '--{ 0 )2 ~~cp~ :A~2?- ~Liq_ (24-§ '7~~ .g~ qEf~ ~·.2.J 03 '--{o)2 ~t;~q·
This expression is used to hypothesize a past situation that is the opposite of what actually occurred. It can
express the speaker's feeling of regret or lament with respect to an event in the past as well as relief about
not doing something. The expressions -"1):/<JJ.~ 7iOIIR. -<;}:/~~ 't!JC.il, and - (.2.)2 ~~q often follow - "1J:./<JJ.Ci2.f
\?:!.(See Chapter 24 Expressing Hypothetical Situations, 03 - (.2.)2 ~ofCf.)
-r;)Jexi Ci 2.~~
ltCi2.~~
A/V
~ exiCi 2.~~
- - -··-·····-·· - -------------·-------:------ -----------··-·-------------------- -- - - -
~Ci2.~~ .!¥:A~Oiq !¥:A~~ Ci 2.~~
NOiq
OI~Ci2.~~ ~~01q ~~O I ~Ci2.~~
------------- - - - · - - --------------------- - -·-----·------------
'-{ L }L q~·~ 7 ~~ ~%fJ:!.~ ~:c! ~~~ ~ q qE~';Jj-"? <ll:AI~ '-~/~C:j 2.~~·~ 7~ ~~~ qE~';Jj
* <U~Liq_ Ef.~ '-{ L }Lq~· ~ ~.AH . J:!.~7~ ~Oil CH~ 7 ~0 1 7 f-6-<S'~:A I~ ·-~/~C-j 2.~~ ·~ J:!.~7~ 7 ~
~ 7f-6-g[Liq . .::J.Oil t:ti5H'-{ 0 )~'~ .2.!:f. 7 f-6-~Liq.
While the expression -(.!:::.) L q~ can be used to express both hypothetical and conditional situations, -'lt
/'?;!Ci2.f ~ can only be used to express hypothetical situations. Moreover, while -(.!:::.)L q~ can be used in
both present and past tense hypothetical cases, -'lt/'?;!Ci2.f~ can only be used in past tense hypothetical
situations. Finally, in contrast to these two expressions, -(.2.)~ can be used in all cases.
-- ---- · - - ···-- -- _.....
-( 0 )~
_ -- -- ----- ---· - - -
7 ~~ 0
0 0
Hypothetical (7~0 1 '1!2 7~)
Situation
~.(:!
0 0 X
Conditional
· - -----·---·-·- ·-·---- - - ---.,...........- - - --- - - - -
~xH
0 0 X
Present
Tense
~7~ 0
0 0
Past (.em~ rrHe '-'lt/'?.tCf~')
~-------- ---·-- ----- ···-····- ..--·---·-· --··---- ·- ·- ····- - - - - -·-··- - -
r:- ...
1 7f Jtl:A1 »-17}- ~l±.~ n:Jlil.9-~ ?,lo1 9Y,t:.j-~l--]..9..? .~.
Lf t;Jl, Jtl:A1 »-17}- <(!~ ~ ?,lo1 9Y,~c}~ 1J.9--&-}-:A1 ?J-~~ Jill"E1] o}-*1-%1..9...
'2J.AI J.AI7f ~.H.~ ITH ~~ I'JOI5fef '2J.AI Ml7f <2'1~~ 'C\tO I 5fCf I ~*5f.A I 'rJCf
~01 £'JO I 2.Af2.fef ~~ 'CJOI ~tt15fef I 2.Af2.f.AI Btef
Of712.f J.AI2.j ~<2'!0 1 ~I~ICf Oi;t;il tt17f 2..AI Btef I ~I±£1.AI \'JCf
~ ~ ~ g 7-1 O:J1Jl.
Ol ±E~:: Oilfi ~0 1 7'1.2.1 ~Oj~ 3:! ~~~c~l ~;J;il.£~ ~Ojq:A I cr.m~ rrH . q.g.~LICf
. . .5:!.~ .:z.~ ~01 ~Oj
q:AI cr;o~.A.i q~OI2.f.E L?~£_£ OIOP I ~ ~Lief. .ilm£1.A.~I!Oll CHoH OIOPI<5f7 1rrHgOll ~.g '- (0 )2 ~
~q'.£ ~6~o:j. ~A~ '<5~D~E.ii2:!'J:!.~ ~OI M~ ~.5f-7 ~ PJ~LICl §.A-~'2! ~011 ~*<;}~Lief.
This expression is used to indicate that some event or action almost happened but did not. In most cases,
it is used to express the speaker's relief that the event or action did not happen. Because it refers to a past
event, the form -(.2.)2 ~~q is always used. It is often used together with the adverb 5fofEi'2:!. and it or ,
attaches to verbs.
- (2.) 2 11!:!<5~[.~
(r:;\
1 .7f o];7J ~~] o ]oJ JA] %~{1~ o}yoj].fl..? •[175Jt
....
(4) 011~ ~ "5Hl-l .JJL9-\32.J {l.goJ11:\llftw 9- ~~o-]Jl .
....
(1) 7f ~qs »-], o1Jt! ~oj]Al ~C;j o]: ~1-i=:- 7-j o}\:!7}Jl? (7-1Lf7.1t:f)
q o}, Wl.oJ1Jl. o~71 ~}1:}7} ~C;jo]: W ~ ~ 7-I L.f1-J \tlj,cS.Jil;(l.sl.
(2) 7f 7}~2-l »-12.] o}o1~ W~"11 2)1 \:[7-} o}o1 .£~ A}Ai1Jl? ({l-* A}q)
CD .::Z.~.Ef-21 ~ ® .::Z.~.Ef-~.5:_
@ .:Z.~.Ef-~cj-~ @ .:Z.~% 9- ~_2_~
2 7f Ol Dl~~~ ~R~O I *1:::::: '§O ILiiR
Lf 0-j :A-JI ¥t 12::!
0 D-j2.1~ ~~ ~~0-jR
01 .H~~ ~-o~:::: Af'SOI :i!f710ll 0-l't! ~~~ ~7-JLf of:AI \?i~ ~Oil cHaH~:21 EE:::: Of-?H£~ LfEf~ llH
A~oi-E ~~Lief. 0-j[,:! ~~ of:AI \?i~ ~~ ~:21~ rrH:::: '-( 0 ) 2 ~ .:J.~q·~ A~ofo:j, Ol't! ~ (5 ~ ~ ~~
~:21~ rrH:::: '-:A I ~~ .:::z.~q· ~~ ·~ -( 0 )2~ .:::z.~q·~ A~gLi ef.
This expression is used when t he speaker wants to express regret or a feeling of lament about something
he or she should have done, or did but shou ld not have done. When referring to something that should
have been done but was not , -(£)2~ .:J.~Cf is used, and when referring to somet hing that was done, but in
hindsight should not have been done, either - J;I ~~ .:J.~Cf or \:!" - (£)2 ~ .:J.~Cf is used.
7fef ~~ .:::z.~ q
-(0)2~ .:J.~q
~q ~ ~~ .:J.ill!ef
v ...... ........ ..
7fef 7f:AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef
-:AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef
~q ~ :AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef
• J.1 ~ 0 1 Li.!f- ~C;j~J.i J.1 ~ ~ uJ~e>iJl. 0 1~7]1 ;_1~ 0 1 e>ia:J% ~ ~')1~Jt! -t?-lf- ~ ~ s-::
VJ-~ .:Z.~oiJl.
The test was so difficult that I failed it. If I'd known it would be so difficult, I would have studied more.
Ol .H.~~ '=z'll!q'~ ~~oH.A.i '-( 0 )2~'.£.1r. ~~ ~ ~:;Liq. '-( 0 )2~·~ ~~ .A.~'EJ"~ .A.~OI Oii.A.i
~~£ .A.~"6~7~q ~~~£ ~~ ITH .A.~gj"Liq.
This word .:::J.<;U!Cf in this expression can be shortened to simply - (£) 2 ~-This is an informal form of the
expression used only w ith those with whom the speaker is close or when talking to oneself.
-<J '-(£)2~·g ~~ LfEf~ [Qi~ ~ "?- '1!§-LICf. .::2~;1:1'2_! '-(£)2~'01 ~ LfEf~ [[H~ ~1£1 Qj'2JOI-@2.f7 fo:j
\!.!"~j:jl£ m~ ~'fJLICf. (1-g '~:ll.f Oil~~ LfEf~ [[H'£1 05 '~R' gZ::)
The expression -(£ ) 2 ~ can also be used to express a supposition. However, this suppositional -(£)2 ~ is spoken with a rising
intonation and is only used in informal speech. (See Chapter 1 Expressing Conjecture and Supposition, 05 ~~R.)
R-§ tJfHHf.A.i ~01 ~0-j-t.] ~ 2E.Cf Of77f Df.§.Ojj ~~ ITH ~~ .A.f .2.Cf
2 7f 2l1 2fc-.A~ l-} %o1? ~-?- »-]7} g.E9~ ?Jo] 7}7-].TI. %~~1.
Lf .=:Lcfl? ~-?- »-]7} g.E9~ W0 l 7}7-].TI. % ~ ~)1.Q.~ l-} _2.7-l ~~ .
.2..~
---------------------------
(3) Qj~oj] <V_~ {l.::r-~Ell 5:.£~ l:IH.£ .5!..~~-ci] 49-7} 7-] ;d-~t:i] S:. o}-3] S:.-3}g
~ ~t:J1Jl.
5:&~ l:IH£
--------------------
(4) {l.::r- ~oj] <t!t2f ~ o] ~cj ~~ t:j] {l.::r- ~oj] o}_!f-.5:. ~<Xio-JJl.
o] c.] --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(6) D}3. »-j~Ejj ~g lf!.ef~~t:jj D}3. »-]7} 7-jj4jo- '5Jo-jl:l-j2;jJ-l D}%0] "iJ~oJJl.
c}::: J.}~~Ell J ~ g -------------------
(7) :A~]y »-]7} .2..~ :Q-o] ~cj 7}7-}.JI. ~~t:i] ~ ~o-JJl. Jrci-ci] ~oj] ~:A} <V,..<?..y 77}
1J1Jc5}.J2 :A]f-<5}t;J]Jl.
.2.. ~ :A~] y »-]"lf :Q-o 1
-----------------------
(8) 7-]\l-?oll 2. ~ »-]"lf :Q-o] ~~ .5!..cj ~o-JJl. Jrcit:i] o:j:A} ~.::r-7} :A-j]7} q ;::
o:j:A}"lf ~~ :Q-0 ] ~;,l ~7} ;d"o-] Jl.
2. ~ »-] "lf ~ ~ :Q-o 1
------------------------
(2)
(4)
01 .H.~:=~ oHOF <5~::: ~-§~ <5~:AI ~~7~ Lf ~'tl .gEH 7~ ~ £I~Of ~:::cil .::z.~:AI ~~ ~~ ~.2:1<5P~ Lf
0~*1~~ [ HA~g)"LICl
This ex pression is used to indicate regret or lament about the fact that a necessary action was not
completed or that some necessary state was not achieved.
q 0 }Y..8... ~JI:§:j.::<Jo] l-J -?:1"9i~°F "9i~Ell tl~lJ-i .:l'S7-] *Zl-011Lf7} tijt.] :::= l-}~~ 0 ] ?:.fc-Jc.}
Jl..B...
No, the conference venue was supposed to be cooled (air conditioned), and (probably) because of the heat,
a lot of people left midway through.
q l.oj], ~ ~ 7-j]Q..j=0]-7] ~Oil =g=g-o)-71] {[D:i~e>-lol= '9l~r;J] ~o ] ~oj- .!i!.Oi"'-1 =z.C17.] ~~e>-lSL.
Yes, we should have inspected the house carefully before signing the contract, but it looked so nice that we
didn 't do so.
q ~-%WYt:.J-. A1]7)- q;_] ~Jtl ~£ ~ '9le>-l 0 l= '9l~1:il Cj- ~c-]y ~ 'C! 711 ~,:>_ 3:! ~~Yt:.J-.
I'm sorry. I should have looked it over once more, but I didn't, and that's why there are so many mistakes.
q o}yil.., ..2.. ~ 7}L-j 77} .Aj % o1 cJ- ~);l_c.-j c.}.Jlil... u12.1 J-}21 {(o-joj: 99_.Cci1 ··· ··· .
No, when I w ent today, they w ere all sold out. I should have gone to buy them earlier...
: 'Af2.i 1!:01 0 ~ ~f: Ci l ' Cfg ou '01 2.1~ Lf ~0 1 ~.2l'<HR. ' ~ 'Oi~5f.fr?' .g2.j cg[O I ~S{.'r.I Oi ~-§Li ef.
Here, a statement like 012.1 ~ Lf ~01 ~.21£HB. (I regret not going more in advance) or Oi~5f.fr? (What
should we do?) has been omitted after Af2.i 1!:010~ ~f:C1 1.
'-( 0 ) 2~ (.:J.~ Cl)'2~ ·-~/~Oi O ~ ~ ~Cil ' ~ l::ll::::::t~Jll .A.~.S:I:A: I '2! q:;:il~ ~:: ~Oii.A.i j,~O I 7~ ~~LICl.
Wh ile the expressions - (.9.)2-§j (.:J.~Cf) and -~U)';;!OiO~ ~f:Ci l are used similarly, they are different in the
following w ays.
lil$141&1!it
1 7~ ?~Oil e>i~ ~ qGj_2_1f~Jl?
~WOII Cfl~ ~ CfL12.Cf ~~ ~~~ ~jl7~q I~ 7.!:f.~ ~jl7 ~A-j Li!f!. gj-§Cf
Oj:X:il ~-§0 1 ~ ~q ~~~:AI l'J7il 't_f-§Cf I Li!f!. DWF-IA"l -t)~OI ~ Q:jef
Oj:Ail ~~ §- .2.]}..~1 ~ ~'"0 ~7~Cf 012.1 ~w !f-1}':1~ ~'"0~.5:G:l 7 ~Lf 1 ~~ ~ ~ ~1-()f)..-J 3~o1q
X]2{0fef
q 1;]1, o-j :Ai1 _£ g Uf~$fr11 °JOJ.Oj0~ ti)i!e"t;(( ~7-J1 ~ Jl Lf3JGJ Y ~71 oJ1 ~ 3: -- -
q 1;]1. :Ai17} ~~71 \3 <?J g ~ oJ 1:1-J 5J_/'j :=..a. ~~71 'El <?J g ~011 1t.t--ltl.Ji0j0~ t>Jil;;-l::
(2) 7• u}.=z. »-1, oJ::z11 .7.i1~~c}~J.1Jl? (J!}~ g "6}?;1 ~c})
(4) 7• ~;..} »-17} o}771· t;J IIJ1.g.oJ1-cJ-~-~~r:f.JI -6}GJct. (7B~~~ ~~ g -5}?;1 ~-c.
q %, LJ17} ~J.} »-1oJ17-J1 ~.:g-o1 ~u}L.f.Jl %oJ~/'j :=. - - - - - - - -
(5) 7. ~ ~oj1J.1 .§g * ~~o]Jl? (5J.1 ~oJ1 7}c})
q 1;]1, 7}l-]77} .g.o1 ~~c-jc.}.JlJl. _ _ _ _ _ _ __
(j) q; g ~_!i!_q -c-J t.+ot.£. ~ 1;; g ~0 j ~cfAcf 1)!"~ o-j _£_
386
7~ ~{J~ -ci] {l~ ~.Ai] Jl?
It's lunchtime, and (all) you're having (is) gimbap?
Ol .!!.~~ Ol't! ~01 ~-&£101 ~Oil§ IT/I ~~ Ol't! .A~EtO I Ol't! ~ :5~ ~-&~~ o~7~ q ~B~~El ;q~
wrrH .A.I-@-~Liq. ·~~r. ·;.::~~·. '71-B-' ~21 w~ ;q~ MO I(]:j '-.Jl~ o~q·.£ ~ *.!r. ~~Liq.
This expression is used to describe something which occurs repeatedly or a person who performs some
action repeatedly or regularly. It is often used together with~~. ;q~, or 7fg. The form -.:ill= 5fct is a variant
of this form.
v
7f-E 0~q
1£!~ o~q
Lf ~;.~ ~7J1Jti011W0 1 "3"}-~ ~ 0 17}- ~2.1~ "6Jl..B... ~-5- 011!}-7}- -c.J-.A1 <5H _lil_.Ai1Jl.
It often gets jammed when you try to make a lot of copies at once. Try it again a little later.
2 '-E o~cr::: Oirt! ~~ ~TI*~ 'S :q~ ~q::: ;.:ol71[ Hg OJI Oll£1 ~01 ~.g oHo ~ ol-E ~Oll .A.~o~
~ 0 1-ggrLj q ,
Because -E 5fef is used to describe something customarily done, similar to a habit, it sounds strange
when used to describe something that always happens, without exception.
• ~jjl_ 4~ ~ oH '!J 9J..]o]] A]-6f<'>~ <'>HR . (x) - • ~jjl_ 4~ ~ oH'/J9J..]oJI A]-6f<'>H.fl... (o)
:*~g. g)-~ 9.A.IOll OU2.l ~01 .A. I ~f71 [HgOll '-E 5 fef'~ ~-*~~Lief.
Class always starts at 9:00, without exception, so -E 5fCf therefore cannot be used.
3 Ef.~ '-E o~cf ::: ~~~ 4 ~= .g~:v_~ (}jL ~.s=_ :AI~OI £1::: .g~Ofi.A.i::: .A.~~ 4 ~~Liq
The expression -2 5fct also cannot be used to describe situations that do not repeat or that continue to
a certain degree.
• 7-1]Y :::: 3\'1 {!oJI .JI%~jjl_ ~ ~~<'>~ ~<>lil... (X) ~ 7-1]Y :::: 3\'1 AjoJ\ .Jl 'g ~jjl_~ ~~~<>lil... (0)
: .:il§~.iil~ ~~~ ~g ~ ~OI.:il :I Ol~£ .:il§~.iil~ ~~51-E ~01 ~~~£.£~£E..£ '-E otCf'~ A~
~ * ~§-LICf.
High school graduation normally occurs only once in a person's life, so -2 ofCf cannot be used.
: §-t!";<:~ 'Ej :1. 7f¥. *O f~ef '2._f ~Cflf ~ *~£E..£ A~~* ~§-Li ef.
Here, -2 5fCf cannot be used because it is impossible to repeatedly like and then not like a singer as if
it were a habitual occurrence during a particular time period.
Here, -;g 5fCf cannot be used because it would mean the speaker worked for five years, quit the
company, and then repeated the entire process multiple times.
{r.::;\
•[ 181)1
1 7~ ?We>il ¥-1 -.s-Ht e>i.fL?
q ~-=f-Qf <1J~ 59_-e>iiL. ~-=f-7} <1J:§} ~i{i ~ ~ il~ l-l
tgJ~ AH~q ~q
............................................ ..........................................................................................................................................................................)
(1)
(5)
Ol E~::_: ~cH ~£1 ~~ 7PfPil 'tJCHoP~q 'tJI;!,f'~ rrH A~~Liq q::; A~~O I ~~~ ~~ ([H Ol .H.~~
A~5H cH'B"o~~ ?:3~~ EH£~ .!:I!.Ol ;;;:::: 3-:!0 I ~ Li q. '-{JR'£..5:. ~~ * CXJ~ Liq.
This expression is used to politely refute or disagree with the other person's statement. When used in response
to a compliment, it expresses the speaker's modesty. This expression can also be shortened to - l!R.
A/V -7I::R
~-=flOiq ~-=fl7I::R
N (01)71:::£.
! '§:f{!JO Iq '§:f{!JOI7I::R
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