Real Time Smart Grid Load Management By Integrated and Secured

Communication

ABSTRACT

This paper Simulation This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end
rectifier stage for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the two
sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the
energy sources Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day. The fused multiinput
rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to be used to extract
maximum power from the wind and sun when it is available.

An adaptive MPPT algorithm will be used for the wind system and a standard perturb and
observe method will be used for the PV system. Operational analysis of the proposed system will
be discussed in this paper. Simulation results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed
circuit. We need better grids to reduce the stress on power system by making it more reliable and
secured. Smart grid (SG) is a new technology towards the conventional grids due to its two ways
communication and multi-featured properties. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is a key
goal towards the modernization of existing grids and an active area of research. Transformer that
acts as a local control center. The local control center can send and receive information to a
remote-control center

.
 INTRODUCTION

Increasing demands of users for energy have forced government to think for alternative
solution. Many countries have implemented the solution to these problems in the form
of smart grids (SG). United States have first coined the word of Smart Grid in 2007. The fused
multiinput rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to be used to
extract maximum power from the wind and sun when it is available. An adaptive MPPT
algorithm will be used for the wind system and a standard perturb and observe method will be
used for the PV system. Operational analysis of the proposed system will be discussed in this
paper. Simulation results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed circuit. Many
countries like United States, United Kingdom and China have already installed these setups
and working successfully. One of biggest advantage of SG is fine-granular measurements. It
gives remote measurements and made operator easy load handling. Still it lags with an
issue of privacy.

Hence, these issues should be resolved without interrupting billing and other load
handling issues. Transmission lines are used to carry and transmit electrical energy from
generating stations. Power stations act as centre between generation and distribution. It is very
difficult to maintain end to end communication between source and transmitting end because it
involves complete control and

OBJECTIVE
This paper has given a brief overview on importance of smart grid station and its feature. AMI
acted as base stone and contributed for SG real time load data management. It helps in achieving
real time load data management in smart grid via a short range device named as ZigBee installed
with AMI. This helps in less consumption of licensed part of band which in turn reduces cost.
Since, the proposed system is an inter-connected system and transfers information from one end
to another end. In return, ensures security and privacy. Moreover, it helps in optimization of
schedule of hybrid energy resources. All information and data used in this system
is accurate and can help in maintaining larger systems. Results and simulations have proved the
system reliability and efficiency. In future, it can be used for industrial and small commercial
areas keeping domestic area involve. Working with three areas at a time can contribute in this
field more. This paper Simulation This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-
end rectifier stage for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the
two sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the
energy sources Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day.

PROBLEM DEFINITION

This paper Simulation This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end
rectifier stage for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the two
sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the
energy sources Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day. The fused multiinput
rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to be used to extract
maximum power from the wind and sun when it is available. An adaptive MPPT algorithm will
be used for the wind system and a standard perturb and observe method will be used for the PV
system. Operational analysis of the proposed system will be discussed in this paper. Simulation
results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed circuit. We need better grids to reduce
the stress on power system by making it more reliable and secured. Smart grid (SG) is a new
technology towards the conventional grids due to its two ways communication and multi-
featured properties. Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is a key goal towards the
modernization of existing grids and an active area of research. Transformer that acts as a local
control center. The local control center can send and receive information to a remote-control center

LITERATURE SURVEY

E. Hossain, H. Zhu and H. Vincent,

he smart grid will transform the way power is delivered, consumed and accounted for. Adding
intelligence through the newly networked grid will increase reliability and power quality,
improve responsiveness, increase efficiency and provide a platform for new applications. This
one-stop reference covers the state-of-the-art theory, key strategies, protocols, applications,
deployment aspects and experimental studies of communication and networking technologies for
the smart grid. Through the
M. K. Nigam and a K. Nag
The evolution of current centralized generation in the form of distributed generation and
Smart Grids provide a great opportunity to eradicate several issues associated with energy
efficiency, energy security, power quality and the drawback of aging power system
infrastructures. In order to meet the rising electrical power demand and increase service quality
as well as reduce pollution, the existing power grid infrastructure should be developed into a
Smart Grid that has the flexibility to allow interconnection with the distributed generation.
However, integrating distributed generation to power systems causes several technical issues,
especially system stability. Therefore, to fully address the issue, current existing power systems
should be up-graded to Smart Grid. To make the power grid become 'smarter', particularly in
terms of stability and flexibility, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices, especially
Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) are used. This paper discusses the need and
impacts of distributed generation in Smart Grid technology, in particular it identifies and
determines whether the system remains stable or not after installing distributed generation into
Smart Grid systems. Further, an attempt has been made to show that the STATCOM makes the
grid become smarter. It is actually a voltage-source converter which can act as either a source or
sink of reactive AC power to an electricity network.

R. Ma, H.-H. Chen, Y.-R. Huang, and W. Meng,

The necessity to promote smart grid (SG) has been recognized with a strong consensus. The SG
integrates electrical grids and communication infrastructures and forms an intelligent electricity
network working with all connected components to deliver sustainable electricity supplies. Many
advanced communication technologies have been identified for SG applications with a potential
to significantly enhance the overall efficiency of power grids. In this paper, the challenges and
applications of communication technologies in SG are discussed. In particular, we identify three
major challenges to implement SG communication systems, including standards interoperability,
cognitive access to unlicensed radio spectra, and cyber security. The issues to implement SG
communications on an evolutional path and its future trends are also addressed. The aim of this
paper is to offer a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art researches on SG communications.
X. Fang, S. Misra, G. Xue, and D. Yang,
The Smart Grid, regarded as the next generation power grid, uses two-way flows of electricity
and information to create a widely distributed automated energy delivery network. In this article,
we survey the literature till 2011 on the enabling technologies for the Smart Grid. We explore
three major systems, namely the smart infrastructure system, the smart management system, and
the smart protection system. We also propose possible future directions in each system.
Specifically, for the smart infrastructure system, we explore the smart energy subsystem, the
smart information subsystem, and the smart communication subsystem. For the smart
management system, we explore various management objectives, such as improving energy
efficiency, profiling demand, maximizing utility, reducing cost, and controlling emission. We
also explore various management methods to achieve these objectives. For the smart protection
system, we explore various failure protection mechanisms which improve the reliability of the
Smart Grid, and explore the security and privacy issues in the Smart Grid.

H. Ohsaki, Y. Nakamoto, N. Yokoi, and H. Moribe,

Smart Grid Communication network will be a network of networks and with the obvious
evolution and acceleration, it is crucial for its success to rely on a solid transmission protocol
among its peripherals due to its real time streaming. The SCTP protocol, which was initially
designed for transporting signaling messages over IP networks, is now an established in many
modern applications. The main purpose of designing the Stream Control Protocol (SCTP) was to
offer a robust transfer of traffic between the hosts over the networks. For this reason SCTP
multi-homing feature was designed, in which an SCTP sender can access destination host with
multiple IP addresses in the same session. In this paper we propose a new approach to employ
the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) in a smart grid communication, by using the
two very significant characteristics offered by SCTP multi-homing and multi-streaming
respectively. The simulation results show the comparison between two protocols of the transport
layer, TCP and SCTP in terms of the throughput and delay. As we obtain results, we argue that
smart grid operators should rely on SCTP as a feasible transmission protocol instead of TCP. All
the simulation works have been conducted in NS2 network simulator.
 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The fused multiinput rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to
be used to extract maximum power from the wind and sun when it is available. An adaptive
MPPT algorithm will be used for the wind system and a standard perturb and observe method
will be used for the PV system. Operational analysis of the proposed system will be discussed in
this paper. Simulation results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed circuit. We need
better grids to reduce the stress on power system by making it more reliable and secured. Smart
grid (SG) is a new technology towards the conventional grids due to its two ways
communication and multi-featured properties.

Fig. 1. Proposed Model for Real Time Load Data In SG

This paper Simulation This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end
rectifier stage for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the two
sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the
energy sources Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day.
Fig2.Simulink block diagram for proposed system

This paper describes the Simulation and analysis of hybrid energy system consisting of wind
and solar PV system. The wind and solar PV system are connected to the common load
through DCIDC Boost converter. Generally, in low radiation PV array system inverter gives the
lower voltage than the rated voltage which affects the power quality. It is overcome by using
Battery Energy Storage System. In the stand-alone mode the converter needs to maintain
constant voltage and frequency regardless of load imbalance or the quality of the current, which
can be highly distorted, if the load is nonlinear. The modeling and simulation of hybrid system
along with the PI controllers are done using MA TLAB/SIMULINK. Simulation results show
that the proposed hybrid system has the potential to meet the electricity demand of an isolated
system.

CONTROL STRATEGY

DC – DC CONVERTERS

DC-DC converters are used to convert a DC voltage at one level to another level, often providing
regulating output.
Fig. Buck-Boost converter

A buck-boost converter provides an output voltage that may be lesser or greater than input
voltage; the output voltage polarity is opposite to that of input voltage. This is also known as
inverting regulator [6]. The circuit arrangement of buckboost converter is shown in Fig. 4.1. In
steady state, the output-to-input conversion ratio is the product of the conversion ratios of the
two converters in cascade

Where V o= Output DC voltage, Vd = Input DC voltage, D = Duty ratio In the process of

extraction of maximum power from wind, MPPT technique uses the duty ratio information, and
the triggering pulses are generated.

MPPT TECHNIQUES

To improve the efficiency of the solar panel MPPT is used. According to maximum power
point theorem, output power of any circuit can be maximize by adjusting source impedance
equal to the load impedance, so the MPPT algorithm is equivalent to the problem of impedance
matching. In present work, the Boost Converter is used as impedance matching device between
input and output by changing the duty cycle of the converter circuit. A major advantage of Ćuk
converter is that high or low voltage obtained from the available voltage according to the
application. Output voltage of the converter is depend on the duty cycle, so MPPT is used to
calculate the duty cycle for obtain the maximum output voltage because if output voltage
increases than power also increases.

In this paper Perturb and Observe (P&O) and constant duty cycle techniques are used,
because these require less hardware complexity and low-cost implementations (Esram and
Chapman, 2007; Zainudin and Mekhilef, 2010). It is the simplest method of MPPT to implement.
In this method only voltage is sensed, so it is easy to implement. In this method power output of
system is checked by varying the supplied voltage. If on increasing the voltage, power is also
increases then further ‘δ’ is increased otherwise start decreasing the ‘δ'. Similarly, while
decreasing voltage if power increases the duty cycle is decreased. These steps continue
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are used to maximize the output power by
tracking continuously the maximum power point (MPP).

Fig. Flow Chart of P&O MPPT

till maximum power point is reached. The corresponding voltage at which MPP is reached is
known as reference point (Vref). The entire process P&O algorithm is shown in Fig
 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

 Operating system : Windows XP/7.

 Coding Language : MATLAB
 Tool : MATLAB R 2009 a

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.

 Hard Disk : 40 GB.
 Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
 Monitor : 15 VGA Colour.
 Mouse : Logitech.
 Ram : 2 Gb.
 CONCLUSION
This paper Simulation This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end
rectifier stage for a hybrid wind/photovoltaic energy system. This configuration allows the two
sources to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the
energy sources Demand of electrical energy is increasing day by day. The fused multiinput
rectifier stage also allows Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to be used to extract
maximum power from the wind and sun when it is available. An adaptive MPPT algorithm will
be used for the wind system and a standard perturb and observe method will be used for the PV
system. Operational analysis of the proposed system will be discussed in this paper. Simulation
results are given to highlight the merits of the proposed circuit. We need better grids to reduce
the stress on power system by making it more reliable and secured. Smart grid (SG) is a new
technology towards the conventional grids due to its two ways communication and multi-
featured properties.

Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is a key goal towards the modernization of existing
grids and an active area of research. Transformer that acts as a local control center. The local
control center can send and receive information to a remote-control center In this paper, P&O
and constant duty cycle algorithm of MPPT is implemented using
Ćuk converter. The model is simulated with MATLAB/SIMULINK. It is shown that
PV system output power increases with rise in solar irradiance and fall in cell
temperature. Therefore, solar cell performance better in winter season than summer.
The P&O gives the optimum duty cycle as compare to Constant duty cycle control, to
extract the maximum power from PV system.
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