Announcements: Change in 3 Le Exam Sched May 11, Saturday, 3-5Pm One Uvle Course Including All Sections Will Be Created

Announcements
Change in 3rd LE exam sched

❑ May 11, Saturday, 3-5pm
One UVLe course including all sections will be

created
Chapter 21
Electric Charge
and
Electric Field
Physics 72 Chapter 21 - Electric Charge and Electric Field 3
Ch21-1 Electric Charge

Objectives
❑Apply the concepts of the dichotomy,
quantization, and conservation of electric charge
❑Predict charge distributions, and the resulting
attraction or repulsion, in a system of charged
insulators and conductors
Electric Charge
❑ An intrinsic property of matter
❑ As fundamental as mass
❑ Scalar quantity (magnitude only, no direction)
❑ SI unit: Coulomb (C)

Properties
❑ Dichotomy
❑ Quantization
❑ Conservation
Dichotomy
❑ Charges can only be positive (+) or negative (-)
Attraction Repulsion
Quantization
❑ Any observable amount of electric charge comes
in integer multiples of the electron/proton
charge.
𝑄 = ±n𝑒 (n = 1,2,3, … )
|𝑒| = 1.602 x 10−19 C

Conservation
❑ The algebraic sum of all electric charges in a
closed system is constant.
෍ 𝑄𝑖 = ෍ 𝑄𝑓
𝑖 𝑓
charging process
+- +- +-- +
e. g. rubbing
*both uncharged
Why deal with charges?

Summary
❑ Electric charge can be positive or negative
❑ Electric charge is quantized
❑ Electric charge is conserved
Two Types:
+ positive charge
෍ 𝑄𝑖 = ෍ 𝑄𝑓
𝑄 = ±n𝑒
𝑖 𝑓
- negative charge
ConcepTest!
Three spheres are suspended from thin threads. It
is found that spheres 1 and 2 repel each other and
that spheres 2 and 3 repel each other. From this
we can conclude that
(A) 1 and 3 carry charges of opposite sign.

(B) 1 and 3 carry charges of equal sign.
(C) all three carry charges of the same sign.
(D) one of the objects carries no charge.
(E) no conclusion can be derived from the given.
ConcepTest!
Three spheres are suspended from thin threads. It
is found that spheres 1 and 2 repel each other and
that spheres 2 and 3 repel each other. From this
we can conclude that
(A) 1 and 3 carry charges of opposite sign.

(B) 1 and 3 carry charges of equal sign.
(C) all three carry charges of the same sign.
(D) one of the objects carries no charge.
(E) no conclusion can be derived from the given.
Ch21-1 Electric Charge

Objectives
✓Apply the concepts of the dichotomy,
quantization, and conservation of electric charge
✓ Predict charge distributions, and the resulting

attraction or repulsion, in a system of charged
insulators and conductors
Ch21-2 Conductors, Insulators, and

Induced Charges
Objectives
❑ Outline the process of charging
❑ Given the initial charge distribution, calculate the

final charge distribution using conservation
principles
Conductors and Insulators
Conductors Insulators
❑Electrons move freely ❑Electrons are bound
to atoms
❑Do not permit flow of

❑Permit flow of electric
charge electric charge
Conductors
Conductors vs Insulators
Polarization
❑ Shifting of electric charges in a material
-
- + -
Uncharged Charged - + -
metal ball rod - + -
Insulator
Earth Earth
Uncharged ≠ no charges
Charging by friction
Charging by contact
+Q/ +Q/ +Q/ +Q/

+Q 0 2 2 2
2
1. Two 2. Placed in 3. Then

identical contact separated
conductors
Charging by induction
❑ Induction by grounding
Metal ball
- -
- + - - + +
- + - - +
- + - - + - + +
Charged -
rod Insulator -
Earth Earth Earth
1. Polarized 2. Grounded 3. Removed rod
metal ball ball and grounding
❑ Charge redistribution
+2 ? -Q
-4Q ? -Q
Q
1. Two 2. Placed in 3. Then

identical contact separated
conductors
Remember: Electric charge is conserved.

Electric forces on uncharged objects

❑ A charged body can exert forces on uncharged
objects
Initially
Polarization Attraction
Uncharged
+ +
+ +
– + +
+ + –– –
+ –+
–– – –
–
+
– –
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Example
Consider 2 conducting spheres of the same size,
with initial charges as shown:
Q1 = +3Q Q2 = -Q
❑ What is the final charge upon reaching

equilibrium on each sphere when the two are
brought into contact? Net charge: +2Q; Q1 = Q2 = +Q
❑ Are the final charges attractive or repulsive?
Same sign: Repulsive

Example
Example
Example
Two identical spherical conductors are placed a
large distance apart. Given their initial charge
distributions, what will be the final charges on the
spheres at equilibrium, when the two spheres are
connected by:
❑ a nylon string?
❑ a copper wire?
A B
+2Q neutral
Example
Two identical spherical conductors are placed a
large distance apart. Given their initial charge
distributions, what will be the final charges on the
spheres at equilibrium, when the two spheres are
connected by:
❑ a nylon string? A: +2Q , B: neutral
❑ a copper wire? A: +Q , B: +Q
A B
+2Q neutral
Ch21-2 Conductors, Insulators, and

Induced Charges
Objectives
✓ Outline the process of charging
✓ Given the initial charge distribution, calculate the

final charge distribution using conservation
principles
Exercise
❑ Consider three identical conducting cubes. A and
B were made to touch each other. After
electrostatic equilibrium is reached, they were
separated. A was then made to touch C. After
electrostatic equilibrium is reached, what are the
final charges on each cube?
Exercise
❑ Consider three identical conducting cubes. A and
B were made to touch each other. After
electrostatic equilibrium is reached, they were
separated. A was then made to touch C. After
electrostatic equilibrium is reached, what are the
final charges on each cube?
Exercise
Exercise
Exercise
Consider neutral rings X, Y, and Z as shown. A positively
charged rod is brought near the three rings. The ground Conductor
wires are then cut from Y and Z. Which of the following
is/are TRUE after the rod is removed?
I. X will be attracted to positively charged objects. Insulator

II. Y will be attracted to negatively charged objects.
III. Z will have a net negative charge.
Conductor
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and II only
E. I, II, and III
Exercise
Consider neutral rings X, Y, and Z as shown. A positively
charged rod is brought near the three rings. The ground Conductor
wires are then cut from Y and Z. Which of the following
is/are TRUE after the rod is removed?
I. X will be attracted to positively charged objects. Insulator

II. Y will be attracted to negatively charged objects.
III. Z will have a net negative charge.
Conductor
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and II only
E. I, II, and III

Announcements: Change in 3 Le Exam Sched May 11, Saturday, 3-5Pm One Uvle Course Including All Sections Will Be Created

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Announcements: Change in 3 Le Exam Sched May 11, Saturday, 3-5Pm One Uvle Course Including All Sections Will Be Created

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Announcements

Change in 3rd LE exam sched

One UVLe course including all sections will be

Ch21-1 Electric Charge

❑ Scalar quantity (magnitude only, no direction)

❑ SI unit: Coulomb (C)

|𝑒| = 1.602 x 10−19 C

Why deal with charges?

❑ Electric charge is conserved

(A) 1 and 3 carry charges of opposite sign.

(A) 1 and 3 carry charges of opposite sign.

Ch21-1 Electric Charge

✓ Predict charge distributions, and the resulting

Ch21-2 Conductors, Insulators, and

❑ Given the initial charge distribution, calculate the

Conductors and Insulators

❑Do not permit flow of

+Q/ +Q/ +Q/ +Q/

1. Two 2. Placed in 3. Then

1. Two 2. Placed in 3. Then

Remember: Electric charge is conserved.

Electric forces on uncharged objects

❑ What is the final charge upon reaching

Same sign: Repulsive

Ch21-2 Conductors, Insulators, and

✓ Given the initial charge distribution, calculate the

I. X will be attracted to positively charged objects. Insulator

I. X will be attracted to positively charged objects. Insulator

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