Structuralism, in linguistics, any one of several schools of 20th-century
linguistics committed to the structuralist principle that a language is a self-
contained relational structure, the elements of which derive their existence and their value from their distribution and oppositions in texts or discourse. Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure
Poststructuralism, Movement in literary criticism and philosophy begun
in France in the late 1960s. Drawing upon the linguistic theories of Ferdinand de Saussure, the anthropology of Claude Lévi-Strauss (see structuralism), and the deconstructionist theories of Jacques Derrida (seedeconstruction), it held that language is not a transparent medium that connects one directly with a “truth” or “reality” outside it but rather a structure or code, whose parts derive their meaning from their contrast with one another and not from any connection with an outside world. Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Julia Kristeva, and Michel Foucault.