CHAPTER OUTLINE =/ Introduction = Matrix & = Some Definitions Associated with Matrices . = _ Some Special Matrices . = _ Elementary Transformations . = _ Inverse of a Matrix . w/ Rank of a Matrix . =, __ System of Nonhomogeneous . Linear Equations . = _ System of Homogeneous Linear = Equations 1.1 INTRODUCTION A matrix is a rectangular t added and multiplied, Matrices are used to describe transformation, and record data t tics, viz., graph theory, probability 1.2. MATRIX ents (real or complex) arranged in a r order m by n, written as m7 A set of mn elem: called a matrix of An m Xn matrix IS usually written as nee: Oe on A=|. hat depend on multiple parameters. There theory, statistics, compute Linear Dependence and Independence of Vectors Linear Transformation Orthogonal Transformation Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Similarity of Matrices Diagonalization Quadratic Form Applications of Matrices in Engineering able of elements which may be numbers or any abstract quantities that can be linear equations, keep track of the coefficients of linear many applications of matrices aphics, geometrical optics, etc tangular array of m rows and n columns is» where a, is the element in the i row matrix can also be expressed in the form A=[4, ]p, The he matrix. amn, written as the (i, /)" element of Iso known as vectors. row or one column with oF 1.3, SOME DEFINITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MATRICES JRow Matrix A matrix having only one row and any number of columns is called a row matrix or row vector (S15 215 (2ese seas 2/Column Matrix A matrix having only one column and any number of rows is called a %lumn matrix or column vector, e.g., 3/ Zero Matrix or Null Matrix A matrix whose all the elements are zer0 is called a zero matrix or null matrix and is denoted by 0, €.g., 000 00 [o oble oo 000 M Square Matrix A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called a square matrix, e.g., 5/Diagonal Matrix A square matrix, all of whose nondiagonal elements are zero and at least 4ne diagonal element is nonzero, is called a diagonal matrix, e.g., & Scalar Matrix A diagonal matrix, all of whose diagonal elements are equal, is called a scalar matrix, ¢.g., 200 30 o 3) Mes 002Matrice in Je Unit or Identity Matrix aed A diagonal matri unit matrix or identity matrix ange He of whose diagonal elements are unity, is s denoted by /, e.g., 8 Upper Triangular Matrix A quare matriy hich all th ee square ix in which all the elements below age denon lees 04-5 04 00 8 9 Lower Triangular Matrix A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is called a lower triangular matrix, e.g., aan 100 ,|-1 4 0 13 268 10. Trace of a Matrix The sum ofall the diagonal elements of. ware matrix is called the trace of a matrix. Cee Dea nO} If A=| 4 6 —2| then trace of A=2+6+ lO ee) . Transpose of 4 Matrix Yx matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns of a matrix is called the transpose of a matrix and is denoted by 4’ or 4” Notes @ A= (ii) (KA)= ae where k is a scalar Gi) AFB aA (iv) (4B) = 874"