Norma Urbana para Estudios y Disenos

Construction and Building Materials xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
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Construction and Building Materials

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Influence of fibers partially coated with rubber from tire recycling as

aggregate on the acoustical properties of rubberized concrete
Nelson Flores Medina a,b,⇑, Darío Flores-Medina c, F. Hernández-Olivares a
a
Departamento de Construcción y Tecnología Arquitectónicas, E.T.S. Arquitectura, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
b
E.T.S. Arquitectura, Universidad Europea de Canarias, Inocencio García 1, 38300 La Orotava, Spain
c
Facultad de Educación Ciencia y Tecnología (FECYT), Carrera de Diseño Gráfico, Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador
h i g h l i g h t s
An experimental acoustical characterization of rubberized concrete with and without fibers was carried out.
Concrete with fibers partially coated with rubber can be used for sound absorption.
Rubberized concrete with fibers have a better NRC than rubberized concrete.
Concrete with 80–100% of FCR have an absorption coefficient similar to other EPC.
High volumes of recycled rubber can be revalorized in non-structural concrete panels for sound barriers.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The aim of this study is to analyze the main parameters that influence the acoustic properties of light-
Received 2 December 2015 weight concrete containing high volume of recycled rubber aggregates. To that end, the sound absorption
Received in revised form 23 October 2016 and the sound insulation on rubberized concrete are tested under different frequencies. Concrete speci-
Accepted 1 November 2016
mens were designed with 0–100% substitution of its coarse aggregate by two different rubber aggregates
Available online xxxx
from recycled tires, which is up to a 60% of the overall concrete volume fraction. Moreover, to evaluate
the influence of the external texture and the direct contact of rubber, concrete panels with different sur-
Keywords:
face finishes (rough and smooth face) were casted. Crumb rubber (CR) and fibers partially coated with
Concrete
Tires
crumb rubber (FCR) have been studied for sound barriers. FCR are composed of steel and plastic fibers
Rubber mixed with small rubber particles from recycled tires and obtained during the granulation process, before
Steel fiber the complete rubber separation. The results of this research indicate that the combination of steel and
Plastic fiber textile fibers contaminated with rubber powder increase sound absorption when compared to ordinary
Sound absorption or rubberized concrete. The addition of CR or FCR reduces concrete density and increases its open poros-
ity. However, concrete with large VF of FCR presents an even larger volume of open pores than concrete
with CR admixtures, which increases the sound absorption. In addition, the results obtained for sound
insulation in high frequencies are also improved with CR and FCR, even when the concrete becomes
lighter, because damping of CR and FCR concrete is enhanced. As a consequence, high VF of FCR
(80–100%) can be incorporated to concrete for non-structural uses to increase sound absorption.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction plants [1]. The elimination of tires by burning has been a common
disposal undertaken using them as fuel for cement kilns, reducing
Annually, end-of-life tires are accumulated on landfill sites. The energy costs but expelling large amounts of CO2 into the
storage control, elimination and recycling becomes a problem for atmosphere.
the different State administrations. In Europe 300 million car tires Nowadays, tires are commonly recycled through mechanical,
and 17 million truck tires were produced in 2014 in European cryogenical, chemical processes, or a combination of them, in order
to obtain rubber granulates and fibers separately to be used in con-
⇑ Corresponding author at: Departamento de Construcción y Tecnología Arqui- struction and engineering products [2]. These processes to recycle
tectónicas, E.T.S. Arquitectura, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Juan de tires into rubber granulates are expensive, because the tires are
Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain. resistant composites, made of a binder based on a cross-linked
E-mail address: nelson@arquingenieros.com (N. Flores Medina).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.007
0950-0618/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: N. Flores Medina et al., Influence of fibers partially coated with rubber from tire recycling as aggregate on the acoustical
properties of rubberized concrete, Constr. Build. Mater. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.007
2 N. Flores Medina et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2016) xxx–xxx
polymer with fillers (black carbon, silica, clay, etc.) with the addi- Concrete is a dense material that insulates mainly by reflection,
tion of different types of fibers, designed in several layers [1]. and its sound absorption coefficient is less than 0.05 [18]. Some
The characteristics of rubber derivatives are modified depend- researchers have made efforts to increase the sound absorbing
ing on the process of tire recycling. The rubber derivates used in properties of building materials in urban areas to reduce the noise,
this work were obtained through a mechanical process that can but keeping the insulation properties [18]. Sound absorbing mate-
be summarized as follows: rials with a porous structure absorb most of the energy allowing
the sound wave to enter through the material while the wave
1 Tire pre-crushing for the production of shreds or chips (about energy is dissipated as energy [19,20]. Cavities, channels and inter-
50 50 mm). stices provide absorption properties depending on the frequency,
2 Granulation process using the flat die press/pan grinder mill for composition [21], thickness and surface finishing.
crushing the chips before a further processing. Obtaining a porous concrete (EPC) is possible by using only one
3 Iron separation through magnets and classification into differ- aggregate fraction, and usually a 2-to-6 mm gap grading [22]. EPC
ent rubber fractions. Crumb Rubber (CR) (commercialized sizes with 15–25% interconnected porosity has a good sound absorption
from 0.2 to 0.8 mm, 0.8 mm to 2 mm, 2 to 4 mm). behavior. Designs with 25% target void ratio for porous concrete,
4 Cleaning of granulate to separate textile fibers from rubber and a 50% target void ratio for porous concrete with recycled
through vacuums. Some plastic and steel fibers cannot be aggregates, are adequate for a good sound absorption [23]. It has
cleaned because they are partially coated with crumb rubber been reported that in concrete the greater the target opened ratio
(FCR). the bigger the sound absorption coefficient (a) [24]. Openings
generated in boards made of concrete and other porous materials
Two derivates from the mechanical process to recycle tires have are used to improve sound absorption property [25]. Besides, other
been used in this work in high volume fractions as aggregate in authors have state that CR as aggregate increases the porosity of
concrete: crumb rubber (CR) containing only rubber, and fibers concrete in a similar proportion to rubber VF [26]. The absorption
partially coated with crumb rubber (FCR). These two rubber aggre- coefficient of concrete can range up to 0.7–1.0 in concretes for
gates have been studied by different authors previously, and the 40–150 Hz and up to 0.2 for 1 kHz frequencies, through foaming
mechanical properties of the rubberized concrete obtained were additives, but the mechanical resistances limit the possible use in
published in their research works [3]. Meanwhile CR is well building construction [27].
known, whereas FCR has not been so widely studied. CR and FCR However, due to this mixture modification, concrete density
used as aggregates reduce the static mechanical properties of con- and strength is reduced. As the material density is reduced, its
crete, but FCR show a better behavior than CR [4]. Papakonstanti- sound insulation properties are reduced as well, because higher
nou has worked earlier with a rubber aggregate from Tire porosity makes a dense material become lighter and it reduces
recycling made of rubber and steel fibers such as FCR, called rubber the mass per area decreased [28]. This fact can be corrected with
beads [5]. However, the shape of the rubber beads is different from an increase of concrete damping through the use of rubber as
that of FCR, because the length of the steel fiber of the rubber bead aggregate. The damping of rubberized concrete can be a 230%
is larger than those found in FCR, and also the size of the rubber greater than in plain concrete. Moreover, rubberized concrete also
component is bigger too [5]. has a greater ductility than plain concrete, with a 90% of enhanced
In the last two decades, the different uses of rubber derivate energy dissipation [18,28].
products from end-of-life tires (ELT) in concrete have been studied, The importance of porosity in asphalts used for road surfaces as
and the knowledge of its mechanical behavior has been developed sound absorber can be found in current scientific literature [29,30].
[6–10]. These research works have concluded that the use of rubber Porous asphalts with coarse aggregates and porous asphalts with
as aggregate in concrete for structural uses has to be limited to low CR reduce the noise generated by traffic on a frequency range
volume fractions, mainly in high strength concrete, because their around 900 Hz [31]. They reduce the noise because of the effect
mechanical strengths are reduced with the addition of rubber aggre- of muffling the vibrations caused by the tires on the pavement
gates. The mechanical results may be different depending on the size and because of the macrotexture of the road surface acting as
of the rubber aggregate, whether the surface has been treated to sound absorber [32]. Rubberized concrete can be used also in noise
improve the interface transition zone (ITZ) or whether the concrete control of highways when used as absorbing panel [12,14,33]. The
is confined with special transverse reinforcement [10]. Same results sound absorbing properties of concretes with CR as aggregate have
were presented for concrete with rubber beads [5] or FCR [4], been studied, and although in the 125–250 Hz frequency range
although industrial steel fibers slightly improved some mechanical rubberized concrete was not a sound absorber, in a range over
properties in rubberized concrete [11]. The problem is that when 500 Hz, the a were overall 0.37 with 20% of crumb rubber. More-
rubber is used as aggregate in concrete for structural purposes a very over, the noise reduction coefficient (NRC) obtained was 0.19
low volume can be added, and this does not reduce the ELT stock [16]. A different research work, nevertheless, displayed that the
problem. However, concrete with ELT derivate products might be sound absorption of rubberized concrete with glass fiber was lower
used in non-structural construction products, allowing the addition than 5% under the 1 kHz frequency and nearly 50% over the 1250
of higher rubber volume from recycled tires [12–15]. frequencies band [34]. Due to its good thermal absorption and
Shredded rubber and chips of rubber with a planar shape are sound properties, CR has also been studied as aggregate in concrete
not appropriate in concrete, but they can be used in landfill sites blocks [16] and as roofing material [20]. In addition, rubber has
as a lightweight filling for drainage in roofing and for thermal insu- been studied as concrete aggregate in noise panels [12–14] and
lation control [16]. Granulate and powders from rubber tires are asphalts for acoustic proposes [18]. CR has been also used to
used as aggregate in concrete paving blocks, pillars, slabs and as increase the thermal and sound insulation in gypsum based com-
rubberized bitumen aggregate for roads, which result in a good posites [35].
impact energy absorber [6]. However, the sound absorbing properties of rubberized con-
Steel fibers recovered from waste tires have been previously crete with fibers or with FCR as aggregate have not been found
used in concrete researches due to their pull-out behavior and in the literature, and the research published works concerning
compressive and flexural strength [17]. Plastic fibers recovered sound properties of rubberized concrete are scarce.
from waste tires have been used in recycled soundproofing mate- The research presented here is of interest concerning specifi-
rials [13]. cally two facts:
N. Flores Medina et al. / Construction and Building Materials xxx (2016) xxx–xxx 3
100
90
80
CR
70
Cumulave wt (%)
60 FCR
50
Grave
40
30 Sand
20
10
0
10 8 6.3 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.063 0
Parcle Size D (mm)
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution (PSD) of aggregates used (cumulative finer fraction).
Sound absorption properties of concretes with steel and plastic Table 1

fibers partially coated with crumb rubber are studied and com- Weight analysis of the main components of the two types of Recycled Rubber.
pared with rubberized concrete in high volume fraction, based Composition by weight FCR (% weight) CR (% weight)
on the structure and the macrotexture of its surface.
Rubber 50.35 96.90
The possible applications of lightweight concrete with fibers Textile Fiber 2.07 0.01
partially coated with rubber from the recycling of ELT can be Steel Fiber 5.04 0.00
increased. Mainly, as tire landfills must be reduced, rubber Rubber linked to Steel Fiber 9.43 1.67
Rub. + Text.F. + Steel F. 5.81 0.01
aggregates can be used in non-structural concrete elements in
Rubber linked to Textil F. 27.00 1.41
a high volume fraction. Powder 0.30 0.00
2. Materials and methods

the geometric properties evaluated focusing on the length and
2.1. Materials diameter of fibers. A sample of about 1.0 kg was analyzed. The
diameter of each fiber was recorded by a micrometer and three
Materials used for the experimental work developed include: measures determined, namely at the two fiber edges and at the
center point. Some of the fibers appeared in groups forming wire
– Rapid Portland cement with a nominal resistance of 42.5 MPa cords, in sets of 5 or 6 fibers. These wire cords are commonly used
(CEM I 42.5 R), a specific gravity of 3.18 g/cm3, Blaine fineness in the tire manufacture as reinforcement in truck tires [1]. The
of 3750 cm2/g, containing 90.25% of clinker, 4.75% of calcareous length of the reinforcement is referred to as the distance between
filler and 5% of gypsum, with initial setting time of 170 min and the outer ends of the fibers, as stated in other research works about
final setting time of 220 min (UNE-EN 196-3). recycled fibers in concrete [17]. Fiber classes were established by
– As siliceous aggregates, sand from river banks (0–4 mm), and fiber length, in groups of 5 mm difference. The class including
rounded river gravel (4–8 mm) were used. the greatest number of fiber lengths was 25–30 mm (24%), and
– Additives, such as water reducers, have not been used, in order the great majority (63%) was between 15 and 30 mm length.
to study the rheological properties of fresh concrete in similar Nominal density of siliceous aggregate was 2.61 g/cm3, CR
conditions. 0.90 g/cm3, and FCR 1.10 g/cm3, obtained with an Helium Stere-
Mechanical properties of hardened concrete with CR and con- opycnometer of Quantachrome. The apparent density of the coarse
crete with FCR have been analyzed. Fig. 1 shows the particle aggregate was 1.65 g/cm3 and of the fine sand 1.73 g/cm3.
size distribution (PSD) of the aggregates used (cumulative finer
fraction).
– Two types of rubber aggregates from tire recycling processes 2.2. Testing method
were used: crumb rubber (CR), usually commercialized for the
concrete industry, and steel and plastic fibers partially coated Reference concrete with a nominal compressive strength of
with crumb rubber (FCR). The aggregate sizes used in this 45 MPa was used, with a w/c ratio of 0.5 and without water redu-
research were from 4 to 8 mm, known as sample granulates cer. A vertical axis mixer (Raimondi Iperbet 230 V. 50/60 Hz.
according to the European Normative: Final Draft FRCEN/TS 370 W) was selected as it is commonly used in the precast concrete
1424 Materials produced from end of life tires–Specification manufacture industry. The mixing method followed was the one
of categories based on their dimension and impurities. Methods described in a previous paper [4]. The fresh properties of the
for determining their dimensions and impurities [3]. batches, and the distribution of the rubber aggregate were
homogeneous.
Table 1 presents a classification of the different components of Since the consistency of the fresh mixtures was dry, the Vebe
the two types of rubber aggregate according to weight percentages. test was used in the concrete samples with steel and textile fibers
Fig. 2 shows the distribution by weight percentage of steel fibers [36] to measure consistency, according to UNE-EN 12350-3:2009
depending on their length and on their diameter. This characteriza- standard [37]. The slump test was used for those samples without
tion was carried out by a statistical analysis and the variability of steel or textile fibers, according to UNE-EN 83310:1990.
30%
25%
Weight percent (%)

20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 >45
Length of fiber
(mm)
35%
30%
Weight percent (%)
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
0.018 0.019 0.02 0.024 0.07 0.091 Wire cord
Diameter of
fiber(mm)
Fig. 2. Distribution of fibers according to their length and to their diameter, in weight percent (%).
Table 2
Mixture Proportions of dry consistency concrete series.
Rubber Cement 42.5 Aggregate 4–8 mm Recycled Rubber 4–8 mm Sand 0–4 mm Water
Substitution (% volume) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (l/m3)
0% (REF. CONCRETE) 360 1103.012 0.00 722.84 180
20% 360 882.40 84.522 722.84 180
40% 360 661.807 169.040 722.84 180
60% 360 441.204 253.566 722.84 180
80% 360 220.602 338.09 722.84 180
100% 360 0.00 422.61 722.84 180
Proportions of concrete series are shown in Table 2. Reference according to UNE-EN 12390-5:2009 standard to determinate con-
concrete was modified with a 20–100% in volume gravel substitu- crete flexural strength [39]. The prismatic samples of
tion by CR and FCR separately, setting a final average density for 100 100 400 mm3 (3 samples per mixture) were placed on
both, of 1 g/cm3. The overall concrete volume fraction occupied two steel trays, distanced 30 cm, and submitted to a load at the
by rubber aggregates rise up to 60%. center between the two supports. Load and deflection were
Mix specimens were produced in two forms: cubic samples of determined.
10 10 10 cm3 and prismatic samples of 10 10 40 cm3, for Ultrasonic Modulus (US Modulus) by direct contact on hard-
the mechanical characterization of concrete mixtures, and a third ened and dry specimens was determined and the elasticity module
cylindrical type of samples, 98 mm in diameter 30 mm thick was calculated by Eq. (1):
for acoustic absorption tests.
All the specimens were water cured for 7 days and stored under UM ¼ q v ½ðkg=m3 Þ ðm=sÞ2 ðGPaÞ ð1Þ
laboratory conditions (20 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5% RH) before testing.
Compressive strength was determined according to UNE-EN where q is the density in kg/m3 and v the velocity in m/s [40].
12390-4:2001 [38], the cubic specimens (3 samples per mixture) Bulk density was measured on dry specimens after 7 and
were tested using a universal hydraulic press, equipped for testing 28 days (UNE-EN 12390-7:2009).
150 mm 300 mm cylinders, but fitted with accessories to accom- To evaluate acoustic absorption characteristics of concrete,
modate sized cubes. Three point flexural tests were performed cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 98 mm 30 mm
Fig. 3. Image above shows some cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 98 mm and thickness 30 mm with different surface treatments. The right image is of a specimen
treated with a cement setting retarder (Rheoface-474 White. BasfTM) with coarse and rubber aggregates directly accessed to sound wave. Image bellow shows the laser
macrotexture scanner produced by Ames Engineering.
thickness were tested using an impedance tube, and the sound Concrete ability to absorb sound can be simplified determining
absorption coefficient (a) determined. The diameter of the cylindri- the noise reduction coefficient (NRC). The NRC can be calculated
cal specimen was selected based on the aggregate size, although using the following equation [36]:
smaller diameters could have been tested in the impedance tube.
NRC ¼ ða250 þ a500 þ a1000 þ a2000 Þ=4 ð2Þ
Samples were placed inside a thin cylindrical Teflon sleeve, into
which they tightly fitted. The sample assembly was placed against where a250 is the sound absorption in the third-octave frequency
a rigid backing at one end of the impedance tube equipped with a band of 250 Hz, a500 is the sound absorption in the third-octave
sound source. A plane acoustic wave generated by the sound source frequency band of 500 Hz, a1000 is the sound absorption in the
was propagated along the axis of the tube, and the normal incidence third-octave frequency band of 1000 Hz, and a2000 is the sound
absorption coefficient calculated, according to the procedure absorption in the third-octave frequency band of 2000 Hz. As the
described in ISO 10534-2: 1998 [41]. Six samples of every mixture test measured the absorption coefficient up to 1600 Hz frequency,
were tested; three of them without surface treatment (smooth face) this value was used in the formula instead of a2000. The NRC is an
and the other three with a face treatment (rough face). average over frequency.
The rough face of the concrete panels and samples was achieved The texture of the mixtures was evaluated with a laser macro-
by using a cement setting retarder (Rheoface-474 White, BasfTM), texture scanner produced by Ames Engineering in order to study
which allowed, after removing the external cement paste (depth the efficiency of the cement setting retarder, and to set the rough-
up to 4 mm), the coarse and rubber aggregates facing externally. ness of the external face of slabs between the different batches
This rough face of the specimen left the rubber aggregates and before acoustical testing. This scanner placed on the concrete spec-
fibers exposed directly to the sound wave, and modified the tex- imen at three contact points measured the mean profile depth
ture of the surface, which is important to set the parameters for (MPD) through multiple lines scanned from surface sections of
the sound absorbing panel design (Fig. 3). This process was used 70 mm 100 mm (Fig. 3) [32].
to evaluate the direct influence of rubber aggregate in sound The airborne sound insulation was tested with concrete panels
absorption of rubberized concrete. of 1200 600 30 mm3 dimensions. The 3 mixtures with greater
Fig. 4. Airborne insulation test. Measurement of the direct and indirect airborne transmission.
25.00
20.00
Time (s)
15.00
CR
10.00
FCR
5.00
0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Volume (%)
Fig. 5. Vebe Test time results for the different mix proportions of CR and FCR.
NRC and lower density (FCR80% rough face-FCR80% smooth face- between rooms in a building [42]. Images of the test are shown
FCR100% smooth face) were tested to determine their airborne in Fig. 4.
sound insulation, as the mass reduction could decrease the sound The Apparent Sound Reduction Index, R0 , was calculated after
insulation. They were casted bonded to an extruded polystyrene the test had been performed by the following equation:
(XPS) board 30 mm wide forming a composite panel of two layers. R0 ¼ 10lgW1 =ðW2 þ W3 Þ ðdBÞ ð3Þ
The panels were tested exposing the concrete to the transmitter.
2
The sound insulation was studied according to the standard UNE- where W1 is the mean sound power per unit surface (W/m ), inci-
EN ISO 140-4:1999, a standard used to measure sound insulation dent on the panel from the source room; W2 is the mean sound
Table 3
Bulk density, Bulk porosity, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength and Noise reduction coefficient (NRC) results of concrete series with CR an FCR with smooth surface finish.
Rubber Bulk density Bulk porosity Compressive strength Flexural strength Noise reduction coefficient
3
Substitution (% volume) (kg/m ) (%) (MPa) (MPa) Smooth surface Rough surface
0% (REF. CONCRETE) 2422 (15.2) 9.04 (15.8) 47.78 (12.6) 4.75 (14.5) 0.035 0.035
20% CR 2264 (16.2) 8.97 (15.9) 27.71 (15.3) 3.75 (18.6) 0.047 0.046
40% CR 2156 (17.5) 9.29 (18.2) 17.71 (16.8) 2.90 (17.8) 0.038 0.038
60% CR 2026 (14.5) 9.11 (14.8) 13.58 (19.5) 2.75 (22.5) 0.057 0.056
80% CR 1858 (18.5) 9.68 (18.6) 8.60 (25.5) 2.05 (19.9) 0.048 0.045
100% CR 1742 (21.3) 11.54 (20.8) 6.33 (26.8) 1.86 (22.6) 0.078 0.071
20% FCR 2313 (17.5) 9.17 (17.6) 30.09 (18.9) 4.30 (19.2) 0.047 0.045
40% FCR 2139 (16.4) 11.38 (16.8) 22.84 (19.5) 3.43 (21.5) 0.063 0.061
60% FCR 2032 (17.1) 14.01 (17.9) 15.82 (20.6) 3.32 (20.3) 0.097 0.093
80% FCR 1851 (18.2) 18.31 (17.9) 9.60 (20.5) 3.24 (28.5) 0.195 0.189
100% FCR 1668 (19.5) 21.37 (19.6) 4.64 (28.5) 1.68 (22.8) 0.245 0.237
60
3. Test results
50
Concrete consistency in all series tested was dry. Vebe test
times were increased when high percentages of FCR were used,
40
especially for an 80% substitution per weight (Fig. 5). The reference
"CR"
E ( GPa)
concrete bulk density reduced down to 30% for 100% of FCR and
30 27% for 100% of CR, when siliceous aggregate is replaced (Table 3).
"FCR"
The internal structure of the sample mixtures was studied
20 determining the Ultrasonic Young Modulus (UM) (Fig. 6). Concrete
UM is reduced when coarse aggregate is replaced with rubber
10 aggregates, especially with FCR. UM for concrete series with a
100% FCR substitution, results in a reduction of 85%, and for con-
crete with 100% CR substitution, the reduction is of 74%.
0 Table 3 shows bulk porosity, compressive strength and flexural
0 20 40 60 80 100
strength. Porosity is increased with the use of FCR and CR. The high-
Volume (%)
est bulk porosity was found in series with FCR. Bulk porosity
Fig. 6. Graphic of Ultrasonic Young Modulus and stone aggregate replacement increased up to 125% from that of the reference concrete in series
ratios (%) substituted by CR and FCR. with a 100% FCR used as aggregate instead of natural stone ones.
There is a high reduction of compressive strength in series with
FCR and CR. In series containing between 20% and 80% in volume
of CR, a higher reduction of compressive strength than for those with
power per unit surface (W/m2) transmitted through the panel and FCR occurred. A change of trend occurs with an 80% and 100% vol-
W3 is the average sound power per unit surface (W/m2) transmitted ume substitution for recycled rubber, showing higher compressive
through the other lateral walls and flanks. W3 can be calculated as strengths in concrete with CR than in those with FCR as aggregate.
follows [42]: A flexural strength reduction takes place with the increase of recy-
W3 ¼ W3wall þ W3wall-lateral þ W3lateral-lateral þ W3leak ð4Þ cled rubber in all the mixture series. This reduction of flexural
strength is more evident in series with CR than in those with FCR.
where W3wall is the mean sound power per unit surface (W/m2) In Fig. 7, the sound absorption coefficient for frequencies from
transmitted through the partition wall, W3wall-lateral mean sound 100 to 1600 Hz for mix proportions with CR as aggregate substitut-
power per unit surface (W/m2) transmitted from the partition wall ing stone aggregate can be observed. The use of CR as aggregate has
and radiated through the lateral wall, W3 lateral-lateral mean sound slightly increased concrete sound absorption no matter what the
power per unit surface (W/m2) transmitted from the lateral wall external finish of the sample is. However, Fig. 8 shows that FCR
and radiated through the lateral wall and W3 leak mean sound power as aggregate produces increases in the absorption coefficient, when
per unit surface (W/m2) transmitted as airborne noise through the used at high volume substitution of coarse aggregate (80–100%).
cracks, ventilation ducts etc. Concrete with smooth surface and 80% of aggregate volume substi-
Flexible bands were set up in the contact of the partition wall tution by FCR have attained 33% sound absorption for frequencies
and the wall rooms as is indicated in Fig. 4. Moreover the room between 900 and 1000 Hz, and with a 100% volume substitution up
is insulated in floor, ceiling and walls. The standard allows to avoid to 48.6% for frequencies between 800 and 900 Hz. It can be also
the W3 wall, W3 wall-lateral, W3 lateral-lateral factors in the mentioned observed that the specimens with rough face exposed to sound
conditions. The W3 leak is negligible with the disposal of the doors wave have a similar behavior, with interesting absorption coeffi-
and null communication between rooms. cients from 80% to 100% of FCR as coarse aggregate.
The test equipment was as follows: a wide range audio ana- In the test performed, no differences have been obtained after
lyzer PULSE Bruel & Kjaer 3560C, a rotating microphone boom the process of eliminating the external cement layer to expose
Bruel & Kjaer 3923, 2 condenser microphones Burel & Kjaer the rubber aggregates (rough surface specimens). Although the
4165, a power amplifier Bruel & Kjaer 2716, a sound source width of these concrete specimens was slightly reduced, the sound
for calibration of sound level meters Bruel & Kjaer 4231 and 2 absorbing properties were similar to the panels with smooth finish.
OmniPower Omnidirectional Sound Sources Burel & Kjaer 4292 In the macro-texture analysis, the depth obtained in the external
(Fig. 4). surface of the specimens with rough face can be observed.
0.5
RC (0%CR)
0.4 20%CR
Absorpon coefficient
40%CR
0.3 60%CR
80%CR
0.2 100%CR
0.1
Frequency (Hz)
0.5
0% CR
0.4 20% CR
Absorpon coefficient (
40% CR
0.3 60% CR
80% CR
0.2
100% CR
0.1
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 7. Graphic of Absorption coefficient and Frequency for concrete series with a replacement of stone aggregate by CR (image above smooth face, image below rough face).
Fig. 9 presents the MPD measured in concrete with different of extruded polystyrene foams improved the results of the series,
surface treatments in series with CR and FCR as aggregate, substi- remarkably in that with 100% FCR. Comparing the series with the
tuting stone aggregate. It can be observed that the rubber aggre- 80% of FCR there is a better insulation for specimens with rough
gate and the treatment with the retardant addition increase the face exposed to the sound source. Other research works presented
depth, and therefore, the roughness of the external face, especially sound insulation results of concrete with coarse aggregates of
in the series with higher rubber aggregate VF. The higher mean 50 dB in the low frequencies (63–500 Hz) [18]. However, in the
profile depth, 3.35 mm, was obtained for 80%FCR mixture with high frequencies (1–8 kHz) the authors presented a reduction in
rough surface. It also means 8.9% of maximum reduction of the the sound insulating results from 50 to 15 dB. In our case, the
specimen width. Concrete with CR presented a higher MPD than results show lower sound insulation in the low frequencies (30–
FCR when the rough treatment is applied, as can be observed in 37 dB) but higher in the high frequencies (37–55 dB) for 80 FCR
Fig. 9. The fiber has not reduced the uniformity of the external face. concrete mixture. It can be also observed than the higher curves
The NRCs calculated using Eq. (1) for the different batches with are clustered in the mid and high frequencies. This could be caused
smooth surface are summarized in Table 3. The better coefficients by the flanking sound transmission of the room (W3).
were obtained also for concretes with FCR, a 0.097 for 60%FCR, a
0.195 for 80%FCR and a 0.245 for 100%FCR. Concretes with FCR as 4. Analysis and discussion
aggregate increased the NCR for plain concrete from 0.035 to
0.245. The maximum NCR for concrete batches with CR was a Although workability of the different rubberized concrete mix-
0.078 with total substitution of stone coarse aggregate. We can tures in all specimens tested was low, FCR reduced the concrete
also observe that the NRC is lower in series with rough surface, workability of the samples more than CR. This behavior is caused
contrary to expectations. It can be caused by the loss of mass dur- due to the fibers and is in accordance with other studies of con-
ing treatment and the lower width of the sample compared to the crete with fibers [17]. Concrete with fibers presented a lower
width of the sample with smooth surface. workability due to the fiber shape and low deformability. This lack
The airborne sound insulation of concrete batches is presented of fiber flexibility produced the fibers ball knots formation effect
in Fig. 10. The results obtained show a better behavior of the series among fibers and with coarse aggregates, as previous researches
with 80% of FCR than those with 100% of FCR as aggregate. The use have shown [4].
0.5
RC(0%FCR)
0.45
20%FCR
0.4
0.35 40%FCR
Absorpon coefficient ( 60%FCR
0.3
0.25 80%FCR
0.2 100%FCR
0.15
0.1
0.05
Frequency (Hz)
0.5
RC (0%FCR)
0.45
20% FCR
0.4
40% FCR
Absorpon coefficient (
0.35
0.3 60% FCR
0.25 80% FCR
0.2 100% FCR
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 8. Graphic of the Absorption coefficient and Frequency for concrete series with a replacement of stone aggregate by FCR (image above smooth face, image below rough
face).
3.5
CR Smooth
3 face
2.5 FCR Smooth

MPD (mm)
face
2
1.5 FCR rough

face
1
FCR rough
0.5 face
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Replacement Raos (%)
Fig. 9. Mean profile depth (MPD) measured in concrete with different surface treatment in series with CR and FCR as aggregate substituting stone aggregate.
80%FCR
rough face
60
55
50 80%FCR
Sound insulation-R' (dB)

smooth
45 face
40
100%FCR
35 smooth
30 face
25 80% FCR
20 rough
face+XPS
15 board
10 80% FCR
smooth
5 face+XPS
0 board
100% FCR
smooth
face+XPS
Frequency (Hz) board
Fig. 10. Sound insulation, factor R0 for different frequencies.
0.50
100% FCR
0.45 y = 0.0333x - 0.2703
R² = 0.9093
0.40
Absorpon coefficient
0.35
0.30 80% FCR
CR
0.25
FRC
0.20
y = 0.0266x - 0.1988 Linear (CR)
0.15 R² = 0.9176
60% FCR Linear (FRC)
0.10
0-80% CR 40% FCR
0.05
0-20% FCR 100% CR
0.00
7 12 17 22
Porosity (%)
Fig. 11. Graphic of Absorption coefficient and Bulk porosity for concrete series with CR and FCR as aggregate, substituting stone aggregate.
Bulk density of concrete is reduced in all series with the 0.25–0.35 (mostly 0.27) and with no-fines materials or not more
increase of recycled rubber used as aggregate. Recycled rubber than 10% of the maximum single sized coarse aggregate [44].
reduces the final concrete density, due to the rubber internal Rubberized concrete has lower strength than those with natural
porosity and air entrained generated by the use of this type of stone aggregates, as expected. The higher the rubber aggregate vol-
aggregates [4,16,21]. Rubberized concrete with CR or FCR may be ume fraction, the greater the strength loss. Some authors indicate
considered lightweight concrete according to the indications of that low density and low rigidity of rubber aggregate reduce con-
the Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete ACI Com- crete strength [4,16,44].
mittee 213 (ACI 213R-03) [43]. In concrete series where a 20–80% of natural aggregates have
UM values in concrete with recycled rubber as aggregate are been replaced by FCR as aggregate, a higher strength was obtained,
lower than for those series fabricated with natural stone, especially than in series with CR. It was observed that FCR had a better bond-
in mix proportions of 100% FCR, due to fiber agglomerates forma- ing with the cement matrix than in concrete with CR, because steel
tion and low workability [4]. Ultrasonic modulus reduction indi- fibers can adhered to the cement matrix and also bond the cracks
cates also that porosity and tortuosity are increased, but not only caused by mechanical stresses [4,17].
open porosity, contributing to sound absorption capacity. Flexural strength is also reduced in all series with rubber aggre-
Concrete with CR has similar bulk density than those with the gates, as other research studies have shown [4,10,16]. Concrete
same percentage of FCR as aggregate, even though concrete with with FCR have higher flexural strength than those with CR, due
FCR as aggregate has steel fibers (Fig. 11). Therefore, it can be noted to the fiber pull-out behavior [10,17]. Mechanical behavior of con-
that the presence of fibers increases the amount of open porosity in crete with FCR as aggregate allows the use of these types of con-
rubberized concrete. Concrete with 80–100% FCR have high bulk crete not only for paving uses but also in the manufacture of
porosity (up to 23%) and they can be considered as EPC [39]. In other lightweight precast elements, although not for structural applica-
research papers, working with pervious concretes with rubber, they tions. Several panels have been casted by the authors in laboratory
also obtained a high porosity through water-to-cement ratio of conditions with good results.
25.00 be also be observed in Fig. 12, since concrete mixtures with CR

and FCR present similar densities, and the open porosity is
100% FCR
increased more efficiently in those with FCR than in concrete with
y = -0.0176x + 50.292
20.00 R² = 0.9649 CR.
80% FCR Rubberized concrete and other porous materials need an open
and inter-connected porosity over 15% [20–22], but these con-
Bulk Porosity (%)
15.00
60% FCR
cretes obtain sound absorption coefficients over 0.1 when open
CR porosity reaches a 11% value (Fig. 12). Nonetheless, we can observe
100% CR
40% FCR FRC also in concrete with FCR the sudden increase of a when we
10.00 80% CR 20% FCR Linear (CR) increase the VF of FCR from 60% to 80%, because the open porosity
60% CR 40% CR 20% CR surpasses 15%. Concrete with 80 and 100% VF of FCR reach porosity
Linear (FRC)
RC values of 18.82 and 21.37% respectively, without gap-grading or
5.00 y = -0.003x + 15.943 sand elimination, as in other studies have been observed in rubber-
R² = 0.6144
ized concrete [44]. Hence, concrete with FCR in high proportions
and dry consistency can have also more tortuosity, according to
0.00 other research works about UM evolution in relation with concrete
1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 porosity [19]. The increase of tortuosity can be also observed in the
Bulk Density (kg/m3) results obtained with the UM, drastically reduced with FCR from a
VF up to 80%. Rubber aggregates on their own slightly increase the
Fig. 12. Graphic of Bulk porosity and Bulk density for concrete series with CR and
sound absorption, even though they can be successfully used as
FCR as aggregate substituting stone aggregate.
energy absorbers and vibration reduction materials [20].
The rough finish increased the surface where the sound wave
hits the specimen. This can be explained because although the
In this research, the only addition of CR as aggregate has not width of these specimens is smaller than those with the smooth
improved sound absorption as much as other research studies have surface, the results are similar. As rubber is deformable and is good
previously mentioned [6,12,14,20,16]. Other researchers have energy dissipater, because it has a low Young modulus and high
determined absorption coefficients close to 0.3 for frequencies of damping properties, the sound transmission is reduced and the
1000 Hz [6,16]. Moreover, concrete series with external and acces- energy is transformed in heat by the rubber deformation.
sible CR were also tested and the coefficient differences were smal- Sound insulation of rubberized concrete is similar when same
ler than 0.05. This can be due to the different cast of the cylindrical FCR volume fraction is used as aggregate instead of CR. FCR and
specimen that produced a closer structure than in other research the CR reduce sound insulation of concrete because the density is
works, in which the core samples for testing were extracted reduced, but thanks to the damping achieved with rubber, the
directly from the pavement or noise barrier [45]. insulation values are higher to values obtained in the literature
However, series with high proportions of FCR, 80–100% VF, in the high frequencies [18]. The panels with two layers, one of
instead of stone aggregate or CR, increase the sound absorption rubberized concrete and the other made of XPS, show better sound
coefficient values. From the results presented in Fig. 11, it can be insulation than concrete single leaf panels. Although XPS is not
concluded that the use of FCR as aggregate in concrete increase properly an acoustic insulator, it reduces the permeability of the
the absorption coefficient values because it increases bulk porosity panel to sound and improves the final insulation of the composite
[22], tortuosity [19] and maintain bulk density values. Concrete panel. The panel design with rough face slightly increases the noise
with FCR as aggregate permits a higher contact surface for the insulation because the surface of the panel exposed to sound wave
sound wave, resulting in an increase of the sound absorption is increased. The design of rubberized concrete with aggregate gap
capacity. Rubber aggregates increase the void target of concrete grading and perforations in the panels can be the aim of further
during casting, as other researchers have stated [10], increasing research for a better acoustical performance of rubberized concrete
the porosity of concrete. precast items. Future research can be carried out to increase the
The low frequency sound, lower than 250 Hz, permeates obsta- knowledge of impact noise transmission through rubberized
cles easily and the open porosity is not effective to reduce the concrete.
sound transmission. However, according to the simple theory of
sound transmission through a single leaf material, when damping 5. Conclusions
is increased, the acoustical insulation in also increased. The
increase of damping in concrete with rubber aggregates helps to High volumes of steel and plastic fibers partially coated with
insulate acoustically when forced vibration is the responsible of crumb rubber recovered from waste tires can be used as aggregates
sound transmission [16,18,45]. This happens above the critical fre- in concrete for acoustic purposes. Concrete with 80–100% of FCR
quency, usually between 250 and 500 Hz, when resonant vibration have an absorption coefficient similar to other EPC but without
is the dominant transmission mechanism. In this sense, the rubber- aggregate gap-grading.
ized concrete here studied presented a higher sound insulation in The sound absorption coefficient of rubberized concrete with CR
high frequencies, from 30-37 dB in the 0–0.5 kHz to 37–55 dB in obtained in this research work is lower than the coefficient
the 1–5 kHz frequencies. It was observed by others that sound obtained in rubberized concrete with FCR aggregates. Only con-
insulation is reduced above 1 kHz frequency, from 50 dB to 15 dB crete mixtures, with bulk porosity over 15%, have reached sound
in plain concrete and rubberized concrete with 15% rubber VF absorption coefficients over 0.25. Concrete with 80–100% of FCR
[18]. Hence, we can affirm than high rubber volume fraction can have obtained porosities over 15% and can also be considered as
be used for sound insulation in high frequencies. EPC, with high open and tortuous porosity, which increases the
A conclusion drawn from Fig. 11 is that FCR increases sound sound absorption.
absorption coefficient of concrete (slope 0.033x) more rapidly that Fibers partially coated with crumb rubber, with a low energy
CR (slope 0.026x). This indicates that fiber ball knots formation, recycling manufacture, provide better sound properties to concrete
observed also in the hardened concrete, slightly contributes as an than the usually crumb rubber in the market used as aggregate.
absorbing material [46], because tortuosity is increased. This can Therefore, FCR can be used in lightweight concrete precast ele-
ments for non-structural purposes, such as noise barriers or clad- [18] Niall Holmes et al., Acoustic properties of concrete panels with crumb rubber
as a fine aggregate replacement, Constr. Build. Mater. 73 (2014) 195–204.
ding systems for buildings in urban areas.
[19] N. Neithalath, A. Marolf, J. Weiss, J. Olek, Modeling the effects of pore structure
Concrete with 80–100% of FCR as aggregate might have a poten- on the acoustic absorption of Enhanced Porosity Concrete, J. Adv. Concr.
tial market for pre-cast items with good sound absorption, espe- Technol. 3 (1) (2005) 29–40. Japan Concrete Institute.
cially between 700 and 1300 Hz (traffic noise). The design of [20] M.J. Crocker, J.P. Arenas, Use of sound-absorbing materials, in: M.J. Crocker
(Ed.), Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control, John Wiley and Sons, New
rubberized concrete with aggregate gap grading and perforations York, 2007 (Chapter 57).
in the panels can be the subject of further research for acoustical [21] P. Turgut, B. Yesilata, Physico-mechanical and thermal performances of newly
performance of precast items. developed rubber-added bricks, Energy Build. 40 (2008) 679–688.
[22] A. Marolf, N. Neithalath, E. Sell, J. Weiss, J. Olek, The influence of aggregate
gradation on the acoustic absorption of Enhanced Porosity Concrete, ACI
Acknowledgements Mater. J. 101 (2004) 82–91.
[23] Seung Bum Park et al., Studies on the sound absorption characteristics of
porous concrete based on the content of recycled aggregate and target void
Our gratitude to Cementos Portland Valderrivas for the cement ratio, Cem. Concr. Res. 35 (2005) 1846–1854.
supply, to J.T. Pascual from LAFARGE S.A. for the stone aggregate [24] H.K. Kim, H.K. Lee, Influence of cement flow and aggregate type on the
supply, Guillermo Sánchez of BasfTM, the Department of Applied mechanical and acoustic characteristics of porous concrete, Appl. Acoust. 71
(2010) 607–615.
Physics of ETS Ingenieros de Caminos Canales y Puertos of Castilla [25] F.C. Sgard et al., On the use of perforations to improve the sound absorption of
la Mancha University, and to the laboratory of materials Science porous materials, Appl. Acoust. 66 (2005) 625–651.
and to César Díaz of the laboratory of acoustics of the Escuela [26] Andressa F. Angelin et al., Effects of spheroids and fiber-like waste-tire rubbers
on interrelation of strength-to-porosity in rubberized cement and mortar,
Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid for their help. We
Constr. Build. Mater. 95 (2015) 525–536.
are also thankful to M. Carolina Hernández-Martínez and Isabel [27] Zhang et al., Mechanical, thermal insulation, thermal resistance and acoustic
Salto-Weis for the grammatical revision of the manuscript. absorption properties of geopolymer foam concrete, Cem. Concr. Compos. 62
(2015) 97–105.
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Construction and Building Materials xxx (2016) xxx–xxx

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials

Influence of fibers partially coated with rubber from tire recycling as

Sound absorption properties of concretes with steel and plastic Table 1

2. Materials and methods

Weight percent (%)

2.5 FCR Smooth

1.5 FCR rough

Sound insulation-R' (dB)

Fig. 10. Sound insulation, factor R0 for different frequencies.

25.00 be also be observed in Fig. 12, since concrete mixtures with CR

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