Pengurangan Susut Pasca Panen Hasil &

Produk Pertanian di Tingkat Regional ASEAN

Disampaikan oleh:
Chandra Paska Bakti
(Center of System)

Pada:
Kuliah Kapita Selekta
Departemen Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
Mei 2019
Biodata
Nama : Chandra Paska Bakti
Tempat kerja : Center of System, sebagai Expert Assistant
Center of System (CS) adalah grup ahli multidisiplin yang fokus pada ilmu sistem
untuk meningkatkan kapasitas intelektual bangsa dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan
rakyat melalui usaha sosial ekonomi.

Maulana Ibrahim, SE. AKT, MA Prof. Dr. Eriyatno Prof. Dr. Suhendar Sulaeman
Ketua Dewan Penasihat Direktur Utama Ketua Dewan Pakar
Latest Project Experiences by CS
1. Revitalization of Non – Ministry Government Institutions under Ministry of Research and
Technology (LPNKs) - Riset Pro Component 1B1 and 1B3. (Ministry of Research and Technology,
2017)

2. Policy Model for for Synergy Strengthening System of Regional Development Organization In
Supporting Home Industry-Based Women's Empowerment. (Ministry of Female Empowerment
and Child Protection, 2018)

3. American Peanut Council Market Research in Indonesia (SIAM Professionals, LLC., 2018)

4. Mentoring of Pilot Project Implementation of Shallot Downstreaming in Brebes (Client: Bank

Indonesia, 2018)

5. Reduction of Post-Harvest Losses (PHL) for Agricultural Produces and Products in ASEAN Region
(ASEAN Cooperation Project: JAIF, ASEAN Secretariat, Ministry of Agriculture, 2017-2018)
 ASEAN POST HARVEST LOSS PROJECT

WHAT IS POST HARVEST FOOD LOSES

Source : National Academy of Science, USA-1978
Board on Science Technology to International Development
 DEFINITION

HARVEST is the single deliberate action to separate the

food stuff (with or without associated non-
edible materials) from its growth medium.
- Reaping cereals
- Picking fruit
- Lifting fish from water
POST HARVEST (PH)
Period of time begin at separation of the food item from the medium of
immediate growth or production; and ending when the food enter the process
of preparation for final consumption as meal preparation.

EVENT
Fruit becomes post harvest after it has been picked. Fruit that falls from the
plant and is allowed to rot on the ground is not a PH-loss because it was never
harvested.
However, if fallen fruit is collected for use, it becomes subject to PH-loss
assesment.
PH – Period also correspond to
the agricultural marketing
and distribution
 PH-LOSS and DAMAGE

Loss is measured as a Reduction in Weight in

the amount of food availability for
consumption.

PH-loss concerned only with losses that could be

avoided and reduced given the right condition and
technology under the constraints in which they
occur

* LOSS = SUSUT (Ind)

Damage is physical spoilage, often a
partial deteroriation can be subjective
only judged and very difficult to measure.
It is usually reported as a percentage of
food sample.

Damage of crop sample is not usually the same as

weight loss and is usually not as useful or precise
as loss indicator as percent weight loss.

* Damage = Rusak (Ind)

FOOD LOSSES caused by:
• Spoillage, especially in transportation
• Contamination during handling
• Attack by insect, birds, and rodents
• Deterioration in storage
 Food Losses and Waste

Location Food Waste per Food Loss per Capita Consumable Food
Capita (Kg/year) (Kg/year) per capita
(Kg/year)
Europe & North 95 - 115 280 – 300 900
America
Sub-saharan Africa 6 - 11 120 - 170 460
& South Asia
Source: Gustavsson et. al, 2011. Global Food Losses and Food Waste, Rome: FAO
Global Food Loss & Waste, 2009
Loss and Waste weight base (100% = 1.3 billion ton)
2%

8%
3% 19% Cereals
4%
Roots & Tubers
Fruits & Vegetables
Oilseeds & Pulses
20% Meat
Milk
44% Fish & Seafood

Source: World Resources Institute, Working Paper, May 2013

 Food Lost or Waste at supply chain, 2009 (% kcal lost & wasted)
120

100 5
13
28 13
80 34 15 7
46 52
61 4
17
60 18 37
6 37
11 9 4
40 2 22
7 5
21
9 23 12
20 6
32
39
23 23 28
17 17
0
North America & Industrliazed Asia Europe North Africa, West Latin America South & SouthEast Sub-Saharan Africa
Oceania & Central Asia Asia

Production Handling & Storage Processig & Packaging Distribution & Market Consumption

Source: World Resources Institute, Working Paper, May 2013

Strategic Issues
Over the last decades, the world has rapidly taken note of the
vunerability of the ASEAN poor citizens against increasing food
insecurity and started emphasizing the seriousness of these issues
and challenges.

The problem of food security , is far too often, conceived in terms of

producing sufficient amount of food. However, equally important
but often neglected problem is related to the loss of agricultural
production along the supply chain between harvest and
consumption.
Background and Justification
Reduction of PHL is an important strategy outlined in the Strategic Plan of Action
on Food Security in the ASEAN Region (SPA-FS), particularly under the Strategic
Thrust 4 as below;
 Action Programe 4.1: Improve agricultural infrastructure development to
secure production system, minimize post-harvest losses, and reduce
transaction cost.
 Activity 4.1.1: Promote the development of supply chain system in
Member States through establishing demonstrated models and sharing
knowledge.
 Activity 4.2.2: Promote public and private sector partnership to promote
efficient and sustainable food production, food consumption, post-
harvest practices & loss reduction, marketing and trade.
 Activity 4.3.1: Support initiatives to minimize postharvest losses of main
food products
The Objectives of Project

1) To identify key and priority area of intervention for issues of PHL

in the region;
2) To enhance capacity of ASEAN Member States (AMS) in PHL
reduction;
3) To provide platform for knowledge sharing and enhance
synergy among relevant ASEAN Sectoral bodies on PHL and
relevant issues;
4) To establish systematic and sustainable regional approach to
PHL issues; and
5) To develop policy recommendations for enhancing PHL
reduction in the ASEAN region.
PH-Loss Reduction can be achieved only through a combination of:
1. Location specific organization
2. Problem identification and loss measurement
PHL
3. Training Estimation

4. Information
PHL-
5. Adapted Technology Reduction
Technology

PHL Policy

*supported by International Technical Assistance Agencies

PH Loss Estimation
PH-Loss Reduction program must be based on reasonable estimates of
their magnitude, as must evaluations of program effectiveness
“It is very difficult to estimate PH-loss with precision, due to their
inherent variability and also a result of many cultured and economic
factors affecting post harvest system from producer to customer”

Loss = f(X1, X2, X3,….,Xn)

*Low accuracy of Loss-Survey Techniques

PH Loss Function

Losses = f (crop variety, pests, and pest combination, climate, the

system of harvesting, processing, storage, handling and
marketing)

= f (Social and cultural setting)

= f (availability of food and the purchasing power of the

various sector of society)
PHL Policy

Social cost-benefit analysis is an important analytical methodology for

evaluating PHL reduction activities in economics term.

Monetary value can be applied to the PHL; as well as data on the cost
of increasing the availability of food commodities through loss reduction

High level policy decision based on risk calculation in rural market private
sector
 Main Project Components
A. Consultation (In-country Consultation and Regional Consultation);
B. Pilot Activities and Training;
C. Workshop;
D. Information Sharing Platform.
IN-COUNTRY CONSULTATION

Myanmar
Objectives
The In-Country Consultation conducted by expert specialist
should met with reliable sources of PHL knowledge to update
information. Moreover, the surveyors must have scientific
background on PHL-impacts and technology associated with
losses reduction. The objectives of ICC are:

1) To identify key areas of PHL along value chain of

selected strategic food commodities;

2) To consult on PHL issues with International Expert and

ASEAN Regional Expert.

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REGIONAL CONSULTATION
 Objectives
The Regional Consultation afterward on PHL issues, was attended by 10
AMS delegations, designated by ICC previous exploration, has objectives
as follows:
(1) Knowledge sharing on gap and weakness of PHL along supply chain:
AMSexperiences.
(2) Identification key areas of PHL along value chain of selected
important food commodities in ASEAN Region.
(3) Determination of pilot sites and groups for further field preparation in
selectedthreeAMS.
(4) Observation of the technological framework for reducing PHL
especially on handling, storage, and primarily processing of food
commodities.
(5) Introduction to PHL estimation and assessment methodology and
techniques.
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 Conclusion Remarks
3) The general results of Regional Consultation are as follows:

 Selected Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam as a country that will

conducting Pilot Activities with specific commodities of chili, rice,
and pineapple, respectively.

 Launching of ASEAN PHL-Network supported by web-

application: www.phl-asean.org

 Sharing of PHL reduction practices and related technological

efforts among AMS included Methodology of PHL Estimation,
Application of PHL Reduction Technology, and PHL Reduction
Policy.
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PILOT ACTIVITIES
 Pilot Activities Framework
PHL data on FGD
critical point Output Guideline PHL
PHL PHL Estimation
Statistical approach Determination Standard
Assessment Field Research
Field
investigation Significant PHL on
critical point
PH Problem PH PHL Reduction Recommendations
Action
Training Materials
Identification Gap Research Activities

Selected technology Monitoring-

Evaluation

Expert Exploration Research

Judgement System approach Output
Guideline PHT
PHT Assessment
Intervention Standard
Appropriate
technology for critical FGD
unit operation of
PHT : Post Harvest Technology
PHL : Post Harvest Loss post-harvest
How to implement the
pilot?
 PH Problem Identification
Activities Indicators Outputs
a. Field investigation a. Data of supply a. PH gap and
of supply chain chain models, weakness within
channel include key actors, supply chain,
b. Determination of supply share, b. Critical point of PH
critical point based market relation handling within
on field b. Data and supply chain,
assessment information of
critical losses in
the supply channel

Methodology:
• Field survey & FGD
• Sampling and
Respondent
• Schedule
 PHL Estimation
Activities Indicators Outputs
a. Field research a. Data of PHL each a. Accurate PHL data
conducting for PHL commodities within of selected
estimation within supply chain commodities
supply chain channel
b. Materials for PHL
channel in the b. Information of estimation
selected location critical point for procedure
b. Analyzing losses post-harvest
handling c. Critical point of
data to apply PH post-harvest
technology for handling
reduction PHL

Methodology:
• Field observation
• Sampling and
measurement method
• Respondents
• Estimation analysis
 PH Technology Assessment
Activities Indicators Outputs
a. Identification and a. Data and a. Appropriate
selection of information of technology for
implemented post- prospective PH critical unit
harvest technology technology, operation of post-
b. Determination of b. Data of technology harvest
appropriate selection criteria, b. Technology
technology c. Data and selected to
information of implement for
technology reduction of PHL
availability
c. Materials for PH
technology
assessment
Methodology: procedure
• Desk study, FGD
• Using composite
performance index
• Technology
verification
 Technology Selection
Find the data of each
criteria based on
reference or other
a. Find the related sources
Classification of technology
technology on Determination of
based on: commodity,
critical point technology
channel, operation
selection criteria
b. Make the list of unit/handling stage
technology

Calculate using
Verify the availability of CPI (composite
selected technology performance
index)

Appropriate technology for critical

unit operation of post-harvest
 PHL Reduction Activities
Activities Indicators Outputs
a. Apply appropriate a. Data of PHL a. Decreasing PHL in
technology to estimation the critical point of
reduce loss in the b. Data and post-harvest
critical point of information of handling
post-harvest product values b. Increasing product
handling values within
b. PHL estimation on supply chain
selected models
technology which c. Technical
is implemented to recommendation to
reduce loss reduce PHL on
c. Analyzing effect of selected
technology Methodology: commodities
application • Field work
• validation method
• Sampling and
measurement method
• Estimation analysis
 Monitoring, Evaluation & Reporting
Activities Indicators Outputs
a. Pilot site a. Progress report a. Lack and solution
observation b. Final report: of pilot activities
b. Developing technical and b. Appropriate
technical report financial technical and
c. Pilot activities financial report
manage c. Recommendation
d. Financial evidence for next action
manage

Methodology:
• Field observation
• FGD
• Data recording and
document
management
 Implementation of pilot activities

Determination of focus commodities and pilot sites.

1. For Indonesia with a mandate on vegetables, where curly chili
has been selected as a pilot commodity, and the location in
Magelang District, Central Java.
2. For Thailand with a mandate on fruits, where ‘Phulae’ pineapple
has been selected as a pilot commodity, and the location in
Nanglae district, Chiang Rai
3. For Vietnam with a mandate on cereals, where paddy rice has
been selected as a pilot commodity, and the location in Long An
Province.
 Pilot Activities Report
Case of Indonesia : Curly Chili
Steps of of pilot activities
 PILOT ACTIVITIES OF REDUCTION OF POST-HARVEST LOSSES (PHL)
CASE ON SELECTED COUNTRY IN ASEAN REGION

Pilot Activities Report

Case of Thailand : ‘Phulae’ Pineapple
 PH Handling for pineapple for export market.

The fresh-cut ‘Phulae’ pineapple in Chinese markets

 Pilot Activities Report
Case of Vietnam : Paddy Rice
The main stages of the PH process for Viet Nam paddy production chain

Conducting PH-Technology to reduce PHL

1. Combine harvester: Recommend that it is good

to operate the harvester with a velocity below
1.8m/s or 6.5km/h.
2. Drying: Using flat-bed dryer and column dryer to
investigation the effects of paddy MC to milling
processing  Recommendation for reducing the
PHL in milling stage: Paddy MC should be in a
range 13.5 – 14.5% for milling;
3. Milling: It is to recommend that the drying
technology makes a small different MC of
Paddy in a batch would lead the quantity of head
rice after milling is high. The difference might be
in 4-5%.
TRAINING /
EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Output of Executive Development Program
1) The selected participants of 10 AMS have stronger and
deep capacity and knowledge on PHL technology and PHL
reduction.
2) Capacity and awareness of the key stakeholders in the
ASEAN Member States on PHL reduction were increased.
3) PHL reduction practices and related technological
intervention among AMS were identified.
4) PHL measurement and assessment methodology and
techniques were agreed by participants of 10 AMS.
5) Information on good practices and gaps on PHL to be
filled for future consideration among the ASEAN Member
States were shared.

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REGIONAL WORKSHOP
POLICY STATEMENT

The intervention policy of appropriate post-harvest technology to reduce PHL

1) The technological interventions is carried out in accordance with the priority scale in
order for resource use to be more efficient, with emphasis on the critical points that
have been identified as having problems with high postharvest losses. While
postharvest technology intervention is assessed and chosen by considering various
alternatives and criteria, using scientifically recognized selection methods.
2) The policy to choose technology is related to the special natural characteristics of the
commodity being handled, because every agricultural commodity has a very different
physiological characteristics, which causes different handling technologies needed. Any
mistakes in the selection policy of technology will adversely affect the commodity being
handled, such as a significant deterioration in quality so that it will reduce its
marketability, nutrition and economic value.

46
3) Implementation policy of postharvest technology in supply chain must also be in
accordance with the existing conditions of local resources, including
supporting infrastructure, human resources, and socio-economic conditions of
the relevant stakeholders. The appropriate technology chosen must be
applicable, available in the region, and economically affordable by farmers group
and SME.
4) The policy of intervention technology cover both soft- and hard-technology. It
means that not only directly with the technology (machineries etc.) itself, but also
considering human preference for a specific quality of products, as well as
decision making methodology to asses and select the policy related with
technology intervention.

47
5) Several direct and indirect government intervention for support postharvest losses reduction are
including:
(a) Improving market accessibility; i.e. 1) regularly accessing market information, 2) identifying
appropriate cropping calendar to meet good market prices, 3) facilitating networking and official
contraction between farmers and buyers, and 4) promoting collective rather than individual selling. 5)
Establishing auction sale system within wholesale centers in an objective as well as straightforward
manner, and 6) also buildup market information systems to distribute daily food values or change in
prices for growers and other partners in the supply chains.
(b) Improve access to inputs and financial capital, including; i.e. : 1) directly provide reasonable loans
to the traders by connecting them with reliable Micro Finance institutions; 2) disseminate information
on technical or agriculture extension agencies for inputs; and 3) facilitating community based input
trading that ensure reasonable prices and good quality for community members.
(c) Engaging relevant technical resources. It is suggested to engage local technical persons, such as
district and provincial agricultural officers, in providing technical support to the farmers and traders.
These individuals would be accessible by the actors for technical support and assistance. Networking
between technical resources and the value chain actors should be established by setting up a
mechanism to sustain on-going supports
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6) Development of postharvest R&D and implementation of several related regulations,
including:
a. GAP and GHP regulation in ASEAN Member State (AMS) should be follow up with
harmonization and collaboration between private and government in each country and
among AMS.
b. Promoting training courses on ASEAN-GAP (Good Agricultural Practice) to growers, packing
houses owners/operators, agricultural extension workers, and other related stakeholders.
c. The implementation Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) emphasized to select farmer target:
(1) who supply product to wholesale and retail market, (2) who supply raw material of
industries, (3) who received facilities, aid, and assistance from government;

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Thank You
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