Research and Analysis Wing - Wikipedia PDF

Research and
Analysis Wing
The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW

or RAW) (IAST: Anusaṃdhān Aur Viśleṣaṇ
Viṃg) is the foreign intelligence agency of
India. It was established in 1968 following
the intelligence failures of the Sino-Indian
War, which persuaded the Government of
India to create a specialised, independent
agency dedicated to foreign intelligence
gathering;[2] previously, both domestic and
foreign intelligence had been the purview
of the Intelligence Bureau.[3]
Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
Anusaṃdhān Aur Viśleṣaṇ Viṃg
Wing overview
Formed 21 September 1968
Headquarters CGO Complex, New

Delhi, India[1]
28°35′19.0″N
77°14′16.3″E
Motto धम र त र त:
(The law protects when
it is protected)
Employees Classified
Annual budget Classified

g
Minister responsible Narendra Modi, Prime

Minister of India
Wing executive Anil Dhasmana, IPS,

Secretary (R)
Parent Wing Cabinet Secretariat
Child agencies The Aviation Research

Centre
Radio Research Center
Electronics and
Technical Services
National Technical
Research
Organisation
Special Frontier Force
During the nine-year tenure of its first
Director, Rameshwar Nath Kao, R&AW
quickly came to prominence in the global
intelligence community, playing a role in
major events such as the independence of
Bangladesh and the accession of the state
of Sikkim to India.[4] The agency's primary
function is gathering foreign intelligence,
engaging in counter-terrorism, promoting
counter-proliferation, advising Indian
policymakers, and advancing India's
foreign strategic interests.[5][6][7] It is also
involved in the security of India's nuclear
programme.[8][9] Many foreign analysts
consider the R&AW to be an effective
organisation and identify it as one of the
primary instruments of India's national
power.[10][11]
Headquartered in New Delhi, R&AW's

current chief is Anil Dhasmana.[12] The
head of RAW is designated Secretary (R) in
the Cabinet Secretariat, and is under the
direct command of the Prime Minister, and
reports on an administrative basis to the
Cabinet Secretary of India, who reports to
the Prime Minister.
History
Background: 1923–68
Prior to the inception of the Research and
Analysis Wing, overseas intelligence
collection was primarily the responsibility
of the Intelligence Bureau (IB), which was
created by the British. In 1933, sensing the
political turmoil in the world which
eventually led to the Second World War,
the Intelligence Bureau's responsibilities
were increased to include the collection of
intelligence along India's borders.
In 1947, after independence, Sanjeevi Pillai

took over as the first Indian Director of the
IB. Having been depleted of trained
manpower by the exit of the British, Pillai
tried to run the bureau on MI5 lines. In
1949, Pillai organised a small foreign
intelligence operation, but the Indian
debacle in the Sino-Indian War of 1962
showed it to be ineffective. Foreign
intelligence failure during the 1962 Sino-
Indian War led then-Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru to order a dedicated
foreign intelligence agency to be
established.[5][7] After the Indo-Pakistani
war of 1965, the Chief of Army Staff,
General Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri, also
called for more intelligence-gathering.[5][6]
Around the end of 1966 the concept of a
separate foreign intelligence agency
began to take concrete shape.
RAW: 1968–present
The Indira Gandhi administration decided

that a full-fledged second security service
was needed. R. N. Kao, then a deputy
director of the Intelligence Bureau,
submitted a blueprint for the new
agency.[13] Kao was appointed as the chief
of India's first foreign intelligence agency,
the Research and Analysis Wing.[14]:259
The R&AW was given the responsibility for
strategic external intelligence, human as
well as technical, plus concurrent
responsibility with the Directorate-General
of Military Intelligence for tactical trans-
border military intelligence up to a certain
depth across the Line of control (LOC) and
the international border.[5][7]
The framework of Indian intelligence
R&AW started as a wing of the main

Intelligence Bureau with 250 employees
and an annual budget of ₹20 million
(US$278,292.00). In the early seventies, its
annual budget had risen to ₹300 million
(US$4.2 million) while its personnel
numbered several thousand. In 1971, Kao
had persuaded the Government to set up
the Aviation Research Centre (ARC). The
ARC's job was aerial reconnaissance.[15][16]
It replaced the Indian Air Force's old
reconnaissance aircraft, and by the mid-
1970s, R&AW, through the ARC, had high
quality aerial pictures of the installations
along the Chinese and Pakistani borders.
In 2007, the budget of R&AW is speculated
to be as high as US$450 million[17][18] to as
low as US$100 million.[19]
Slowly other child agencies such as The

Radio Research Center and Electronics &
Tech. Services were added to R&AW in the
1970s and 1990s. In the 1970s, the
Special Frontier Force moved to R&AW's
control, working to train Bengali
rebels.[14]:262 In 1977, R&AW's operations
and staff were dramatically cut under the
premiership of Morarji Desai, which hurt
the organization's capabilities[20] with the
shutting of entire sections of R&AW, like its
Information Division.[21] These cuts were
reduced following Gandhi's return.
In 2004 Government of India added yet

another signal intelligence agency called
the National Technical Facilities
Organisation (NTFO), which was later
renamed as National Technical Research
Organisation (NTRO). While the exact
nature of the operations conducted by
NTRO is classified, it is believed that it
deals with research on imagery and
communications using various
platforms.[5][6][6]
The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC),

under the Cabinet Secretariat, is
responsible for coordinating and analysing
intelligence activities between R&AW, the
Intelligence Bureau and the Defence
Intelligence Agency (DIA). In practice,
however, the effectiveness of the JIC has
been varied.[22] With the establishment of
the National Security Council in 1999, the
role of the JIC has been merged with the
NSC. R&AW's legal status is unusual, in
that it is not an "Agency", but a "Wing" of
the Cabinet Secretariat. Hence, R&AW is
not answerable to the Parliament of India
on any issue, which keeps it out of reach
of the Right to Information Act.[23][24] This
exemption was granted through Section
24 read with Schedule II of the act.[25]
However, information regarding the
allegations of corruption and human rights
violations has to be disclosed.[25][26]
Objectives
The present R&AW[27] objectives include:
Monitoring the political, military,
economic and scientific developments
in countries which have a direct bearing
on India's national security and the
formulation of its foreign policy.
Moulding international public opinion
and influence foreign governments with
the help of the strong and vibrant Indian
diaspora.
Covert Operations to safe guard India's
National interests.
Anti – Terror Operations and
neutralising terror elements posing a
threat to India.
In the past, following the Sino-Indian war
of 1962 and due to India's volatile relations
with Pakistan, R&AW's objectives had also
consisted the following:
To watch the development of

international communism and the
schism between the two big communist
nations, the Soviet Union and China. As
with other countries, both these powers
had direct access to the communist
parties in India.
To control and limit the supply of
military hardware to Pakistan, from
mostly European countries, America and
more importantly from China.[5][6]
Organisational structure
Organisational structure of R&AW.
R&AW has been organised on the lines of

the CIA.[28] The head of R&AW is
designated Secretary (R) in the Cabinet
Secretariat. Most of the previous chiefs
have been experts on either Pakistan or
China.[29] They also have the benefit of
training in either the USA or the UK, and
more recently in Israel.[30] The Secretary
(R), is under the direct command of the
Prime Minister, and reports on an
administrative basis to the Cabinet
Secretary, who reports to the Prime
Minister. On a daily basis the Secretary (R)
also reports to the National Security
Adviser. Reporting to the Secretary (R)
are:[31][32]
An Additional Secretary responsible for

the Office of Special Operations and
intelligence collected from different
countries processed by large number of
Joint Secretaries, who are the functional
heads of various specified desks with
different regional
divisions/areas/countries: Area one –
Pakistan; Area two – China and
Southeast Asia; Area three – the Middle
East and Africa; and Area four – other
countries. Two Special Joint Secretaries,
reporting to the Additional Secretary,
head the Electronics and Technical
Department which is the nodal agency
for ETS, NTRO and the RRC.
The Directorate General of Security has
two important sections – the Aviation
Research Centre is headed by one
Special Secretary and the Special
Services Bureau controlled by two
Special Secretaries.[33]
The internal structure of the R&AW is a
matter of speculation, but brief overviews
of the same are present in the public
domain. Attached to the Headquarters of
R&AW at Lodhi Road, New Delhi are
different regional headquarters, which
have direct links to overseas stations and
are headed by a controlling officer who
keeps records of different projects
assigned to field officers who are posted
abroad. Intelligence is usually collected
from a variety of sources by field officers
and deputy field officers; it is either
preprocessed by a senior field officer or by
a desk officer. The desk officer then
passes the information to the Joint
Secretary and then on to the Additional
Secretary and from there it is
disseminated to the concerned end user.
R&AW personnel are called "Research
Officers" instead of the traditional
"agents". There is a sizeable number of
female officers in R&AW even at the
operational level. In recent years, R&AW
has shifted its primary focus from
Pakistan to China and have started
operating a separate desk for this
purpose.[31]
List of Secretaries
Took
No. Name Left office Notes
office
Founder of R&AW, ARC • Bangladesh Liberation War •

1 R. N. Kao 1968 1977 Operation Smiling Buddha • Amalgamation of Sikkim •
ELINT operation with the CIA against China
Resigned from service in protest of downgrading the

K. Sankaran
2 1977 1977 designation of Head of R&AW as Director, R&AW
Nair
instead of Secretary (R).
Founder Director of RRC, ETS • Executed operation Lal

N. F.
3 1977 1983 Dora • He had the unique distinction of working under
Suntook
Indira Gandhi, Morarji Desai and Charan Singh.
Collaborated with the Intelligence Agencies of United

Girish
States, the erstwhile USSR, China, Iran, Afghanistan,
4 Chandra 1983 1986
Saudi Arabia, etc. • Kanishka Bombing • Operation
Saxena
Blue Star
Continued collaboration with Intelligence Agencies •

During his tenure, the post of Director of RA&W was
5 S. E. Joshi 1986 1987
re-designated as Secretary (R) and this designation
has continued since then.
6 A. K. Verma 1987 1990 Operation Cactus • Indian Peace Keeping Force
7 G. S. Bajpai 1990 1991 Counter Insurgency operations
N.
8 1991 1993
Narasimhan
Chief during 1993 Mumbai bombings • Specialist in

9 J. S. Bedi 1993 1993
China, Pakistan and counter terrorism.
Increased economic surveillance • Emphasis on

10 A. S. Syali 1993 1996
advanced training and more recruitment
11 Ranjan Roy 1996 1997 Negotiation on Farkhor Air Base
12 Arvind Dave 1997 1999 Kargil War • Operation Shakti
13 A. S. Dulat 1999 2000 Negotiated with IC 814 hijackers[34][35]
14 Vikram 13 31 March Founder of National Technical Facilities Organisation

Sood December 2003
2000
31
1 April Revamped ARC • Inauguration of R&AW headquarters
15 C. D. Sahay January
2003 at Lodhi Road, New Delhi
2005
Was instrumental in setting up of Nuclear Command

1 31
P. K. H. Authority (India) • negotiated the end of Nepalese Civil
16 February January
Tharakan War by persuading warring parties to sign the
2005 2007
Comprehensive Peace Accord.[36]
1 31
Ashok Investigation of Samjhauta bombings• Tenure marred
17 February January
Chaturvedi by many allegations of nepotism and corruption.
2007 2009
1 30
18 K. C. Verma February December Investigation of 2008 Mumbai attacks
2009 2010
30 29
Sanjeev
19 December December
Tripathi
2010 2012
30 30
20 Alok Joshi December December
2012 2014
31 31
Rajinder
21 December December
Khanna
2014 2016
Anil 1 January
22 Incumbent
Dhasmana 2017
Most of the Secretaries of Research and

Analysis Wing have been Indian Police
Service (IPS) officers. R. N. Kao and K.
Sankaran Nair belonged to the Imperial
Police (IP), of the British colonial days
which was renamed as the Indian Police
Service after Indian Independence in 1947.
N. F. Suntook had served in the Indian
Navy, then in the Indian Police Service and
in the Indian Frontier Administration
Service. Vikram Sood was from the Indian
Postal Service (IPoS)and was later
permanently absorbed in the RAS
cadre.[37] Now he acts as Advisor to Fair
Observer.[38] A. S. Dulat was an Indian
Police Service officer deputed from the
Intelligence Bureau, while K. C. Verma is
an ex-Intelligence Bureau officer. All the
chiefs have been experts on China or
Pakistan except for Ashok Chaturvedi, who
is an expert on Nepal.[29]
Designations at R&AW
Class I / Group A Officers Group B / C Officers
Secretary (R) Senior Field Officer
Special Secretary/Additional Secretary Field Officer
Joint Secretary Deputy Field Officer
Director/Deputy Secretary/Attache Assistant Field Officer
Recruitment
Initially, R&AW relied primarily on trained
intelligence officers who were recruited
directly. These belonged to the external
wing of the Intelligence Bureau. In times of
great expansion, many candidates were
taken from the Indian Armed Forces,
Police(IPS) and the Officers of Indian
Revenue Service (IRS).[39][40]Later, R&AW
began directly recruiting graduates from
universities. However owing to allegations
of nepotism in appointments,[41] in 1983
R&AW created its own service cadre, the
Research and Analysis Service (RAS) to
absorb talent from other Group A Civil
Services, under the Central Staffing
Scheme.[42] Direct recruitment at Class I
executive level is from Civil services
officers undergoing Foundation course at
Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of
Administration. At the end of the course,
R&AW conducts a campus interview.
Based on a selection of psychological
tests and the interview, candidates are
inducted into R&AW for a lien period of
one year. During this period, they have an
option of rejoining their parent service (if
they wish to) after which they can be
permanently absorbed into the Research
and Analysis Service. Delhi-based security
think tank Institute for Defence Studies
and Analyses noted in one of its reports
that R&AW suffered from the 'tail-end
syndrome' where the 'bottom of the
entrance lists' of those qualifying the
UPSC examinations were offered jobs.[43]
Additionally, recruitment is also by lateral
deputation from the Officer corps of
Armed Forces or Group A Civil Service
Officers.[44] The Civil and Defence Service
Officers permanently resign their cadre
and join the RAS.[45] However, according to
recent reports, officers can return to their
parent cadre after serving a specific period
in the agency if they wish to.[46] Most of
the secretaries have been officers from the
IPS and other posts are held by IRS and
IFS officers. R&AW also employs a number
of linguists and other experts in various
fields.[47] The service conditions of R&AW
officers are governed by the Research and
Analysis Wing (Recruitment, Cadre and
Service) Rules, 1975.[48]
Training
Basic training
Basic training commences with 'pep talks'

to boost the morale of the new recruit.
This is a ten-day phase in which the
inductee is familiarised with the real world
of intelligence and espionage, as opposed
to the spies of fiction. Common usages,
tradecraft techniques and classification of
information are taught. Financial and
economic analysis, space technology,
information security, energy security and
scientific knowledge is imbibed to the
trainees. The recruit is made to specialise
in a foreign language and introduced to
Geostrategic analysis. Case studies of
other agencies like CIA, KGB, ISI, Mossad
and MI6 are presented for study. The
inductee is also taught that intelligence
organisations do not identify who is friend
and who is foe, the country's foreign policy
does. Basic classroom training in tactics
and language are imparted to R&AW
officers at the residential Training and
Language Institute in Gurgaon.[49][50][51] A
multi-disciplinary school of economic
intelligence is also being set up in Mumbai
to train intelligence officers in
investigating economic crimes like money
laundering for terror purposes etc.[52]
Advanced training
After completing 'Basic Training' the
recruit is now attached to a Field
Intelligence Bureau (FIB). His/her training
here lasts for 1–2 years. He/she is given
firsthand experience of what it was to be
out in the figurative cold, conducting
clandestine operations. During night
exercises under realistic conditions,
he/she is taught infiltration and
exfiltration. He/she is instructed to avoid
capture and if caught, how to face
interrogation. He/she learns the art of
reconnoitre, making contacts, and, the
numerous skills of operating an
intelligence mission. At the end of the field
training, the new recruit is brought back to
the school for final polishing. Before his
deployment in the field, he/she is given
exhaustive training in the art of self-
defence mainly Krav Maga, and the use of
technical espionage devices. He/she is
also drilled in various administrative
disciplines so that he could take his place
in the foreign missions without arousing
suspicion. He/she is now ready to operate
under the cover of an Embassy to gather
information, set up his own network of
informers, moles or operatives as the task
may require. Field training is provided in
the Indian Military Academy Headquarters
at Dehradun.[7][53] The training model has
been criticised as being 'archaic and too
police-centric' and not incorporating
'modern technological advances in
methods of communication' etc.
Functions and methods

Activities and functions of R&AW are
highly confidential and declassification of
past operations are uncommon unlike
agencies like CIA, MI6 and Mossad who
have many of their activities declassified.
The Secretary (R) reported to the Vohra
Committee that R&AW offices abroad have
limited strength and are largely geared to
the collection of military, economic,
scientific, and political intelligence. R&AW
monitors the activities of certain
organisations abroad only insofar as they
relate to their involvement with narco
terrorist elements and smuggling arms,
ammunition, explosives, etc. into India.[54]
It does not monitor the activities of
criminal elements abroad, which are
mainly confined to normal smuggling
without any links to terrorist elements.
However, if there is evidence to suggest
that certain organisations have links with
Intelligence agencies of other countries,
and that they are being used or are likely to
be used by such countries for destabilising
India's economy, it would become R&AW's
responsibility to monitor their
activities.[5][6]
The primary mission of R&AW includes

aggressive intelligence collection via
espionage, psychological warfare,
subversion, sabotage, and
assassinations.[55] R&AW maintains active
collaboration with other secret services in
various countries. Its contacts with FSB of
Russia, NDS, the Afghan agency, Israel's
Mossad, the CIA and MI6 have been well-
known, a common interest being
Pakistan's nuclear programme.[56] R&AW
has been active in obtaining information
and operating through third countries like
Afghanistan, the United Kingdom, Hong
Kong, Myanmar and Singapore.[5]
R&AW obtains information critical to

Indian strategic interests both by overt and
covert means. The data is then classified
and filed with the assistance of the
computer networks. International business
houses, information technology sector and
media centres can easily absorb R&AW
operatives and provide freedom of
movement.[5][6] A task force report
prepared by a New Delhi-based security
think tank highlighted that R&AW
operatives have inadequate non-official
cover for overseas operations which 'limits
access to spot real targets' and causes
issues on handling 'high-value assets'.[43]
Operations
ELINT operations aimed at China:[57]
After China tested its first nuclear
weapons on 16 October 1964, at Lop
Nur, Xinjiang, India and the USA shared
a common fear about the nuclear
capabilities of China.[58] Owing to the
extreme remoteness of Chinese testing
grounds, strict secrecy surrounding the
Chinese nuclear programme, and the
extreme difficulty that an Indian or
American would have passing
themselves off as Chinese, it was
almost impossible to carry out any
HUMINT operation. So, the CIA in the
late 1960s decided to launch an ELINT
operation along with RAW and ARC to
track China's nuclear tests and monitor
its missile launches. The operation, in
the garb of a mountaineering expedition
to Nanda Devi involved celebrated
Indian climber M S Kohli who along with
operatives of Special Frontier Force and
the CIA – most notably Jim Rhyne, a
veteran STOL pilot – was to place a
permanent ELINT device, a transceiver
powered by a plutonium battery, that
could detect and report data on future
nuclear tests carried out by China.[59]
The monitoring device was near
successfully implanted on Nanda Devi,
when an avalanche forced a hasty
withdrawal.[60] Later, a subsequent
mountain operation to retrieve or replant
the device was aborted when it was
found that the device was lost. Recent
reports indicate that radiation traces
from this device have been discovered
in sediment below the mountain.[61]
However, the actual data is not
conclusive.
In more recent time, under a security
agreement with Mongolia, R&AW along
with NTRO have set up cybertapping
infrastructure on the main internet
communication cable in Mongolia which
links rest of the world to China. Giving
India unparalleled access to monitor
and intercept outgoing and incoming
internet traffic from China.[62]
Creation of Bangladesh and
aftermath:[63][64] In the early 1970s the
army of Pakistan launched military
crackdown in response to the
Bangladesh independence
movement.[65][66] Nearly 10 million
refugees fled to India. R&AW was
instrumental in the formation of the
Bangladeshi guerilla organisation Mukti
Bahini and responsible for supplying
information, providing training and
heavy ammunition to this organisation.
It is also alleged that R&AW planned and
executed the 1971 Indian Airlines
hijacking as a false flag operation to ban
overflight by Pakistani aircraft and
disrupt Pakistani troop movement in
East Pakistan.[7] Special Frontier Force,
the paramilitary wing of R&AW actively
participated in military operations
especially in the Chittagong Hill
Tracts.[67] The war ended in the
successful creation of Bangladesh.
However, four years later Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman was assassinated on 15
August 1975 at his residence.[68] RAW
operatives claimed that they had
advance information about Mujib-ur-
Rahman's assassination but Sheikh
Mujib tragically ignored inputs.[13] He
was killed along with 40 members of his
family. R&AW thus failed to prevent the
assassination which led to the loss of a
charismatic leader who was
appreciative of India for its help. Later,
R&AW successfully thwarted plans of
assassinating Sheikh Hasina Wazed,
daughter of Mujibur Rahman, by Islamist
extremists.[69]
Operation Smiling Buddha: Operation
Smiling Buddha was the name given to
India's nuclear programme. The task to
keep it under tight wraps for security
was given to RAW.[70] This was the first
time that R&AW was involved in a
project inside India. On 18 May 1974,
India detonated a 15-kiloton plutonium
device at Pokhran and became a
member of the nuclear club.[6]
Amalgamation of Sikkim: In 1947
Sikkim became a protectorate under
India, which controlled its external
affairs, defence, diplomacy and
communications. It is alleged that in
1972 R&AW was authorised to install a
pro-Indian democratic government
there.[6][71] After widespread rioting and
demonstration against the King of
Sikkim in 1975 a referendum was held in
which 97.5% of the electorate (in a
nation where 59% of the population
could vote) voted to join the Indian
Union. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim officially
became the 22nd state of the Indian
Union, and the monarchy was
abolished.[72]
Kahuta's Blueprint:[73][74] Kahuta is the
site of the Khan Research Laboratories
(KRL), Pakistan's main nuclear weapons
laboratory as well as an emerging centre
for long-range missile development. The
primary Pakistani missile-material
production facility is located at Kahuta,
employing gas centrifuge enrichment
technology to produce Highly Enriched
Uranium (HEU). R&AW first confirmed
Pakistan's nuclear programs by
analysing the hair samples snatched
from the floor of barber shops near KRL;
which showed that Pakistan had
developed the ability to enrich uranium
to weapons-grade quality. RAW agents
knew of Kahuta Research Laboratories
from at least early 1978,[75] when the
then Indian Prime Minister, Morarji
Desai, accidentally thwarted R&AW's
operations on Pakistan's covert nuclear
weapons program. In an indiscreet
moment in a telephone conversation
one day, Morarji Desai informed the then
Pakistan President, Zia-ul-Haq, that India
was aware of Pakistan's nuclear
weapons program. According to later
reports, acting on this "tip-off", Pakistani
Intelligence eliminated RAW's sources
on Kahuta, leaving India in the dark
about Pakistan's nuclear weapons
program from then on.[6][7][76]
Operation Lal Dora: In February 1983,
Mauritian Prime Minister Anerood
Jugnauth requested assistance from
Mrs Indira Gandhi in the event of a coup
by Berenger. In March 1983, Gandhi
ordered the Indian Army and Navy to
prepare for a military intervention
against a possible coup against the
Jugnauth government. But the military
intervention was put off by Mrs. Gandhi,
after a squabble between the Indian
Navy and Army, on who would lead the
operation. Instead, she chose to task the
Research and Analysis Wing's then
chief, Nowsher F. Suntook, with
supervising a largely intelligence-led
operation to reunite the Indian
community whose fracturing along
ideological and communal lines had
allowed Mr. Berenger to mount a
political challenge.[77]
Operation Meghdoot: R&AW received
information from the London company
which had supplied Arctic-weather gear
for Indian troops from Northern Ladakh
region some paramilitary forces that
Pakistan too had bought similar Arctic-
weather gear.[78] This information was
shared with Indian Army which soon
launched Operation Meghdoot to take
control of Siachen Glacier with around
300[78] acclimatised troops were airlifted
to Siachen before Pakistan could launch
any operation resulting in Indian head
start and eventual Indian domination of
all major peaks in Siachen.[78]
Kanishka Bombing case:[79][80][81] On 23
June 1985 Air India's Flight 182 was
blown up near Ireland and 329 people
died. On the same day, another
explosion took place at Tokyo's Narita
airport's transit baggage building where
baggage was being transferred from
Cathay Pacific Flight No CP 003 to Air
India Flight 301 which was scheduled
for Bangkok. Both aircraft were loaded
with explosives from Canadian airports.
Flight 301 got saved because of a delay
in its departure. This was considered as
a major setback to R&AW for failing to
gather enough intelligence about the
Khalistani terrorists.[82][83]
Special Operations: In the mid-1980s,
R&AW set up two covert groups,
Counterintelligence Team-X(CIT-X) and
Counterintelligence Team-J(CIT-J), the
first directed at Pakistan[84] and the
second at Khalistani groups.[85]
Rabinder Singh, the RAW double agent
who defected to the United States in
2004, helped run CIT-J in its early years.
Both these covert groups used the
services of cross-border traffickers to
ferry weapons and funds across the
border, much as their ISI counterparts
were doing. According to former RAW
official and noted security analyst B.
Raman, the Indian counter-campaign
yielded results. "The role of our cover
action capability in putting an end to the
ISI's interference in Punjab", he wrote in
2002, "by making such interference
prohibitively costly is little known and
understood." These covert operations
were discontinued during the tenure of
IK Gujral and were never restarted.[86] As
per B Raman a former RAW Additional
Secretary, such covert operations were
successful in keeping a check on ISI and
were "responsible for ending the
Khalistani insurgency".[87] He also notes
that a lack of such covert capabilities,
since they were closed down in 1997,
has left the country even more
vulnerable than before and says that
developing covert capabilities is the
need of the hour.[88]
Operation Cactus:[89] In November 1988,
the People's Liberation Organisation of
Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), composed of
about 200 Tamil secessionist rebels,
invaded Maldives. At the request of the
president of Maldives, Maumoon Abdul
Gayoom, the Indian Armed Forces, with
assistance from RAW, launched a
military campaign to throw the
mercenaries out of Maldives. On the
night of 3 November 1988, the Indian Air
Force airlifted the 6th parachute
battalion of the Parachute Regiment
from Agra and flew them over 2,000 km
to Maldives. The Indian paratroopers
landed at Hulule and restored the
Government rule at Malé within hours.
The operation, labelled Operation
Cactus, also involved the Indian Navy.
Swift operation by the military and
precise intelligence by R&AW quelled the
insurgency.[6]
Sri Lanka:[90][91] RAW started training
the LTTE to keep a check on Sri
Lanka,[92] which had helped Pakistan in
the Indo-Pak War by allowing Pakistani
ships to refuel at Sri Lankan ports.
However, the LTTE created a lot of
problems and complications and the
then Prime Minister of India Rajiv
Gandhi was forced to send the Indian
Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in 1987 to
restore normalcy in the region. The
disastrous mission of the IPKF was
blamed by many on the lack of
coordination between the IPKF and
RAW. Its most disastrous manifestation
was the Heliborne assault on LTTE HQ in
the Jaffna University campus in the
opening stages of Operation Pawan.
The site was chosen without any
consultation with the RAW. The dropping
paratroopers became easy targets for
the LTTE. A number of soldiers were
killed. The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
is also blamed as a fallout of the failed
RAW operation in Sri Lanka.[93]
Anti-Apartheid Movement: R&AW
trained the intelligence officers of many
independent African countries and
assisted the anti-apartheid struggles in
South Africa and Namibia. Retired
R&AW officers were deputed to work in
training institutes of intelligence
agencies of some African states.[94]
Operation Chanakya:[95] This was the
RAW operation in the Kashmir region to
infiltrate various ISI-backed Kashmiri
separatist groups and restore peace in
the Kashmir valley. R&AW operatives
infiltrated the area, collected military
intelligence, and provided evidence
about ISI's involvement in training and
funding Kashmiri separatist
groups.[96][97] RAW was successful not
only in unearthing the links between the
ISI and the separatist groups, but also in
infiltrating and neutralising the militancy
in the Kashmir valley.[98][99][100] RAW is
also credited for creating a split in the
Hizb-ul-Mujahideen.[101] Operation
Chanakya also marked the creation of
pro-Indian groups in Kashmir like the
Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen, Muslim
Mujahideen etc. These counter-
insurgencies consist of ex-militants and
relatives of those slain in the conflict.
Ikhwan-ul-Muslimeen leader Kokka
Parrey was himself assassinated by
separatists.[5]
Operation against Jamat-e-Islami terror
camps in Bangladesh:[102] Months after
Begum Khaleda Zia swept Bangladesh
election in February 1991, India's
external spy agency Research &
Analysis Wing (R&AW) was alarmed
over increased harassment of pro-India
politicians, large-scale radicalisation and
meticulously planned infiltration of
trained jihadis into Indian territory by
Jamaat-e-Islami, that was operating as a
semi-autonomous political force under
the newly elected government of
Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).In
early 1992, after gathering accurate
leads on Jamaat cells, tactics and
networks, the R&AW spies launched a
daring operation in the Bangladesh
sanctuary and dismantled terror camps
using resilient tradecraft and a
determined group of assets handpicked
by a R&AW handler.Several Jamaat
terror training camps located along the
border and their facilities in the Satkhira,
Khulna, Chittagong, Rajshahi and
Jessore districts were bombed by the
R&AW assets. RAW also targeted an ISI
safe house in the capital city Dhaka,
bringing down the entire building. The
operation helped the Indian security
establishment to put a lid on the radical
organisation’s infiltration into India for
the time being.
Help to the Northern Alliance: After the
rise of Pakistan backed Taliban in
Afghanistan, India decided to side with
the Northern Alliance[103] By 1996,
R&AW had built a 25-bed military
hospital[104] at the Farkhor Air Base.[105]
This airport was used by the Aviation
Research Centre, the reconnaissance
arm of RAW, to repair and operate the
Northern Alliance's aerial support. This
relationship was further cemented in the
2001 Afghan war. India supplied the
Northern Alliance high altitude warfare
equipment worth around US$8–
10 million.[106][107] R&AW was the first
intelligence agency to determine the
extent of the Kunduz airlift.[108]
Kargil War: R&AW was heavily criticised
in 1999, following the Pakistani
incursions at Kargil. Critics accused
R&AW of failing to provide intelligence
that could have prevented the ensuing
ten-week conflict that brought India and
Pakistan to the brink of a full-scale
war.[109] While the Army has been critical
of the information they received R&AW
has pointed the finger at the politicians,
claiming they had provided all the
necessary information. However, R&AW
was successful in intercepting a
telephonic conversation between Pervez
Musharraf, the then Pakistan Army Chief
who was in Beijing and his chief of staff
Lt. Gen. Mohammed Aziz in
Islamabad.[110] This tape was later
published by India to prove Pakistani
involvement in the Kargil
incursion.[110][111] In 2011, a think tank
report[112] stated that RAW had warned
in its October 1998 assessment that
Pakistan Army might launch a limited
swift offensive with possible support of
alliance partners, however the
government ignored such
reports.[113][114][115]
Operation Leech: Surrounded by
Arakanese and dense forest, Myanmar
had always been a worrisome point for
Indian intelligence. India has sought to
promote democracy and install friendly
governments in the region. To these
ends, RAW cultivated Burmese rebel
groups and pro-democracy coalitions,
especially the Kachin Independence
Army (KIA). India allowed the KIA to
carry a limited trade in jade and precious
stones using Indian territory and even
supplied them weapons. It is further
alleged that KIA chief Maran Brang Seng
met the RAW chief in Delhi twice.
However, when the KIA became the
main source of training and weapons for
all northeastern rebel groups, R&AW
initiated an operation, code named
Operation Leech, to assassinate the
leaders of the Burmese rebels as an
example to other groups. in 1998, six
top rebel leaders, including military wing
chief of National Unity Party of Arakans
(NUPA), Khaing Raza, were shot dead
and 34 Arakanese guerrillas were
arrested and charged with
gunrunning.[6][116]
War on Terror: Although R&AW's
contribution to the War on Terror is
highly classified, the organisation
gained some attention in the Western
media after claims that it was assisting
the United States by providing
intelligence on Osama Bin Laden and
the Taliban's whereabouts. Maps and
photographs of terrorist training camps
in Afghanistan and Pakistan along with
other evidence implicating Osama bin
Laden in terrorist attacks were given to
US intelligence officials. RAW's role in
the War on Terror may increase as US
intelligence has indicated that it sees
RAW as a more reliable ally than
Pakistani intelligence. It has further
come to light that a timely tip-off by
RAW helped foil a third assassination
plot against Pakistan's former President,
General Pervez Musharraf.[7][117]
2008 Mumbai attacks: About 2–6
months before 26/11 Mumbai attacks
R&AW had intercepted several telephone
calls through SIGINT[118] which pointed
at impending attacks on Mumbai Hotels
by Pakistan-based terrorists,[119]
however there was a coordination failure
and no follow up action was taken.[120]
Few hours before the attacks, a RAW
technician monitoring satellite
transmissions picked up conversations
between attackers and handlers, as the
attackers were sailing toward Mumbai.
The technician flagged the
conversations as being suspicious and
passed them on to his superiors. RAW
believed that they were worrying and
immediately alerted the office of the
National Security Advisor. However the
intelligence was ignored.[121] Later, just
after the terrorists had attacked
Mumbai, RAW technicians started
monitoring the six phones used by the
terrorists and recorded conversations
between the terrorists and their
handlers.[122] On 15 January 2010, in a
successful snatch operation R&AW
agents nabbed Sheikh Abdul Khwaja,
one of the handlers of the 26/11
attacks, chief of HuJI India operations
and a most wanted terror suspect in
India, from Colombo, Sri Lanka and
brought him over to Hyderabad, India for
formal arrest.[123]
Snatch operations with IB: In late 2009,
investigative journal The Week ran a
cover story on one of India's major
clandestine operations that the R&AW
ran with Intelligence Bureau to nab
terrorists infiltrating India, via Nepal and
other neighbouring countries.[124] To
bypass the lengthy extradition process,
R&AW conducts snatch operations to
nab suspects from various foreign
countries. The suspect is brought to
India, interrogated in black sites, later
shown as arrested at an airport or
border post and is usually produced
before a court. With emergence of Nepal
as a terror transit point R&AW and the IB
started closely monitoring the
movement of suspected terrorists in
Nepal. According to The Week, in last
decade there has been close to 400
successful snatch operations
conducted by R&AW and/or IB in Nepal,
Bangladesh and other countries. Some
famous snatches netted Bhupinder
Singh Bhuda of the Khalistan
Commando Force, Lashkar militant
Tariq Mehmood and Abdul Karim
Tunda,[125][126] Sheikh Abdul Khwaja, one
of the handlers of the 2008 Mumbai
attacks, Yasin Bhatkal founder leader of
the proscribed terrorist organisation
Indian Mujahideen etc. most of the
suspects are kept at Tihar Jail.[127]
Sri Lankan presidential election, 2015 It
was alleged by the Sri Lankan
newspaper The Sunday Times, that
R&AW had played a role in uniting the
opposition, to bring about the defeat of
Mahinda Rajapaksa. There had been
growing concern in the Indian
government, on the increasing influence
of economic and military rival China in
Sri Lankan affairs. Rajapaksa further
upped the ante by allowing 2 Chinese
submarines to dock in 2014, without
informing India, in spite of a stand still
agreement to this effect between India
and Sri Lanka. The growing Chinese tilt
of Rajapaksa was viewed by India with
unease. Further, it was alleged, that a
RAW agent, helped coordination of talks
within the opposition, and convincing
former PM Ranil Wickremasinghe not to
stand against Rajapaksa, but to choose
a common opposition candidate, who
had better chances of winning. The
agent is also alleged to have been in
touch with Chandrika Kumaratunga, who
played a key role in convincing
Maithripala Sirisena to be the common
candidate. [128] However these
allegations were denied by the Indian
Government[129] and the Sri Lankan
Foreign Minister Mangala
Samaraweera.[130]
Controversies
From its inception R&AW has been
criticised for being an agency not
answerable to the people of India (R&AW
reports to Prime Minister only). Fears
arose that it could turn into the KGB of
India. Such fears were kept at bay by the
R&AW's able leadership (although
detractors of R&AW and especially the
Janata Party have accused the agency of
letting itself be used for terrorising and
intimidating opposition during the 1975–
1977 Emergency). The main controversy
which has plagued R&AW in recent years
is over bureaucratisation of the system
with allegations about favouritism in
promotions, corruption, ego clashes, no
financial accountability,[43] inter-
departmental rivalry, etc.[131][132][133][134]
R&AW also suffers from ethnic imbalances
in the officer level.[135] Noted security
analyst and former Additional Secretary B.
Raman has criticised the agency for its
asymmetric growth; "while being strong in
its capability for covert action it is weak in
its capability for intelligence collection,
analysis and assessment. Strong in low
and medium-grade intelligence, weak in
high-grade intelligence. Strong in technical
intelligence, weak in human intelligence.
Strong in collation, weak in analysis.
Strong in investigation, weak in prevention.
Strong in crisis management, weak in
crisis prevention."[136][137]
In the edition of 8 February 2010

Outlook Magazine reported on former
R&AW Chief, Ashok Chaturvedi, using
Government of India funds to take his
wife along on international trips. After
retirement, Chaturvedi had a diplomatic
passport issued for himself and his
wife. Per Outlook Magazine: "Only grade
'A' ambassadors—usually IFS officers
posted in key countries like the UK and
US—are allowed to hold diplomatic
passports after retirement. The majority,
who do not fit that bill, hold passports
issued to ordinary citizens. In fact, all
former R&AW chiefs Outlook spoke to
confirmed they had surrendered their
diplomatic passports the day they
retired. And their spouses weren't
entitled to diplomatic passports even
while they were in service."[138]
In September 2007, R&AW was involved
in a controversy due to a high-profile CBI
raid at the residence of Major General
(retired) V K Singh, a retired Joint
Secretary of R&AW who has recently
written a book on R&AW where it was
alleged that political interference and
corruption in the intelligence agency has
made it vulnerable to defections. One of
the instances of corruption mentioned in
the book was the preference given by
R&AW departments towards purchasing
intelligence from the Rohde and
Schwarz company.[139] A reason for
such corruption as explained by the
author is that "...R&AW was not
answerable to any outside agency – the
control of the Prime Minister's Office
was perfunctory, at best – many officers
thought that they were not only above
the law but a law unto themselves."[140]
A case under the Official Secrets Act
has also been filed against V K
Singh.[141]
On 19 August 2008 the R&AW Director
(Language) who was also head of the
R&AW Training Institute in Gurgaon from
2005[142] tried to commit suicide in front
of Prime Minister's Office, alleging
inaction and wrong findings to a sexual
harassment complaint filed against a
Joint Secretary, who was on deputation
to R&AW.[143][144] She was discharged
from duty on the ground that she was
mentally unfit[145] and that her identity
was disclosed.[146] She was later
separately charged with criminal
trespass,[147] human trafficking[148] and
for her repeated attempts to commit
suicide.[146] The Central Administrative
Tribunal (CAT) ordered R&AW to
reinstate her[149] however R&AW filed an
appeal against the CAT order which is
pending before Delhi High Court.[150] On
20 January 2011 she was sent for
psychological evaluation[151] and
medical detention by a Delhi High Court
judge when she tried to strip herself in
the court protesting over the slow pace
of her trial.[152][153] The psychological
evaluation report stated that 'she may
be suffering a mental problem due to
loss of job and her continuous run-ins at
the courts, but she was certainly not
suffering from any permanent or grave
mental disorder.'[146] On 15 December
2014, the Supreme Court of India
quashed the 2008 media release, which
proclaimed Ms. Bhatia as mentally
unstable, on the ground that it affected
the "dignity, reputation and privacy of a
citizen".[154]
A senior technical officer was arrested
by CBI on graft charges, on 4 February
2009. The scientist, a Director level
employee, worked in the division that
granted export licenses to companies
dealing in "sensitive" items, including
defence-related equipment. He was
accused of demanding and accepting a
bribe of ₹ 100,000 from a Chennai based
manufacturer for obtaining an export
license.[155][156]
In September 2009, seven Additional
Secretaries from the RAS cadre had
gone on protest leave after A. B. Mathur,
an IPS officer, superseded them to the
post of Special Secretary.[157][158] Over
the years the tussle between the RAS
cadre and officers on deputation from
IPS cadre has caused friction in the
working of the agency.[159]
Defections and spy scandals
In the early 1980s, K.V. Unnikrishnan, a

1962 batch IPS officer, who was posted
at R&AW station in Colombo was honey-
trapped by CIA. Between 1985 and 1987
when he was deputed as the station
chief at Chennai, coordinating Sri Lanka
operations, he gave away information to
his handler on training and arming Tamil
groups including LTTE, the Indian
government's negotiating positions on
the peace accord with Sri Lanka and the
encryption code used by the agency. He
was caught by IB counter-intelligence in
1987, spent a year in Tihar jail and was
dismissed from IPS cadre.[160][161][162]
In 2004, there was a spy scandal
involving the CIA.[163] Rabinder Singh,
Joint Secretary and the head of R&AW's
South East Asia department, defected to
America on 5 June 2004. R&AW had
already become suspicious about his
movements and he was under
surveillance for a very long time. Soon
he was confronted by Counter
Intelligence officials on 19 April 2004.
Despite all precautions, Rabinder Singh
managed to defect with 'sensitive files'
he had allegedly removed from R&AW's
headquarters in south New Delhi. This
embarrassing fiasco and national
security failure were attributed to weak
surveillance, shoddy investigation, and
lack of coordination between the
Counter Intelligence and Security,
Intelligence Bureau (IB) and R&AW.[164]
According to unconfirmed reports, Singh
has surfaced in Virginia, USA.[165]
Recently in an affidavit submitted to the
court, R&AW deposed that Singh has
been traced in New Jersey.[7][166] It has
been speculated in the book Mission
R&AW that although the CIA was found
directly involved in compromising Singh
and Unnikrishnan, at least eight other
R&AW officers managed to clandestinely
migrate and settle in foreign countries
like the US and Canada with the help of
their spy agencies.[167]
In 2007, there was a spy scandal
involving Bangladesh.[168] A Bangladeshi
DGFI agent concealed his nationality
before joining R&AW, and was known by
the name of Diwan Chand Malik in the
agency. He was known to have some
important intel which was damaging for
the national security. He joined the
agency in 1999 and used to live in East
Delhi. A case of cheating and forgery
was filed against him at the Lodhi
Colony police station on the basis of a
complaint by a senior R&AW official.[169]
On 25 March 2016, Pakistan claimed
that they arrested a RAW operative by
the name of Kulbhushan Jadhav who
was operating in Balochistan province
under the covername Hussain Mubarak
Patel. Pakistan claimed that he was
carrying a passport under that fake
identity and used to operate a jewellery
shop in Chahbahar, Iran. He is believed
to be a serving commander-ranked
officer in Indian Navy.[170][171][172]
According to a section of Pakistani
media, he was involved in terrorist
incidents in Karachi and Balochistan,
most notably the terrorist attack on a
bus full of Shia passengers in Safoora
Goth, Karachi.[173] However, Indian MEA
said that though Jadhav was an Indian
Navy officer who retired prematurely, but
he has no link with the government.[174]
The Indian High Commission has also
sought consular access to Jadhav but
Pakistan has not agreed to it.[175]
Kulbhushan Jadhav, and leaked them
without realising glaring loopholes in the
same. The Iranian President Hassan
Rouhani also dismissed Pakistan's claim
and stated them as mere rumours.[175]
According to an Indian official, Jadhav
owns a cargo business in Iran and had
been working out of Bandar Abbas and
Chabahar ports. "It appears that he
strayed into Pakistani waters. But there
is also a possibility that he was lured
into Pakistan sometime back and fake
documents were created on him by the
RAW.[175]
Notable officers
Rameshwar Nath Kao, founder director
K. Sankaran Nair, former director
B. Raman
Ravindra Kaushik
In popular culture
Unlike in the Western cultural sphere,
which has portrayed its foreign
intelligence agencies (such as the CIA and
MI6) in different media forms, Indian
authors and actors have been shy to
explore the area of espionage, especially
R&AW, until the 1990s. Unlike CBI, the
federal investigative agency of India,
whose existence is known to the majority
of people, R&AW receives little to no
attention from the populace, which seems
to be unaware of the existence of such an
organisation or even India's internal
intelligence agency, the Intelligence
Bureau (IB). Excessive secrecy
surrounding activities and rare
declassification of the information are
considered to be the major reasons behind
this.
Books have been written by former chiefs of RAW.
Vikram Sood, a former head of RAW can be seen in
the photograph, during the book launch of his book
The Unending Game, in New Delhi.[176] Another RAW
chief A. S. Dulat has also recently published books
chronicling certain tales of RAW such as The Spy
Chronicles.[177][178]
Nevertheless, there were films which refer
to 'agents' and 'espionage', like Aankhen
(1968, Ramanand Sagar Production,
starring Dharmendra, Mala Sinha),[179]
Prem Pujari starring Dev Anand in 1970,
Hindustan Ki Kasam (starring Raaj Kumar,
Priya Rajvansh in 1973) and Highway
(starring Suresh Gopi, Bhanupriya).
However, since the late 1990s and early
2000 the following Bollywood and other
regional films have openly mentioning
R&AW and its allied units, with the
intelligence agencies at the centre of the
plot.
Name of the
Year Director Plot synopsis and highlights
film
In this Malayalam film Suresh Gopi plays the role of an

1998 Highway Jayaraaj
undercover R&AW officer investigating a bomb blast.
Focuses on covert operations by R&AW operative played

Such a Long Sturla by Naseeruddin Shah to finance the Bangladeshi rebels.
1998
Journey Gunnarsson Based on the novel of the same name written by Rohinton
Mistry.[180]
Sunny Deol plays the role of a R&AW officer who almost

The Hero: Love single-handedly derails plans by Pakistan-based jihadi
2003 Anil Sharma
Story of a Spy terrorists to get hold of a nuclear weapon in Canada.[181]
The film was third highest grosser of the year.
In the original Tamil film Arjun Sarja plays the role of an

undercover officer working to thwart ISI activities in India.
2003 Ottran Ilankannan
The film was later dubbed in Telegu and titled as
Goodachari No. 1.
Jammel Khan essaying the role of a fictional R&AW agent

Atul Bhatnagar helps army special officer played by Arjun
2004 Asambhav Rajiv Rai
Rampal in rescuing Indian President taken hostage in
Switzerland by Islamic militants.[182]
Shweta Bhardwaj played the role of Lisa Lobo, a R&AW

Mission Apoorva agent in Istanbul, who helps journalist Vikas Sagar, played
2008
Istaanbul Lakhia by Zayed Khan, in foiling the anti-India terrorist attempts by
a terror group.
Maan Gaye Sanjay Rahul Bose plays a R&AW officer (Arjun Rastogi) who
2008
Mughal-e-Azam Chhel attempts to thwart explosives delivery in the city.
R&AW led by Irrfan Khan is shown as undertaking a covert

program much in the lines of the Bourne series to build up
Kabeer
2008 Chamku a black team composed of Bobby Deol as Jaived Pratap
Kaushik
Singh aka Chamku, Riteish Deshmukh as Arjun Tiwari and
others for political assassinations.
2008 Dasavathaaram K. S. Kamal Hasan essayed the role of a Telugu R&AW operative
Ravikumar in the original Tamil film.[183] The film was later dubbed
into a Hindi version titled Dashavatar where the ethnicity of
the R&AW operative was changed to Bengali.[184][185]
The film portrays Sachiin J Joshi as a R&AW officer who

Prashant has to go undercover beyond enemy lines to save the
2011 Aazaan
Chadha country from the threat of biological warfare. It is one of
the most expensive B-grade films in Bollywood.[186]
Saif Ali Khan plays the titular character of a James

Sriram
2012 Agent Vinod Bondesque R&AW officer who foils a false flag operation to
Raghavan
start a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.
Salman Khan plays the titular role of an accomplished

R&AW field officer who falls in love with an ISI agent played
by Katrina Kaif and both desert their agencies. It was
2012 Ek Tha Tiger Kabir Khan alleged that the film is inspired by the life of Ravinder
Kaushik,[187] a deep penetration agent of R&AW.[188] The
film is the one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of
all time.
Vikram plays the central role of a R&AW agent retrieving a

2012 Thandavam A. L. Vijay
WMD.
Arjun Rampal, Irrfan Khan and Huma Qureshi play a R&AW

Nikhil
2013 D-Day snatch team in a fictitious operation to capture Dawood
Advani
Ibrahim alive and bring back to India.
John Abraham plays an Army officer absorbed into R&AW

to head covert operations in Jaffna shortly after Indian
peace-keeping force was forced to withdraw.[189][190] As he
Shoojit
2013 Madras Cafe journeys to Sri Lanka, with the intention of disrupting the
Sircar
LTF rebels, he becomes entangled in rebel and military
politics and[191] uncovers a conspiracy to assassinate "a
former Indian prime minister" which he fails to prevent.[192]
Kamal Haasan again played the character of a R&AW

Kamal agent in this multilingual film, which explores the R&AW
2013 Vishwaroopam
Hasan operation in Afghanistan and US to bring down terrorists
affiliated to Al Queda.
2014 Bang Bang! Siddharth An authorised remake of Knight and Day, the film portrayed
Anand Hrithik Roshan as intelligence agent Rajveer Nanda
assigned to lead a joint operation of 'Indian Secret Service'
(a fictional organisation loosely based on R&AW) and MI6
to stop a wanted terrorist Omar Zafar (played by Danny
Denzongpa) from stealing Koh-i-Noor Diamond from Tower
of London.
Akshay Kumar plays an action hero character partly

inspired from Jack Bauer and the Mission impossible film
Neeraj series. He leads a covert operation team of an Indian
2015 Baby
Pandey intelligence agency and helps in abducting and exfiltration
of a Hafiz Muhammad Saeed-esque target from Saudi
Arabia.[193]
Saif Ali Khan plays role of disgraced army officer trying to

regain his honour and Katrina Kaif plays role of deepcover
R&AW officer. In the film they are tasked by R&AW with 'out
2015 Phantom Kabir Khan of the book' assassination of masterminds of 26/11
attacks namely Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and Zaki ur
Rehman Lakhvi in Pakistan and David Coleman Headley in
a US prison. A spiritual sequel to Agent Vinod.
Jatt Ambarsariya alias Diljit Singh (Diljit Dosanjh) lives a

dual life as a R&AW agent and insurance agent. He is put
Mandeep
2016 Ambarsariya on a mission to save the honest and idealistic Home
Kumar
Minister of Punjab from a drug mafia who is plotting the
minister's murder.
When multiple R&AW agents are killed in coordinated

Abhinay attacks around the world, John Abraham playing role of
2016 Force 2
Deo Mumbai Police officer is brought in to investigate the
threat.
It is a spin-off prequel to the 2015 film Baby with Taapsee

Pannu reprising her role as Shabana. She is sent to kill
Mikhail, an international arm dealer who has been on the
2017 Naam Shabana Shivam Nair
radar of several intelligence agencies with the help of other
R&AW agents, Ajay Singh (Akshay Kumar) and Om Prakash
Shukla (Anupam Kher).
2017 Tiger Zinda Hai Ali Abbas Sequel to 2012 film Ek Tha Tiger, Salman Khan reprises his
Zafar titular role of the R&AW officer, who is brought out of
retirement to rescue Indian and Pakistani nurses held
hostage by Islamic terrorist (modelled on ISIS) in Iraq. The
film became a major commercial success and one of the
highest-grossing Indian films of all time.
The film is based on the book Calling Sehmat, the real life
Meghna
2018 Raazi story of a R&AW officer, portrayed by Alia Bhatt, who is
Gulzar
married to a Pakistani military official.[194][195]
Uri: The A dramatised account of the 2016 Uri attack's retaliation

2019 Aditya Dhar
Surgical Strike by India of which RAW is a part.
Romeo Akbar Robbie The film stars John Abraham as a RAW Agent. The movie
2019
Walter Grewal is based on true events.[196]
The thriving entertainment channels in

India have started to tap into the theme of
Intelligence agencies. 2612 which used to
air on Life OK, featured Cabir Maira as a
R&AW agent Anand Swami who helps a
STF officer Randeep Rathore to save the
country from a terrorist attack. Time Bomb
9/11, a series aired on Zee TV, featured
Rajeev Khandelwal in the role of a R&AW
field officer who attempts to defuse a
nuclear bomb set in India, as well as
saving the life of the Indian prime minister.
Zee Bangla featured a serial named
Mohona where the chief protagonist is a
R&AW officer. Sajda Tere Pyar Mein a
series on Star Plus, features Shaleen
Bhanot in the role of a R&AW officer who
asks a young woman named Aliya for help
in catching a spy named Mahendra Pratap.
The Indian version of 24 has a host of
characters affiliated to R&AW. The 2018
webseries Sacred Games has a RAW
agent played by Radhika Apte.[197]
Some academic commentators have

linked the increasing surfeit of Indian films
and TV series on espionage thriller genre,
where an Indian hero staves off impending
global catastrophe, as a marker of an
aspirational Pax Indica not based on 'older
paradigms of internationalism based on
universal brotherhood and non-violent
pacifism associated with Gandhi and
Nehru' but on the motif of an increasingly
assertive potential superpower.[198][199]
See also
Intelligence Bureau (India)
Mass surveillance in India
List of Indian intelligence agencies
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Further reading
Inside RAW, Ashok Raina, Vikas Publishing
House, New Delhi, 1981
Smash and grab: Annexation of Sikkim ,
Sunanda K Datta-Ray, Tranquebar, 1984
Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled –
Maloy Krishna Dhar, New Delhi, Manas
Publication, 2005 ISBN 81-7049-240-8
Mission to Pakistan: An Intelligence Agent in
Pakistan Maloy Kri. Dhar, Manas Publication,
1 January 2002, ISBN 978-81-7049-148-4
Mission: Pakistan, Maloy Krishna Dhar,
iUniverse (January 2004), ISBN 978-0-595-
30482-0
Fulcrum of Evil: ISI, CIA and Al qaeda Nexus
– Maloy K Dhar, New Delhi, Manas
Publication, 2006, ISBN 81-7049-278-5.
Sin of National conscience – R.N. Kulkarni,
Mysore: Kritagnya Publication, 2004.
Intelligence: Past, Present, Future – B.R.
Raman
Indians Hand Evidence on bin Laden to US,
Herald Sun, 17 September 2001.
The KaoBoys of RAW: Down Memory Lane, B.
Raman, Lancer Publishers (2007), ISBN 0-
9796174-3-X
Inside IB and RAW: The Rolling stone that
gathered moss , K. Sankaran Nayar, Manas
Publication
RAW: Global and Regional Ambitions edited
by Rashid Ahmad Khan and Muhammad
Saleem, Islamabad Policy Research Institute,
Asia Printers, Islamabad, 2005
The Game Of Foxes: J-K Intelligence War,
Manoj Joshi, Times Of India, 16 July 1994
Indian Spy Agency's Machinations,
Islamabad, The Muslim, 18 December 1996
p6
RAW: Research and Analysis Wing – Tariq
Ismail Sagar, Sagar Publication. See also: E-
buyer in soup for Pak writer's book on RAW .
Soft Target: How the Indian Intelligence
Service Penetrated Canada – Zuhair
Kashmeri and Brian McAndrew, Toronto:
James Lorimer, 1989.
Spies in the Himalayas: Secret Missions and
Perilous Climbs. – MS Kohli and Kenneth
Conboy, Ed. KS Lawrence, University of
Kansas Press, 2003.
Intelligence: A Security Weapon , DC Pathak,
New Delhi: Manas Publication, 2003.
Indian intervention in Sri Lanka: The role of
India's intelligence agencies , Rohan
Gunaratna, South Asian Network on Conflict
Research, 1993, ISBN 955-95199-0-5
India's External Intelligence: Secrets of
Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Maj.
Gen. V.K Singh, Manas Publications, ISBN 81-
7049-332-3
Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2004). Encyclopedia
of espionage, intelligence, and security.
Detroit: Thomson/Gale. ISBN 0-7876-7687-X.
Assignment Colombo , J.N. Dixit, Konark
Publishers Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, 1998.
Escape To Nowhere, Amar Bhushan, Konark
publishers, 2012, ISBN 9789322008109
Mission R&AW , RK Yadav, Manas
Publications, 2014, ISBN 9788170494744
The Zero-Cost Mission/The Wily Agent ,
Amar Bhushan, Harper Collins (India), 2018.
The Spy Chronicles: RAW, ISI and the Illusion
of Peace, A.S. Daulat, Aditya Sinha and Asad
Durrani, HarperCollins, 2018.
External links
The IPKF in Sri Lanka, 10 years on
Rediff.com
Air India Flight 182 – CBC News
collection of stories on the bombing of
Flight 182
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Research and

The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW

Formed 21 September 1968

Headquarters CGO Complex, New

Annual budget Classiﬁed

Minister responsible Narendra Modi, Prime

Wing executive Anil Dhasmana, IPS,

Parent Wing Cabinet Secretariat

Child agencies The Aviation Research

Headquartered in New Delhi, R&AW's

In 1947, after independence, Sanjeevi Pillai

The Indira Gandhi administration decided

The framework of Indian intelligence

R&AW started as a wing of the main

Slowly other child agencies such as The

In 2004 Government of India added yet

The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC),

To watch the development of

Organisational structure of R&AW.

R&AW has been organised on the lines of

An Additional Secretary responsible for

Founder of R&AW, ARC • Bangladesh Liberation War •

Resigned from service in protest of downgrading the

Founder Director of RRC, ETS • Executed operation Lal

Collaborated with the Intelligence Agencies of United

Continued collaboration with Intelligence Agencies •

6 A. K. Verma 1987 1990 Operation Cactus • Indian Peace Keeping Force

7 G. S. Bajpai 1990 1991 Counter Insurgency operations

Chief during 1993 Mumbai bombings • Specialist in

Increased economic surveillance • Emphasis on

11 Ranjan Roy 1996 1997 Negotiation on Farkhor Air Base

12 Arvind Dave 1997 1999 Kargil War • Operation Shakti

13 A. S. Dulat 1999 2000 Negotiated with IC 814 hijackers[34][35]

14 Vikram 13 31 March Founder of National Technical Facilities Organisation

Was instrumental in setting up of Nuclear Command

Most of the Secretaries of Research and

Secretary (R) Senior Field Oﬃcer

Special Secretary/Additional Secretary Field Oﬃcer

Joint Secretary Deputy Field Oﬃcer

Director/Deputy Secretary/Attache Assistant Field Oﬃcer

Basic training commences with 'pep talks'

Functions and methods

The primary mission of R&AW includes

R&AW obtains information critical to

In the edition of 8 February 2010

In the early 1980s, K.V. Unnikrishnan, a

In this Malayalam ﬁlm Suresh Gopi plays the role of an

Focuses on covert operations by R&AW operative played

Sunny Deol plays the role of a R&AW oﬃcer who almost

In the original Tamil ﬁlm Arjun Sarja plays the role of an

Jammel Khan essaying the role of a ﬁctional R&AW agent

Shweta Bhardwaj played the role of Lisa Lobo, a R&AW

R&AW led by Irrfan Khan is shown as undertaking a covert

The ﬁlm portrays Sachiin J Joshi as a R&AW oﬃcer who

Saif Ali Khan plays the titular character of a James

Salman Khan plays the titular role of an accomplished

Vikram plays the central role of a R&AW agent retrieving a