HISTORY OF NURSING

India
 Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced
1. PERIOD OF INTUITIVE NURSING an intuitive form of asepsis and were
proficient in the practice of medicine and
Beliefs and Practices of Prehistoric Man surgery.
 He was nomad. His philosophy of life was  Sushurutu made a list of function and
“the best for the most” and he was ruled qualifications of nurses.
by the law of self-preservation. Greece
 Nursing was a function that belonged to  Nursing was the task of untrained slave
women  Introduced the caduceus
 Believed that illness was caused by  Hippocrates, Father of Scientific
invasion of evil spirit Medicine
 Believed that medicine man called Rome
“shaman” or witch doctor had the power to  Attempted to maintain vigorous health,
heal by using white magic. Practices because illness was a sign of weakness.
“trephining” (drilling a hole in the skull with
 Care of the ill was left to the slaves or
a stone or rock without anesthesia as a
Greek physician.
last resort to drive evil spirit from the body.
 Fabiola, made her home the first hospital
in the Christian world.
Nursing in the Near East
Man’s mode of living changed from nomadic
style to an agrarian society to an urban 2. PERIOD OF APPRENTICE
community life. NURSING
Developed a means of communication and
the beginnings of a body of scientific  Periods extends from the founding
knowledge of religious nursing orders in The
Nursing remained the duty of slaves, wives, Crusades and establishment of
sister or mother Kaiserwerth Institute for the Training of
The care of the sick was still closely related Deaconesses.
to religion, superstition and magic.  It is called the period of “on the job”
training. Nursing care was performed
Contribution to Medicine and Nursing: without any formal education and by
Babylonia people who were directed by more
 Code of Hammurabi: Provided laws that experienced nurses.
covered every facet of Babylonian life  Military Religious Orders:
including medical practice.  Knights of St. John of
Egypt Jerusalem
 Egyptians introduced the art of embalming  Teutonic Knights, tent hospital
which enhance their knowledge of human for wounded
anatomy.  Knights of St. Lazarus, nursing
Israel care for lepers
 Moses – “Father of Sanitation”  Rise of Secular Orders,
 He wrote the five book of the Old  Order of St. Francis of Assisi
Testament which:  The Bequines
 Emphasized the practice of  The Oblates
hospitality to strangers and acts of  Benedictines
charity.  Ursulines
 Promulgated laws of control on the  Augustinians
spread of communicable disease  Hospitals were poorly
and the ritual of male circumcision. ventilated and the beds
were filthy.
Nursing in the Far East  Overcrowding of patients
China  Practice of environmental
 Strongly believed in spirits and demons. sanitation and asepsis were
 Prohibition of dissecting the dead human non-existent.
body.  Older nuns prayed with and
 Give the world knowledge of material took good care of the sick;
medica which prescribed methods of while the younger nuns
treating wounds, infection and muscular washed soiled linens.
afflictions.

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  Important Nursing Personage During
The Period of Apprentice:
 St. Claire
 St. Elizabeth of Hungary
“Patroness of Nurses”
 St. Catherine of Siena “First
Lady with a Lamp”
3. DARK PERIOD OF NURSING
 The religious upheaval led by Martin
Luther destroyed the unity of the
Christian faith.
 The wrath of Protestantism swept
away everything connected with
Roman Catholicism.
 Hundreds of hospitals were
closed
 There were no provisions for
the sick, no one to care for the
sick.
 Nursing become the work of
the least desirable women.
 Several Leaders Sought to Bring
Reforms:
 John Howard
 Mother Mary Aikenhand
 Pastor Theodor Fliedner and
Frederika Munster Fliedner,
established the Institute for
Training of Deaconesses at
Kaiserwerth, Germany. The
first organized training school
for nurses.
Nursing in America
 Jeanne Mance, the first laywoman
who worked as a nurse in North
America. She founded the Hotel Dieu
of Montreal, a log cabin hospitals.
 Mrs. Elizabeth Seton, founded the
Sister of Charity of Emmitsberg,
Maryland.
 American Reforms in Nursing
 The Nurse’s Society of
Philadelphia organized a Important
school of nursing under the
direction of Dr. Joseph
Warrington. Nurses were
trained on the job and attended
some preparatory courses.
 Women’s Hospital in
Philadelphia, established a six
month course in nursing.
 Nursing During the Civil War
 The American Medical Associa
during the Civil War created
the Committee on Training of
Nurses.
 Dorothea Dix established the
Nurse Corps of the United
States Army.
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 Clara Barton founded the
American Red Cross.
4. PERIOD OF EDUCATED NURSING
 This period began on June 15, 1860
when the Florence Nightingale School
of Nursing opened at St. Thomas
Hospital in London (St.Thomas
Hospital School of Nursing).
 Facts About Florence Nightingale:
 Recognized as the “Mother of
Modern Nursing”
 Also known as the “Lady with a
Lamp”
 Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence
Italy
 Not contented with the social
custom imposed upon her as a
Victorian Lady, she developed her
self-appointed goal: “To change
the profile of nursing”
 Compiled notes of her visits to
hospitals, her observation of the
sanitary facilities and social
problems of the places she visited.
 Advocated for care of those
afflicted with disease caused by
lack of hygienic practices.
 At the age of 31, she overcomes
her family’s resistance to her
ambitions. She entered the
Deaconess School at Kaiserworth.
 Worked as a superintendent for
Gentlewomen during illness.
 Upgraded the practice of nursing
and made nursing an honorable
profession for gentlewomen.
 Led the nurses that took care of
the wounded during the Crimean
War.
Person/Groups/Events
during Period of Educated Nursing
 Linda Richards, First graduate nurse
in the US.
 Dr. William Halstead designed the
first rubber gloves.
 Caroline Hampton Robb, The first to
nurse to wear gloves while working as
an operating room nurse.
 Clara Louise Maas, Engaged in
medical research on yellow fever, she
died of yellow fever.
 Establishment of nursing organization;
the American Nurses Association
and the National League for Nursing
Education.
  Development of private duty nursing,
settlement house nursing, school
nursing, government service of nurses
and maternal and prenatal health
nursing.
5. PERIOD OF CONTEMPORAY
NURSING
 Period after World War II
 Establishment of the World Health
Organization by the UN
 Use of atomic / nuclear energy for
medical diagnosis and treatment
 Utilization of computers and use of
sophisticated equipment for diagnosis
and therapy
 Health is perceived as a fundamental
human right.
HISTORY OF NURSING IN
THE
PHILIPPINES
EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
 Beliefs about causation of disease:
Enemy or a witch and evil spirit
 People believed that evil spirits could
be driven away by persons with power
to expel demons.
 People believed in special gods of
healing, with the priest-physician
(called “word doctors”). If they used
leaves or roots, they were called herb
doctors (“Herbolarios”)
 Herbicheros one who practiced
witchcraft.
 Persons suffering from disease
without any identified cause were
believed to be bewitched by the
“mangkukulam or mangagaway.
 Difficult childbirth were attributed to
“nono”
Earliest Hospitals
 Hospital Real de Manila ( 1577)
 San Lazaro Hospital ( 1578 )
 Hospital de Indio ( 1586 )
 Hospital de Aguas Santas ( 1590 )
 San Juan de Dios Hospital ( 1596 )
Prominent Person Involved in Nursing
Works (Philippine Revolution)
 Josephine Bracken installed a field
hospital in Tejeros for wounded.
 Rosa Sevilla de Alvero- converted their
house into quanters for Filipino soldiers
during the Phil-American War in 1899.
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 Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo organized
Filipino Red Cross.
 Doña Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo,
2nd wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, Pres. Of
Filipino Red Cross in Batangas
 Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) -
nursed the wounded Filipino soldiers,
gave them shelter and food.
 Capital Salome- a revolutionary leader in
Nueva Ecija provided nursing care to the
wounded when not in combat.
 Agueda Kahabagan- revolutionary leader
in Laguna also provided nursing services
to her troops.
 Trinidad Tecson, “Ina ng Biac na Bato”-
stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to
care for the wounded soldiers.
Hospitals and School of Nursing
 St. Paul’s Hospital School of
Nursing, Intramuros Manila – 1900
 Iloilo Mission Hospital Training School
of Nursing – 1906
– 1909 – distinction of graduating the 1st
trained nurses in the Phils. with no
standard requirements for admission of
applicants except their “willingness to
work”
– April 1946 – a board exam was held
outside of Manila. It was held in the Iloilo
Mission Hospital thru the request of Ms.
Loreto Tupas, principal of the school.
 Philippine General Hospital School of
Nursing ( 1907 )
- Anastacia Giron-Tupas, the first Filipino
nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse
and superintendent in the Philippines.
 St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing
(Quezon City, 1907)
- Requirements for Admission:
 At least completion of seventh
grade
 Sound physical and mental health
 Good moral character
 Good family and social standing
 Recommendations from three
different persons well known in the
community
 Mary Johnston Hospital and School of
Nursing (Manila, 1907)
 Philippine Christian Mission Institute
School of Nursing
 San Juan de Dios Hospital School of
Nursing (1946)
 Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing
(Capiz, 1913)
 Southern Islands Hospital School of
Nursing (Cebu, 1918)
First Colleges of Nursing in the
Philippines
  University of Sto. Tomas College of
Nursing– 1st College of Nursing in the
Phils: 1877
 Manila Central University College of
Nursing– June 1947 (1st College who
offered BSN – 4 year program)
 University of the Philippines College of
Nursing (June 1948)
 FEU Institute of Nursing – June 1955
 UE College of Nursing – Oct 1958
Nursing Leaders in the Philippines
 Anastacia Giron – Tupas, First Filipino
nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse
Superintendent; founder of the Philippine
Nurses Association.
 Cesaria Tan, First Filipino to receive a
Masters degree in Nursing abroad.
 Socorro Sirilan, Pioneered in Hospital
Social Service in San Lazaro Hospital
where she was the chief nurse
 Rosa Militar, pioneer in school health
education
 Sor Ricarda Mendoza, pioneer in nursing
education.
 Socorro Diaz, first editor of the PNA
magazine called “The Message”
 Conchita Ruiz, First full time editor of the
newly named PNA magazine “The
Filipino Nurse”
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IMPORTANT TIMELINES IN PHILIPPINE
NURSING HISTORY
 1909– 3 female graduated as “qualified
medical-surgical nurses”
 1919– The 1st Nurses Law (Act#2808) was
enacted regulating the practice of the nursing
profession in the Philippines Islands. It also
provided the holding of exam for the practice
of nursing on the 2nd Monday of June and
December of each year.
 1920 – 1st board examination for nurses was
conducted by the Board of Examiners, 93
candidates took the exam, 68 passed with the
highest rating of 93.5%-Anna Dahlgren
- Theoretical exam was held at the UP
Amphitheater of the College of Medicine and
Surgery. Practical exam at the PGH Library.
 1921– Filipino Nurses Association was
established (now PNA) as the National
Organization Of Filipino Nurses
PNA: 1st President – Rosario Delgado
Founder – Anastacia Giron-Tupas
 1953– Republic Act 877, known as the
“Nursing Practice Law” was approved.
 2002– RA No. 9173, the current law
regulating the nursing practice was enacted.