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2012-Design of Tunable Biperiodic Graphene Metasurfaces-Ieee
2012-Design of Tunable Biperiodic Graphene Metasurfaces-Ieee
properties, the structure performance in terms of resonance frequencies and bandwidths changes with the varia-
tion of electrostatic bias fields. To demonstrate the applicability of the concept at different frequency ranges, the
examples provided range from microwave to infrared, corresponding to graphene features with length-scales of
a few millimeters down to about a micrometer, respectively. The results are obtained using a full-vector semi-
analytical numerical technique developed to accurately model the graphene-based multilayer periodic structures
under study.
and an infrared switchable polarizer are presented, highlight- has been the subject of many recent research efforts, includ-
ing the possibility to also affect absorption and polarization ing successful comparisons with experimental results30,35–38 .
through anisotropic structuring. The designed structures are However, like any other material properties, these coefficients
based on multilayer graphene stacks, since conventional bi- are strongly influenced by the fabrication process and envi-
asing techniques cannot be employed without shielding the ronmental effects. For instance, the defects introduced by the
metasurface effective response (note that a similar idea has re- substrate in the graphene sheet often incur deviations from the
cently been proposed for fabricating THz modulators32 ). The theoretical predictions39 . In the presented study, the numeri-
different examples show that graphene not only enables con- cal routine is developed for general parameters and later in
venient dynamic control of the structure response, but also that the numerical examples values obtained based on theoretical
its periodic patterning also allows tailoring the response both models are considered.
in terms of general functionality and operation frequencies. The conductivity value σ can be theoretically calculated us-
ing Kubo’s formalism30 , which yields the following equation:
∞
II. GRAPHENE CONDUCTIVITY MODEL e2 vF2 |eB0 |(ω − j2Γ)h̄ X
σ(ω, µc (E0 ), Γ, T, B0 ) =
−jπ n=0
A graphene sheet can be modeled as an infinitesimally
fd (Mn ) − fd (Mn+1 ) + fd (−Mn+1 ) − fd (−Mn )
thin conductive sheet, whose conductivity is obtained using a
semi-classical quantum mechanical method. In low frequency (Mn+1 − Mn )2 − (ω − j2Γ)2 h̄2
2
regime (low THz regime and below) and in the absence of 1 − ∆ /(Mn Mn+1 )
×
magnetostatic biasing, this conductivity is represented by a Mn+1 − Mn
scalar value33 . However, at higher THz and mid infra-red fre- fd (−Mn ) − fd (Mn+1 ) + fd (−Mn+1 ) − fd (Mn )
quencies for very intense spatial variations of the interacting +
(Mn+1 + Mn )2 − (ω − j2Γ)2 h̄2
wave (in the scale of the scattering length), the conductiv-
1 + ∆2 /(Mn Mn+1 )
ity may possess non-negligible non-diagonal terms due to the × (3)
spatial dispersion effect33,34 . Additionally, in the presence of Mn+1 + Mn
a magnetic bias field, a similar dyadic conductivity is needed p
to model the graphene sheet. Therefore, the conductivity is where Mn = ∆2 + 2nvF2 |eB0 |h̄, and fd (ε) is the Fermi-
generally modeled as the following tensor: Dirac distribution given by
σxx σxy
1
σ(ω, µc (E0 ), Γ, T, B0 ) = (1) fd (ε) = . (4)
σyx σyy 1+ e(ε−µc )/(kB T )
The above equation returns the conductivity for a general case,
where ω is the radial frequency, µc is the chemical potential
with both electric and magnetic bias fields. However, for the
hinging upon the applied electrostatic bias field E0 = ẑE0
case of no magnetic bias field, the above equation should be
or doping, Γ is a phenomenological electron scattering rate,
calculated when |eB0 | tends to zero. In this case, the follow-
T is the temperature and B0 = ẑB0 is the applied magneto-
ing equation should be used40 :
static bias field. In this study, we consider graphene periodic
surfaces under electric bias field only, thus the anisotropic ef- je2 (ω − j2Γ)
fect emanating from magnetic biasing is set to zero. The four σ(ω, µc (E0 ), Γ, T ) = 2
elements of the conductivity tensor can be written in the fol- Z ∞ πh̄
lowing general form33 : 1 ∂fd (ε) ∂fd (−ε)
ε − dε
(ω − j2Γ)2 0 ∂ε ∂ε
∂2 ∂2 Z ∞
fd (−ε) − fd (ε)
σxx = α + β +σ − dε (5)
∂x2 ∂y 2 0 (ω − j2Γ)2 − 4(ε/h̄2 )
∂2
σxy = 2β Room temperature (T = 300 K) is considered throughout the
∂x∂y
paper. Correspondingly, the excitonic energy gap ∆ is set to
∂2
σyx = 2β zero, the Fermi velocity in graphene is vF = 106 m/s and Γ is
∂x∂y set to 12.2 meV6,39,41 . Note that for the case of no magnetic
∂2 ∂2 bias field, the above equation should be calculated when |eB0 |
σyy = β 2 + α 2 + σ. (2)
∂x ∂y tends to zero. Fig. 1 shows the variation of graphene conduc-
tivity with frequency for different bias electrostatic fields in
The operator terms in (2) represent the spatial dispersion ef- the microwave and infrared regime. In the microwave regime,
fect and are negligible either in low frequency regime or high though the conductivity does not change significantly with
phase velocities. frequency, it is strongly dependent on the bias electric field.
The coefficients in (2), namely α, β, and σ, can be obtained The curves evidence stronger sensitivity of the conductivity to
experimentally or analytically based on the existing models. the bias field at low THz frequencies compared to the higher
In fact, the theoretical modeling of graphene conductivity ones. It can be observed that changing the bias electrostatic
3
E0 = 20 V/nm
ing the scattered field as a result of a plane wave excitation.
40 The whole metasurface characteristics, such as resonance fre-
quencies, high absorption frequency points, band diagram and
d
where Est = [Exs , Eys ]T and Eit = [Exi , Eyi ]T are tangen-
-20 tial components of the scattered and incident electric field on
d
E = 0 V/nm
0 graphene, respectively. In addition, Zs stands for the surface
E0 = 2 V/nm impedance and J = [Jx , Jy ]T is the induced current on the
-30 E = 5 V/nm
0
graphene surface. The scattered field can be written in terms
E0 = 10 V/nm of a Green’s function and the induced currents. In case of a
E = 20 V/nm homogeneous substrate, this yields the following equation:
0
-40 9 10 11 12 13 14 i ∞ ∞
10 10 10 10 10 10 Ex X X G̃xxmn G̃xymn Zs 0
Frequency (Hz) − = +
Eyi G̃yxmn G̃yymn 0 Zs
(b) m=−∞ n=−∞
J˜
FIG. 1: (a) Real part and (b) imaginary part of the conductivity (σd ) · ˜xmn e−(jkxm x+jkyn y) (8)
in terms of frequency for various bias electric field in microwave Jymn
regime
where G̃xx , G̃xy , G̃yx and G̃yy are the components of the
dyadic Green’s function in the spectral domain. kxm and kyn
field values directly affects the range of frequency over which are given by
graphene behaves as a conductor. 2πm 2πn
The coefficients α and β are obtained using a perturbation kxm = + kx and kyn = + ky (9)
Lx Ly
theory approach presented in33 . Although this was initially
made for unbiased graphene, following the same approach it where kinc = kx x̂ + ky ŷ is the wave vector of the incident
can be shown that the final results also hold for electrically plane wave and the pair (Lx , Ly ) determines the lattice con-
biased graphene. The equations providing the values of α and stants of the periodic structure in both x and y directions, re-
β then reads as spectively.
If the summations in (8) are cast in a matrix form, the fol-
3 vF2 α
α= and β= . (6) lowing equation is obtained:
4 (ω − j2Γ)2 3 i
Ex
J̃x
− = A(x,y) G̃ + Zs (10)
Eyi (x,y) J̃y
III. PMOM FOR GRAPHENE BIPERIODIC SURFACES
with
Modeling EM properties of homogeneous graphene lay- " T T
#
ers has been targeted in some previous publications33,40,42,43 , e (jkxm x+jkyn y) [0]
A(x,y) = T (jk x+jk y) T . (11)
where the solution of the Maxwell equations in a one- [0] e xm yn
[exp(jkxm x + jkyn y)]T . In fact, the superscript T represent- and ∂/∂y ≡ −jky should be used, where kx and ky are
ing the transpose sign is used to distinguish between row and diagonal matrices with diagonal elements equal to kxm and
column vectors. J̃x and J̃y are column vectors obtained from kyn . Therefore, the conductivity equation for graphene in the
the Fourier coefficients J˜xmn and J˜ymn in (kxm , kyn ) basis. spectral domain is as the following:
Finally, G̃ is the Green’s function matrix.
σ − αkx 2 − βky 2
J̃x −2βkx ky Ẽx
For solving (10) using the concept of the MoM, electric = ,
currents excited on the patches should be expanded in terms J̃y −2βkx ky σ − βkx 2 − αky 2 Ẽy
of some basis functions (16)
T By simply comparing (16) with (10), the matrix Zs can be
Jx Jx jkinc ·r deduced as
= e ·C (12)
Jy JTy −1
σ − αkx 2 − βky 2
−2βkx ky
Zs = . (17)
where JTx and JTy are row vectors containing the basis func- −2βkx ky σ − βkx 2 − αky 2
tions used for expanding Jx and Jy , respectively. The un-
known coefficients of these functions are arranged in the col- Note that the inverted matrix consists of four diagonal ma-
umn vector C. Using Galerkin’s method and after some al- trices. Thus, its inversion can be accomplished analytically,
gebraic operations the following system of equations is ob- without the need to follow complicated computational proce-
tained: dures for obtaining Zs . Once this impedance matrix is evalu-
Z h ated, it is plugged in (10) and the common process for solving
the metasurface problem is carried out. The presented formu-
i
− J∗ ejkinc ·r · Ei ds = [J̃x ]† [J̃y ]† (G̃ + Zs )
lation is a general procedure allowing to solve unbiased and
[J̃x ]
biased graphene metasurfaces under plane wave incidence.
· C (13) However, the examples considered next do not include mag-
[J̃y ]
netic bias thus there is no non-diagonal terms due to magnetic
where J = Jx x̂ + Jy ŷ and Ei = Exi x̂ + Eyi ŷ is the incident field. Concerning the contribution of spatial dispersion to the
non-diagonal conductivity terms, it is negligible in our exam-
electric field vector. [J̃x ] and [J̃y ] are matrices whose k’th ples (see below) and thus the conductivity writes in essence:
columns are Fourier coefficients of k’th corresponding basis
functions. The signs ∗ and † stand for the complex and Her-
σ0
mitian conjugate respectively. J̃x and J̃y in (10) are related to Zs = . (18)
0σ
[J̃x ] and [J̃y ] through
J̃x [J̃x ] IV. APPLICATION EXAMPLES
= · C. (14)
J̃y [J̃y ]
The remainder of the paper presents different examples of
Using the obtained coefficients C, all the desired quantities tunable biperiodic graphene metasurfaces, modeled and de-
such as reflection and transmission coefficients can easily be signed using the PMoM for graphene described in the previ-
calculated. The term exp(jkinc · r) is considered as a phase ous sections. We begin with a simple fundamental case to
factor in all basis functions. Therefore, the Fourier coeffi- illustrate the physical basis of the considered configurations
cients are calculated in ( 2mπ 2nπ
Lx , Ly ) basis. and their potential. Then, more realistic structures from both
The studies on modeling planar geometries containing pe- nanofabrication and biasing control point of views are consid-
riodic patches are mainly limited to considering various sub- ered. Note that the effect of edges on graphene conductivity is
strate properties. Different schemes are developed for homo- also neglected, since the smallest dimensions considered are
geneous, lossy, multilayer24,25 , periodic44 and anisotropic45,46 in the order of 1µm, which is much larger than the electron
substrates. Thin metallic patches are accurately modeled with scattering length within the graphene layer.
an equivalent scalar surface impedance. Therefore, a scalar
value is always assumed for the matrix Zs . However, for
graphene patches, a more general form should be developed A. Freestanding metasurface
for Zs , which is actually the goal in this section.
Let us first take the conductivity equation Jt = σEt into The simplified topology, considered first, consists of a sin-
account. By considering the operator form of the graphene gle biperiodic surface, whose unit cell is a cross shaped
conductivity, the general equation for graphene reads as graphene patch (Fig. 2a and 2b). In this example, results
" ∂2 ∂2 ∂2
# are computed assuming that the patterned graphene layer is
Jx σ + α ∂x 2 + β ∂y 2 2β ∂x∂y Ex free-standing in air or vacuum and the effect of gating on
= 2 2 2 .
Jy ∂
2β ∂x∂y ∂
σ + β ∂x ∂
2 + α ∂y 2
Ey its performance is studied. The dimensions of the patch are
(15) L = 10 mm, d = 1.25 mm, D = 7.5 mm and a normal in-
For the analysis of a frequency selective surface using PMoM, cidence of the plane wave on the graphene layer is assumed.
this equation should be transformed in the spectral domain. The frequency range for the analysis is 0 GHz < f < 30 GHz.
For this purpose, the equivalence equations ∂/∂x ≡ −jkx Fig. 2c shows the reflected and transmitted energy plotted in
5
Reflected energy
0.5
graphene
50nm
z (mm)
15mm
1.5mm
Vg
PEC
6mm
3.8mm
15mm
(a) (b)
1
z (mm)
0.8
0.6
x/L x/L
(a) (b) 0.4
9mm
Vg
50nm
3 mm
(a) (b)
0.9
R with V =50V
xx g
12.7 THz
Ryy with Vg=50V
Power reflection coefficient
0.3
0.1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Frequency (THz)
(c)
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