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Thermodynamics and Cycles
Thermodynamics and Cycles
and
Steam Power Cycles
Saurabh K. Mehta
Need of Topic
• Basic Thermodynamics
• Components of Steam Cycles
• Significance/Importance
• To get better understanding of change in properties of
working fluid
• Efficiency calculations
Types of Systems
Open
Closed
Isolated
Dienstag, 18. Dezember Fußzeilentext 4
2018
Basic Thermodynamics Contd..
So, to produce work a heat engine has to exchange heat with two
reservoirs, source and sink.
• In simple terms, the third law states that the entropy of a perfect
crystal of a pure substance approaches zero as the temperature
approaches zero. The alignment of a perfect crystal leaves no
ambiguity as to the location and orientation of each part of the crystal.
As the energy of the crystal is reduced, the vibrations of the individual
atoms are reduced to nothing, and the crystal becomes the same
everywhere.
• Further, once the steam is formed & does not have any traces
of water i.e. dry & saturated, we keep the pressure constant
while heat is being added, the temperature of steam will begin
to rise, the heat expended being known as superheat.
STEAM CYCLE – Steam generation
• Super heater
– saturated steam does not contain enough
thermal energy to make the turbines operate
efficiently
– uses heat from the burner section of the
boiler to increase the temperature of the steam
– superheated steam is also dryer which helps
prevent erosion of the turbine blades
STEAM CYCLE - Expansion
• The Carnot cycle is known for setting the highest efficiency bench
mark that any cycle or engine can achieve.
• The Carnot Vapor Cycle requires that the boiler should operate
isothermally .This prohibits boiler from producing superheated
vapor.
• It has been seen that double reheat cycle are having a more super-
heated exhaust loss in the condenser so double-reheat cycles are
avoided with sub-critical parameters.
• From third reheat cycle onwards the gain of cycle efficiency starts
diminishing, so not justifiable to incurred additional cost and
complexity.
• Piping losses
• Turbine Losses
• Pump Losses
• Condenser Losses -Sub-cooling of condensate
Other losses
• Losses associated with bearings
• Steam leakages
• Condenser air-leaks