 Mole Concepts

 Conversions
 Empirical and Molecular Formula
 Solutions
 Factors Affecting Solubility
 Colligative Properties
 % Composition
 Molarity, Molality
 Dilution, Mole Fraction

ZUESMITA GHABE ANTE

 MOLE CONCEPT
The Mole
 Abbreviation: mol
 The SI base unit used to measure the amount of substance.

Avogadro’s Number
 6.02 𝑥 1023
 A mole is simply Avogadro's number of things. In chemistry, those
"things" are atoms or molecules.

Representative Particle
 Can be represented by an atom, molecule, formula unit, electron or
an ion

Conversions
 mass to moles: Divide initial mass by the molar mass

 moles to mass: Multiply initial mole value by the molar mass

 volume to moles: Divide initial volume by 22.4 L

 moles to volume: Multiply initial mole value 22.4 L

 particles to moles: Divide particle value by 6.02 × 1023

 moles to particles: Multiply mole value by 6.02 × 1023

 EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAs
Molecular Formula
 “Regular Formula”
 Tells us how many atoms are in a compound

Empirical Formula
 The simplest or most reduced ratio of atoms in a compound

Conversions
 Simple Conversion (molecular to empirical)
Simplify equation by determining common factor
MOLECULAR: C4H8 EMPIRICAL: CH2

Steps for determining Empirical Formula

 The simplest or most reduced ratio of atoms in a compound
If percentages are given, assume that the total mass is 100 grams so
that the mass of each element = the percent given
 Convert the mass of each element to moles using the molar mass
 Divide each mole value by the smallest number of moles calculated

Steps for determining Empirical Formula

 Calculate the empirical formula mass
 Divide the gram molecular mass by the empirical formula mass
 Multiply each of the subscripts within the empirical formula by the
number calculated in Step 2
Examples
A compound was analyzed and found to contain 13.5 g Ca, 10.8 g O, and
0.675 g H. What is the empirical formula of the compound?

GIVEN

13.5g Ca

10.8g O

0.675g H
 Determine the molecular formula of a compound with the empirical
formula CF2 and a molar mass of 200.04g/mol
FORMULA
Molar mass of molecular formula
Molar mass of empirical formula
200.04
50.01

50.01 200.04

CF2 C4H8

MOLECULAR FORMULA = C4H8

 SOLUTIONS
Solutions
 a mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase

Parts of a Solution
 SOLUTE – the part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the
lesser amount)
 SOLVENT – the part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the
greater amount)
 Solute + Solvent = Solution

3 stages of Solution Process

 Separation of Solute
 Separation of Solvent
 Interaction of Solute and Solvent

Electrolytes
 Compounds that dissolve in water (aqueous solution) and conducts
electricity

Nonelectrolytes
 Some compounds dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity

Solubility
 The maximum amount of a solute which will dissolve in a given
amount of solvent.
 soluble -> insoluble (solids) miscible -> immiscible (liquids)
Factors Affecting Solubility
 Nature of Solute / Solvent
like dissolves like

 Temperature
Solids/Liquids - Solubility increases with Temperature
Gas - Solubility decreases with Temperature

 Pressure Factor
Solids/Liquids - Very little effect.. Solids and Liquids are already close
together, extra pressure will not increase solubility
Gas - Solubility increases with Pressure. Increase pressure squeezes
gas solute into solvent

Saturated Solutions
 Solution contains the maximum quantity of dissolved solute

Unsaturated Solutions
 Solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can
dissolve.

Supersaturated Solutions
 Solution contains more solute than what is possible to be dissolved
To solve super saturation:
- Warm the solvent so that it will dissolve more, then cool the
solution
- Evaporate some of the solvent carefully so that the solute does not
solidify and come out of solution
Colligative Properties
 properties of solutions that depend on the number of particles in
a volume of solvent and not on the properties/identity of the particles

 VAPOR PRESSURE
the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with
its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a
closed system.

 MELTING POINT
temperature at which water changes phase from a solid to a liquid

 BOILING POINT
the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns to vapor

 FREEZING POINT
Temperature at which water changes phase from a liquid to a solid

 OSMOSIS
A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a
more concentrated one

Suspension
 A mixture containing particles that settle out if left undisturbed

Colloid
 A heterogenous mixture of intermediate-sized particles
FORMULAS
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Percent by mass = X 100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Percent by volume = X 100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity (M) =
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Molarity (m) =
𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
Moles of Solute =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
Mole Fraction =
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒+𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

Dilution = M1V1 = M2V2