5/8/2016

Introduction Basic Fire

Alarm System

References
NFPA 72, 2013 edition

1
 5/8/2016

What we learn?
Principle Basic Fire Alarm System.
Activation of Fire Protection System.
Fire Alarm Components.
Location and Spacing Fire Detection.
Determining Battery Capacity.

What is Fire Alarm System?

A system or portion of a combination
system that consists of components and
circuits arranged to monitor and
annunciate the status of fire alarm or
supervisory signal-initiating devices and
to initiate the appropriate response to
those signals.

2
 5/8/2016

Fire Alarm System Purpose

Generally a fire alarm system is installed for
protection of life and property. In order for a fire
alarm system to be useful, it must be able to
perform these functions:
◦ Detect the presence of a fire.
◦ Notify the occupants
◦ Notify the fire department (usually through a central
station connection)
◦ Operate other fire protection system functions, e.g.,
Release gaseous suppression system, Release water-
based protection system.

Basic Fire Alarm System

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

3
 5/8/2016

Consideration in Selecting Fire

Alarm System
The purpose of the system.
The type of occupancy to be protected.
The required response time of the
system; i.e. how fast must it operate?
The applicable fire alarm system codes
and standards.
The notification to personnel.
The response time of the fire department.

Fire Alarm System Types

• Addressable
• Conventional

4
 5/8/2016

Addressable Fire Alarm System

Addressable fire alarm systems assign
each initiating device a discrete and
unique identification (address).
Addressable systems utilize a Signaling
Line Circuit (SLC) to communicate with
detectors, modules and auxiliary devices
to complete the system. These types of
systems have more versatility and
features compared to the conventional
systems.

Addressable Fire Alarm System

Modules and additional circuit boards
allow the addressable systems to expand
to perform more remote relay functions,
dry contact monitoring, remote power
control, releasing service and
conventional zone monitoring.

5
 5/8/2016

Conventional Fire Alarm

Conventional fire alarm systems are
comprised of initiating and notification
zones. Most conventional zones use a
two-wire system with an end of line
resistor for supervision.

Stages of Fire
Detection System Operation

6
 5/8/2016

Detection System Principle

Basic Fire Alarm

Components

7
 5/8/2016

Basic Fire Alarm Components

1. Fire Alarm Control Units
2. Alarm Initiation Devices
3. Notification Appliances
4. Remote On-Site Annunciation
5. Batteries

1. Fire Alarm Control Units

A component of the fire alarm system,
provided with primary and secondary
power sources, which receives signals
from initiating devices or other fire alarm
control units, and processes these signals
to determine part or all of the required
fire alarm system output function(s).

8
 5/8/2016

Fire Alarms Power Capacity

The secondary power supply shall have
sufficient capacity to operate the system
under quiescent load (system operating in
a nonalarm condition) for a minimum of
24 hours and, at the end of that
period, shall be capable of operating all
alarm notification appliances used for
evacuation or to direct aid to the location
of an emergency for 5 minutes.

Fire Alarm Control Units Types

A. Conventional fire alarm systems
B. Addressable fire alarm systems
C. Analog-addressable fire alarm systems

9
 5/8/2016

: IDC
: NAC
: Relay Circuit
Conventional Initiating Devices

FACP

Supervisory Switch

∫
Interconnecting
Devices

Notification
Appliances Electric Actuation
AC Power Battery
Devices

Initiating Devices

Addressable
Annunciator Notification
Appliances
FACP

Signaling Line Circuit

Interconnecting
Devices

Electric Actuation
AC Power Battery Devices

: Power Cable Ø 1,5 mm

: Power Cable Ø 2,5 mm Supervisory Switch
∫

: Data Cable

10
 5/8/2016

Initiating
Addressable – Conventional Devices
(Semi-Addressable)

Annunciator Notification
Appliances
FACP

Signaling Line Circuit

Interconnecting
Devices

Electric Actuation
AC Power Battery Devices

: Power Cable Ø 1,5 mm

: Power Cable Ø 2,5 mm Supervisory Switch

∫
: Data Cable

Addressable
Module Types

11
 5/8/2016

Addressable Module Types

Monitor Module
◦ Mini Monitor Module
Zone Module
Control Module
Relay Module
Loop Isolator

Monitor Module
Monitor Module is used to monitor
initiating devices and or other equipment.

12
 5/8/2016

Mini Monitor Module

Mini monitor have same function with monitor
module, but it size is smaller than monitor
module. Typically it used for monitor less than
two initiating devices in small distance, because
the power is limited.

Zone Module
Zone Module is used for monitor conventional
detector. Some manufactures can provide zone
up to 25 conventional detectors.

13
 5/8/2016

Control Module
Control module is used to provide programmable
24VDC output to drive notification appliances and
or electrical devices that required 24 VDC.

Loop Isolator Module

Loop isolator is used to Isolate a section of the
Detection Loop in the event of a short circuit
fault, allowing other parts of the Loop to operate
normally.

14
 5/8/2016

2. Alarm Initiating Devices

A system component that originates
transmission of a change-of-state
condition, such as in a detector, manual
fire alarm box, or supervisory switch.

Alarm Initiation Devices

A. Manual Fire Alarm Boxes
B. Water-flow and Gas Discharge Initiating
Devices (Supervisory Switch)
C. Heat Detectors
D. Smoke Detectors
E. Radiant Energy Sensing Fire Detectors
F. Other Fire Detectors

15
 5/8/2016

A. Manual Fire Alarm Boxes

Manual fire alarm boxes should
be installed at unobstructed,
readily accessible locations
throughout the protected area
with at least one box on each
floor.
Travel distance to a box should
not exceed 200 ft. from any
point in the area.

Manual Fire Alarm Boxes

The operable part of each
manual fire alarm box shall
be not less than 42 in. (1.07
m) and not more than 48 in.
(1.22 m) above floor level
and the box location should 48”
be positioned in the normal
path of exit from the area.
The mounting surface shall
42”
be of a contrasting color.

16
 5/8/2016

Manual Fire Alarm Boxes

Manual fire alarm boxes shall be located
within 5 ft (1.5 m) of each exit doorway
on each floor.
Additional manual fire alarm boxes shall
be provided so that the travel distance to
the nearest manual fire alarm box will not
exceed 200 ft (61 m), measured
horizontally on the same floor.

Manual Fire Alarm Boxes

Types of Manual Fire Alarm Boxes
◦ Conventional
◦ Addressable
Actuate of Manual Fire Alarm Boxes
◦ Single Action
◦ Double Action
Manual Fire Alarm Boxes Double Action
◦ Breakglass
◦ Non-Breakglass

17
 5/8/2016

Conventional Manual Pull Station

Addressable Manual Pull Station

18
 5/8/2016

Single Action
A single action of
breaking a glass or
other frangible element
or pulling a leaver or
other movable part
initiates an alarm.

Double Action
Two actions are necessary to initiate an
alarm. Either break a glass to open a door
or lift a cover to gain access to a switch or
lever to initiate an alarm.

19
 5/8/2016

Breakglass
To initiate an alarm, one
must first break glass or
some other element.
The purpose is to identify
which box was operated
and to discourage
tampering with the box
when there is no fire to
report.

Non-Breakglass
A manual fire alarm box
that does not have a
breakglass feature.

20
 5/8/2016

Abort Switch
The Abort Switch is used
to momentarily interrupt
the release circuit signal
when the control unit is
in the alarm condition.
As long as the abort
pushbutton is held in,
the fire suppression
system will not release.

B. Waterflow and Gas Discharge

Initiating Devices
The fire alarm system should
monitor the operation of the
automatic sprinkler system and
other fire extinguishing and
suppression systems by means of
listed fire alarm initiating devices.
When the automatic sprinkler and
gaseous suppression system
operates, those equipment will
initiate a fire alarm signal.

21
 5/8/2016

C. Heat Detector
A fire detector that detects either
abnormally high temperature or rate-of-
temperature rise, or both.

Heat Detection Types

Fixed-Temperature Heat Detector
Rate-Compensated Fixed Temperature
Detector
Rate-of-Rise Detector
Linear Heat Detector
Combination Detector

22
 5/8/2016

Fixed Temperature Heat Detector

A device that
responds when its
operating element
becomes heated to a
predetermined level.

Rate-Compensated Fixed
Temperature Detector
A device that
responds when the
temperature of the
air surrounding the
device reaches a
predetermined
level, regardless of
the rate-of-
temperature rise.

23
 5/8/2016

Rate-Compensated Fixed
Temperature Detector
A device that
responds when the
temperature of the
air surrounding the
device reaches a
predetermined
level, regardless of
the rate-of-
temperature rise.

Rate-of-Rise Detector
A rate-of-rise detector
will operate when the
rate of temperature
increases from a fire
exceeds a
predetermined level,
typically around 5°F in
twenty seconds or
15°F per minute.

24
 5/8/2016

Linear Heat Detector

Linear heat detector is a
proprietary cable that
detects heat conditions
anywhere along its
length.
The sensor cable is
comprised of two steel
conductors individually
insulated with a heat
sensitive polymer.

Linear Heat Detection Illustration

25
 5/8/2016

Combination Detector
A device that either responds to
more than one of the fire
phenomena or employs more than
one operating principle to sense
one of these phenomena.
Typical examples are a combination
of a heat detector with a smoke
detector or a combination rate-of-
rise and fixed-temperature heat
detector. This device has listings for
each sensing method employed.

D. Smoke Detector
A device that detects visible or invisible
particles of combustion.

26
 5/8/2016

Smoke Detection Types

Ionization Smoke Detector
Photoelectric Light-Scattering Smoke
Detector
Photoelectric Linear Projected Beam
Smoke Detector
Air-Sampling Smoke Detector
Air Duct-type Smoke Detector

Ionization Smoke Detector

The principle of using a small amount of
radioactive material to ionize the air between
two differentially charged electrodes to sense
the presence of smoke particles.
Smoke particles entering the ionization
volume decrease the conductance of the air
by reducing ion mobility.
The reduced conductance signal is processed
and used to convey an alarm condition when
it meets preset criteria.

27
 5/8/2016

Ionization Smoke Detector

Illustration

Photoelectric Light-Scattering
Smoke Detector
The principle of using a light source and a
photosensitive sensor arranged so that the
rays from the light source do not normally
fall onto the photosensitive sensor.
When smoke particles enter the light path,
some of the light is scattered by reflection
and refraction onto the sensor.
The light signal is processed and used to
convey an alarm condition when it meets
preset criteria.

28
 5/8/2016

Photoelectric Linear Projected

Beam Smoke Detector
The principle of using a light source and a
photosensitive sensor onto which the
principal portion of the source emissions is
focused.
When smoke particles enter the light path,
some of the light is scattered and some is
absorbed, thereby reducing the light reaching
the receiving sensor.
The light reduction signal is processed and
used to convey an alarm condition when it
meets preset criteria.

Smoke Detector Illustration

29
 5/8/2016

Photoelectric
Light
Scattering
Smoke
Detector

Photoelectric Light Projected

Smoke Detector

Reflective

End to End

30
 5/8/2016

General Information
A projected beam–type smoke detector
shall be considered equivalent to a row of
spot-type smoke detectors for level and
sloping ceiling applications.
Projected beam–type detectors and
mirrors shall be mounted on stable
surfaces to prevent false or erratic
operation due to movement.

General Information
The beam shall be designed so that small
angular movements of the light source or
receiver do not prevent operation due to
smoke and do not cause nuisance or
unintentional alarms.

31
 5/8/2016

Air-sampling Smoke Detector

A detector that consists of a piping or
tubing distribution network that runs from
the detector to the area(s) to be protected.
An aspiration fan in the detector housing
draws air from the protected area back to
the detector through air-sampling ports,
piping, or tubing.
At the detector, the air is analyzed for fire
products.

Air-sampling Smoke Detector

Maximum air sample transport time from
the farthest sampling port to the detector
shall not exceed 120 seconds.

32
 5/8/2016

Air Sampling Illustration

Air Duct-type Smoke Detector

Detects smoke for the primary
purpose of controlling the
propagation of smoke through
the heating, ventilation and air
conditioning system (HVAC). This
helps prevent possible panic and
damage from distribution of
smoke and gaseous products.
These detectors only detect
smoke when smoke is circulation
in the duct.

33
 5/8/2016

E. Radiant Energy Sensing Fire

Detectors Types
Infrared
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet and Infrared

Infrared Flame Detector

Infrared (IR) flame detectors monitor the infrared
spectral band for specific patterns given off by hot
gases. These are sensed using a specialized fire-fighting
thermal imaging camera (TIC), a type of thermographic
camera.
False alarms can be caused by other hot surfaces and
background thermal radiation in the area.
Water on the detector's lens will greatly reduce the
accuracy of the detector, as will exposure to direct
sunlight.
IR flame detector is typically sensitive to wavelengths
around 4.4 micrometers, which is a spectral
characteristic peak of hot carbon dioxide as is produced
in a fire.

34
 5/8/2016

Infrared Flame Detector Types

Single Infrared
Dual Infrared
Triple Infrared

Infrared Flame Detector

IR flame detector is typically sensitive to
wavelengths around 4.4 micrometers,
which is a spectral characteristic peak of
hot carbon dioxide as is produced in a
fire. The usual response time of an IR
detector is 3–5 seconds.

35
 5/8/2016

Ultraviolet Flame Detector

Ultraviolet (UV) detectors work by
detecting the UV radiation emitted at
the instant of ignition. While capable
of detecting fires and explosions
within 3–4 milliseconds, a time delay
of 2–3 seconds is often included to
minimize false alarms which can be
triggered by other UV sources such as
lightning, arc welding, radiation, and
sunlight. UV detectors typically
operate with wavelengths shorter
than 300 nm.

UV/IR Flame Detector

These detectors are
sensitive to both UV and
IR wavelengths, and
detect flame by comparing
the threshold signal of
both ranges. This helps
minimize false alarms.

36
 5/8/2016

F. Other Fire Detector

CO Detectors
Gas Detectors
Other Fire Detectors
◦ Detectors that operate on
principles different from those
covered by Sections 17.6 through
17.8 of NFPA 22-2010 shall classify
as “other fire detectors. Such
detectors shall be installed in all
areas where they are required
either by other NFPA codes and
standards or by the AHJ.

3. Notification Appliances
Audible Devices
A. Bells
B. Horns
C. Speakers
D. Sirens
Visible Devices
E. Strobes
Combination units

37
 5/8/2016

A. Bells
Bells may be used for fire alarm
signals where their sound is
distinctive and will not be
confused with similar audible
signals used for other purposes.
Bells are normally operated by
12 or 24 volts DC (direct
current) and may be of the
single-stroke or vibration type
connected in parallel.

B. Horns
Horns are provided for applications
that require louder or more
distinctive signals, or both. Horns
may be operated by either
alternate or direct current and may
be connected in series or parallel.
Care should be exercised to see
that circuits are electrically
compatible when powering both
types of appliances. Horns that are
generally 12 or 24 VDC.

38
 5/8/2016

C. Speakers
Speakers are frequently used as fire
alarm signaling appliances. Since
they reproduce electronic signals,
they can be made to sound like any
mechanical signaling device and have
the capability of reproducing unique
sounds that are not practical on
mechanical appliances.
In addition, they may be used to give
live or recorded voice instructions.
Speakers are either direct radiating
cone type, or of the compression
driver and horn type.

D. Sirens
Sirens usually are limited to
outdoor applications but are
sometimes used in extremely
noisy indoor areas. Sirens are
motor-driven or electronic
appliances and may be either
alternating or direct current
operated. They are not very
practical for use as coded
audible signals.

39
 5/8/2016

E. Strobes
Strobe lights operate on the energy
discharge principle to produce a high
intensity flash of short duration. These
lights are very efficient. The short bright
flash is not only attention getting but is
effective when general visibility is low.
Strobe appliances come in a wide range
of light intensities and operating
voltages. Repetition rates are not
allowed to exceed two flashes per
second nor less the one flash every
second throughout the listed voltage
range of the appliance.

Combination Units

40
 5/8/2016

Spacing and Location

Notification Appliances

Definitions
A fire alarm system component such as a
bell, horn, speaker, light, or text display
that provides audible, or visible outputs,
or any combination thereof.

41
 5/8/2016

Purpose
Notification appliances shall provide
response for initiating emergency action
and provide information to users,
emergency response personnel, and
occupants.

Audible General Requirements

An average ambient sound level greater
than 105 dBA shall require the use of a
visible notification appliance(s)

The total sound pressure level produced

by combining the ambient sound pressure
level with all audible notification
appliances operating shall not exceed 110
dBA at the minimum hearing distance.

42
 5/8/2016

Audible General Requirements

The designer of the audible notification
system shall identify the rooms and
spaces that will have audible notification
and those where audible notification will
not be provided.

Location of Audible Notifications

in Building or Structures
Wall-mounted
appliances shall have 6”
their tops above the
finished floors at
heights of not less
than 90 in. (2.29 m)
and below the finished
ceilings at distances of 90”
not less than 6 in.
(150 mm).

43
 5/8/2016

Location of Visible Appliances in

Building or Structures.
Wall-mounted
appliances shall be
mounted such that the
entire lens is not less
than 80 in. (2.03 m)
and not greater than 96”
96 in. (2.44 m) above
the finished floor or at 80”
the mounting height

Room Spacing for

Visible Appliances

44
 5/8/2016

Spacing in Corridors for Visible

Appliances
Visible notification appliances shall be
located not more than 15 ft (4.57 m) from
the end of the corridor with a separation
not greater than 100 ft (30.5 m) between
appliances.

4. Remote On-Site Annunciation

A. Point Lighted
B. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD’s)
C. Graphic

45
 5/8/2016

Definition Annunciator
A unit containing one or more indicator
lamps, alphanumeric displays, or other
equivalent means in which each indication
provides status information about a
circuit, condition, or location.

A. Point Lighted

46
 5/8/2016

B. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD’s)

C. Graphic

47
 5/8/2016

5. Batteries
A. Standby Power

Secondary Power Supply

Requirement
The secondary power supply shall have
sufficient capacity to operate the system
under quiescent load (system operating in
a non-alarm condition) for a minimum of
24 hours and,
At the end of that period, shall be capable
of operating all alarm notification
appliances used for evacuation or to direct
aid to the location of an emergency for 5
minutes,

48
 5/8/2016

Secondary Power Supply

Battery calculations shall include a 20
percent safety margin to the calculated
amp-hour rating.

P6

49
Slide 98

P6 berubah
PT.ENDURRA, 4/4/2016
 5/8/2016

Fire Alarm Basic

Condition

Normal Condition

50
 5/8/2016

Normal Condition
Circuits, systems, and components are
functioning as designed and no abnormal
condition exists

Trouble Condition
Broken Wire

51
 5/8/2016

Trouble Condition
A signal indicating a problem with the fire
control panel or associated wiring which
may render the system inoperable.
◦ Loss of primary power (120VAC)
◦ Loss of secondary power (battery)
◦ A break in the supervised wiring to an initiating
device, indicating appliance or extinguishing
agent release device

Alarm Condition

52
 5/8/2016

Alarm Condition
A signal indicating an emergency that
requires immediate action, such as a
signal indicative of a fire.
◦ Automatic fire detectors
◦ Manual fire alarm station
◦ Supervisory Signaling. e.g. Water-flow alarm,
pressure switch alarm.

AWG Wire Distance Limitation

Twisted Pair Distance FT (m) Ohm per 1000ft
Shielded AWG Wire
12 10,000 (3,048) 1.6
14 8,000 (2,438) 2.5
16 4,875 (1,486) 4.0
18 3,225 (983) 6.4

53
 5/8/2016

Spacing and Location

Heat-Sensing Fire
Detectors

P2

Spacing on Smooth Ceiling

Regular Shape Area
◦ The distance between detectors shall not
exceed their listed spacing, and there shall be
detectors within a distance of one-half the
listed spacing, measured at right angles from
all walls.

◦ All points on the ceiling shall have a detector

within a distance equal to or less than 0.7
times the listed spacing (0.7S).

54
Slide 108

P2 berubah
PT.ENDURRA, 4/4/2016
 5/8/2016

Spacing on Smooth Ceiling

Irregularly Shaped Areas
◦ The spacing between detectors shall be
permitted to be greater than the listed spacing,
provided that the maximum spacing from a
detector to the farthest point of a sidewall or
corner within its zone of protection is not
greater than 0.7 times the listed spacing.

Location on Smooth Ceiling

Spot-type heat-sensing fire detectors shall be
located on the ceiling not less than 4 in. (100
mm) from the sidewall or on the sidewalls
between 4 in. and 12 in. (100 mm and 300 mm)
from the ceiling.

Line-type heat detectors shall be located on the

ceiling or on the sidewalls not more than 20 in.
(510 mm) from the ceiling.

55
 5/8/2016

Spacing Heat Detection

Fire Test
Layout

56
 5/8/2016

Test Spacing for Spot Type Heat

Detector

Heat
Detection
Listed
Spacing

57
 5/8/2016

Spacing Reduction

Smoke or Heat
Spacing Irregular
Layout

58
 5/8/2016

Spacing Minimum
The minimum spacing of heat detectors
shall not be required to be less than 0.4
times the height of the ceiling.

Spacing and Location

Smoke-Sensing Fire
Detectors

59
 5/8/2016

General Information
Smoke detectors shall not be installed if
any of the following ambient conditions
exist:
◦ Temperature below 32°F (0°C)
◦ Temperature above 100°F (38°C)
◦ Relative humidity above 93 percent
◦ Air velocity greater than 300 ft/min (1.5
m/sec)

60
 5/8/2016

General Information
The location of smoke detectors shall be
based on an evaluation of potential
ambient sources of smoke, moisture,
dust, or fumes, and electrical or
mechanical influences, to minimize
nuisance alarms.
Where detection is not required during
construction, detectors shall not be
installed until after all other construction
trades have completed cleanup.

Spot-Type Smoke Detectors

Spot-type smoke detectors shall be
located on the ceiling or, if on a sidewall,
between the ceiling and 12 in. (300 mm)
down from the ceiling to the top of the
detector.
To minimize dust contamination, smoke
detectors, where installed under raised
floors, shall be mounted only.

61
 5/8/2016

P1

Spacing on Smooth Ceilings

The distance between smoke detectors
shall not exceed a nominal spacing of 30 ft
(9.1 m) and there shall be detectors within
a distance of half the nominal spacing,
measured at right angles from all walls.
All points on the ceiling shall have a
detector within a distance equal to or less
than 0.7 times the nominal 30 ft (9.1 m)
spacing (0.7S).

Spacing on Smooth Ceilings

Other spacing shall be permitted to be
used depending on ceiling height,
different conditions, or response
requirements.

62
Slide 123

P1 berubah
PT.ENDURRA, 4/4/2016
 5/8/2016

Smoke Supervisory Indicator

Limitation
Where smoke detectors are installed in
concealed locations more than 10 ft (3.0
m) above the finished floor or in
arrangements where the detector’s alarm
or supervisory indicator is not visible to
responding personnel, the detectors shall
be provided with remote alarm or
supervisory indication in a location
acceptable to the AHJ.

Thank You

63