Chapter 5

Integration
5.1 Antidifferentiation: The ⌠⎛ 6 ⎞
18. ⎮ ⎜ 2eu + + ln 2 ⎟ du
Indefinite Integral ⌡⎝ u ⎠
u
= 2e + 6ln u + (ln 2)u + C
x1
2. ∫ dx = ∫ x 0 dx =
1
+C = x+C
⌠ ⎛ x2 ⎞
20. ⎮ ⎜ + 3 x − 2 x −1 2 ⎟ dx
⎮⎜ x ⎟
2t 3 2 ⌡⎝ ⎠
4. ∫ tdt = ∫ t1 2 dt =
3
+C
= ∫ x dx + 3∫ x dx − 2∫ x −1 2 dx
32 12

2 x5 2
∫ 3e dx = 3∫ e dx = 3e + C + 2 x3 2 − 4 x + C
x x x =
6.
5

−0.3 x 0.7 10 ⌠ ⎛ 1⎞ 2 y5 y3
8. ∫ x dx = 0.7
+ C = x0.7 + C
7
22. ⎮ y 3 ⎜ 2 y + ⎟ dy = + +C
⌡ ⎝ y⎠ 5 3

⌠⎛ 1
⌡⎝ x
1 ⎞
10. ⎮ ⎜ 2 − 3 ⎟ dx = ∫ x −2 − x −3 dx
x ⎠
( ) 24. ∫ x ( 2 x + 1) dx
2

x −1 x −2 = ∫ x ( 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1) dx
= − +C
−1 −2 = 4∫ x3dx + 4∫ x 2 dx + ∫ x dx
1 1
= 2 − +C 4 x3 x 2
2x x = x4 + + +C
3 2

∫(x )
13
− 3 x 2 3 + 6 dx
12.
4/3 53
26. ∫e
−0.02t
( e−0.13t + 4) dt
( )
3x 9x
= − + 6x + C = ∫ e −0.15t + 4e−0.02t dt
4 5
−0.15t −0.02t
e 4e
⌠⎛ 1 = + +C
2 3 ⎞ −0.15 −0.02
14. ⎮ ⎜ − + ⎟ dy
⎮ ⎜ 2 y y2 y ⎟⎠ 20
⌡⎝ = − e−0.15t − 200e −0.02t + C
1 3
= ∫ y −1dy − 2∫ y −2 dy + 3∫ y −1 2 dy
2
⌠ ( x + 1)
2 2
1 2 ⌠ x + 2x + 1
= ln y + + 6 y + C 28. ⎮ dx = ⎮ dx
2 y ⌡ x ⌡ x
⌠⎛ 1⎞
⌠⎛ 1 ⎞ = ⎮ ⎜ x + 2 + ⎟ dx
16. ⎮ ⎜ x3 − + 2 ⎟ dx ⌡⎝ x⎠
⌡⎝ 2 x ⎠ x 2
⌠⎛ 1 ⎞ = + 2 x + ln x + C
= ⎮ ⎜ x3 2 − x −1 2 + 2 ⎟ dx 2
⌡⎝ 2 ⎠
2 2
= x x − x + 2x + C −x 2 x3
∫ ln(e ) dx = ∫ − x dx = −
2
30. +C
5 3

184
 Chapter 5. Integration 185

dy 1 1
32. = e− x f (1) = 2 + +C = 2⇒C =−
dx 2 2
y ( x) = ∫ e− x dx = −e− x + C x2 1
f ( x) = 2 x + −
y (0) = −1 + C = 3 ⇒ C = 4 2 2

y ( x) = 4 − e − x 42. f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx
⌠⎛ 3 ⎞
dy x + 1 = ⎮ ⎜ − 4 ⎟ dx
34. = ⌡⎝ x ⎠
dx x
= 3ln x − 4 x + C
⌠ x +1
y ( x) = ⎮ dx f (1) = 0 − 4 + C = 0 ⇒ C = 4
⌡ x
f ( x) = 3ln x − 4 x + 4
(
= ∫ x1/ 2 + x −1/ 2 dx )
x 3/ 2
x 1/ 2 44. R (q ) = ∫ R′(q) dq
= + +C
3/ 2 1/ 2 = ∫ (4q − 1.2q 2 ) dq
2
= x3/ 2 + 2 x1/ 2 + C = 2q 2 − 0.4q 3 + C
3
R (20) = 800 − 3, 200 + C = 30,000
16 13
y (4) = + 4 + C = 5 ⇒ C = − ⇒ C = 32, 400
3 3
2 3/ 2 13 R (q ) = 2q 2 − 0.4q3 + 32, 400
y ( x) = x + 2 x1/ 2 − R (40) = 10,000
3 3
Thus $10,000 can be expected from
36. f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx producing 40 units.
= ∫ (3 − 2 x)dx 46. (a) S (t ) = ∫ ( −10)t 2 / 5 dt
= 3x − x 2 + C t7 / 5
= ( −10) +C
f(0) = 0 − 0 + C = −1 ⇒ C = −1 7/5
f ( x) = 3x − x 2 − 1 =−
50 7 / 5
t +C
7
38. f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx S (0) = C = 10,000
50
= ∫ (3 x 2 + 6 x − 2) dx S (t ) = 10,000 − t 7 / 5
7
= x3 + 3 x 2 − 2 x + C
f (0) = 0 + 0 − 0 + C = 6 ⇒ C = 6 (b) In two years sales will be
approximately
f ( x ) = x3 + 3 x 2 − 2 x + 6
S (24) = 10,000 −
50
7
(
247 / 5 )
40. f ( x) = ∫ f ′( x) dx = 9,388.82 dollars.
(
= ∫ x −1/ 2 + x dx ) (c) The store remains profitable provided
2 50
= 2 x1/ 2 +
x
+C S (t ) = 10,000 − t 7 / 5 ≥ 8,000
2 7
t 7 / 5 ≤ 280
t ≤ 55.972
so profitability will last just under
56 months.
186 Chapter 5. Integration

48. h′(t ) = 0.2t 2 3 + t1 2 54. R′( x) = 240 − 4 x

h(t ) = ∫ h′(t ) dt R ( x) = ∫ R′( x) dx

( )
= ∫ 0.2t 2 3 + t1 2 dt = ∫ (240 − 4 x) dx
= 240 x − 2 x 2 + C
= 0.12t 5 3 + 0.67t 3 2 + C
Since R (0) = 0, R ( x) = 240 x − 2 x 2 .
h(0) = C = 2, h(t ) = 0.12t 5 3 + 0.67t 3 2 + 2
R (5) = 1,150 = 5 p
and h(27) = 125.16 ft.
where p is the price per unit. Thus the
price per unit is $230.
50. M ′(t ) = 0.5e0.2t
M (t ) = ∫ 0.5e0.2t dt 56. (a) Q( K ) = ∫ 200 K −2 / 3 dK

=
0.5 0.2t
e +C K 1/ 3
= 200 +C
0.2 1/ 3
5
= e0.2t + C = 600 K 1/ 3 + C
2
We have Q(8) = 1, 200 + C = 5,500 so
M (2) − M (1)
C = 4,300 and
⎛5 ⎞ ⎛5 ⎞
= ⎜ e0.2(2) + C ⎟ − ⎜ e0.2(1) + C ⎟ Q( K ) = 600 K 1/ 3 + 4,300 .
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
5 0.4 0.2
= (e − e ) (b) Q(27) = 600(3) + 4,300 = 6,100 units.
2
≈ 0.6761
The mass increases by 0.6761 grams (c) 600 K 1/ 3 + 4,300 = 7,000
during the second hour. 600 K 1/ 3 = 2,700
52. (a) Let P (t ) denote the population of the K 1/ 3 = 4.5
endangered species. Since the species K = 91.125
so $91,125 are needed to produce
is growing at P′(t ) = 0.51e−0.03t per 7,000 units.
year, P (t ) is the antiderivative of
58. Since profit = revenue − cost,
0.51e −0.03t . marginal profit
P (t ) = ∫ 0.51e −0.03t dt = −17e−0.03t + C. = marginal revenue − marginal cost.
P′(q) = R′(q ) − C ′(q) = 200q −1/2 − 0.4q
Since P (q ) = ∫ P′(q )dq
P (0) = 500, 500 = −17e−0.03t + C or
C = 517. = ∫ (200q −1/2 − 0.4q )dq
P (10) = 517 − 17e −0.3 = 504.41 so the = 200 ∫ q −1/2 dq − 0.4 ∫ q dq
species will be 504 strong 10 years q1/2 q2
from now. = 200 1
− 0.4 +C
2
2
(b) Writing exercise; answers will vary. = 400q − 0.2q 2 + C
1/2

Since the profit is $2,000 when 25 units

are produced,
200 = 400(25)1/2 − 0.2(25)2 + C , or
 Chapter 5. Integration 187

C = 125. 64. H ( x) = C because the tangent line is

1/2 2
So, P (q ) = 400q − 0.2(36) + 125
horizontal at every point. Two horizontal
= $2, 265.80 lines differ by a constant C but are
parallel. If F ′( x) = G ′( x) the tangent
60. (a) V ′(t ) = 0.15 − 0.09e0.006t lines to F ( x) and G ( x) are parallel at
every point. One curve is C units away
V (t ) = ∫ V ′(t ) dt
from the other at every point.
= ∫ (0.15 − 0.09e0.006t ) dt
0.09e0.006t
66. (a) ∫ k dx = kx + C
= 0.15t − +C d d d
0.006 (kx + C ) = (kx) + (C )
= 0.15t − 15e0.006t + C dx dx dx
At time t = 0 the volume is 30 cm3 so =k +0
V (0) = −15 + C = 30 =k
and so C = 45 and 1 kx
∫e
kx
0.006t (b) dx =
e +C
V (t ) = 0.15t − 15e + 45 . k
d ⎛ 1 kx ⎞
(b) V (60) = 0.15(60) − 15e0.006(60) + 45 ⎜ e +C⎟
dx ⎝ k ⎠
≈ 32.5
V (120) =
1 d kx
k dx
( ) d ⎛1⎞ d
e + ekx ⎜ ⎟ + C
dx ⎝ k ⎠ dx
0.006(120)
= 0.15(120) − 15e + 45
≈ 32.18
1 kx
( )
= e ( k ) + e kx ( 0 ) + 0
k
(c) Since V (90) ≈ 32.76 the tumor has = ekx
still not begun shrinking from it 3 12
68. P′( x) = 2 + 1.5 x = 2 + x
original size of 30 cm 2 so the 2
procedure is not successful.
(a) P ( x) = 2 x + x3 2 + C
62. Let I(x) be the number of inmates after x
years. P (0) = 5,000 = C and
280 0.2 x P ( x) = 2 x + x3 2 + 5,000
I ( x) = ∫ 280e0.2 x dx = e +C P
0.2 5,100
= 1, 400e0.2 x + C
Since the current population is
2,000 inmates 5,000

I (0) = 1, 400 + C = 2,000

so C = 600 and
4,900
I ( x) = 1, 400e0.2 x + 600 .
x
After 10 years, the number of inmates is 0 4 8 12 16 20
approximately
(b) P (9) = 5,045 and P (171.5) = 7,590.
I (10) = 1, 400e 2 + 600 ≈ 10,944.679
or 10, 945 inmates.
188 Chapter 5. Integration

6. I = ⌠
(c) The graphs are the same curve at 1
different heights. ⎮ dx
7,000
⌡ 3x + 5
1
6,000 Let u = 3 x + 5 then du = 3 dx, dx = du
3
5,000
and
4,000
I =⌠
1
⎮ dx
3,000
⌡ 3x + 5
2,000 1 1
= ∫ du
x 3 u
0 20 40 60 80 100 1
= ln u + C
3
5.2 Integration by Substitution 1
= ln 3x + 5 + C
3
2. Integral Substitution u
1 3 1
Check: I ′ = =
(a) ⌠ 3 u = 2x − 5 3 3x + 5 3x + 5
⎮ dx
⌡ (2 x − 5)4
8. I = ∫ ⎡ ( x − 1)5 + 3( x − 1)2 + 5⎤ dx
2 −x 3 ⎣ ⎦
∫x
3
(b) e dx u=x Let u = x − 1 then du = dx and
(or u = − x3 )
I = ∫ (u 5 + 3u 2 + 5) du

(c) ⌠ et u6
⎮ t dt u = et + 1 = + u 3 + 5u + C
⌡ e +1 6
( x − 1)6
⌠ t +3 = + ( x − 1)3 + 5( x − 1) + C
(d) dt u = t 2 + 6t + 5 6
⎮3 2
⌡ t + 6t + 5 1
Check: I ′ = (6)( x − 1)5 + 3( x − 1) 2 + 5
6
4. I = ∫ e5 x +3dx 2
−1
10. I = ∫ 2 xe x dx
1
Let u = 5 x + 3 then du = 5dx, dx = du
5 Let u = x 2 − 1 then du = 2 x dx and
and 2
−1
I = ∫ ex (2 x)dx
I = ∫ e5 x +3dx
= ∫ e du
u
1 u
5∫
= e du
= eu + C
1 2
−1
= eu + C = ex +C
5
1 5 x +3
= e +C
Check: I ′ = e x ( )(2x)
2
−1

5
1
Check: I ′ = e5 x +3 (5) = e5 x +3
5
 Chapter 5. Integration 189

12. I = ∫ 3t t 2 + 8dt ⌠
y2
16. I = ⎮ dy
(
⎮ y3 + 5
)
2 2
Let u = t + 8 then du = 2t dt and ⌡
I =⌠
3 2
⎮ t + 8 (2t ) dt Let u = y + 5 then du = 3 y 2 dy and
3
⌡2
3 ⌠
= ∫ u du y2
2 I =⎮ dy
⎮ 3
( )
2
= u 3/ 2 + C ⌡ y +5

1⌠
2 3/ 2
= (t + 8) +C 1
= ⎮ (3 y 2 )dy
3⎮ 3
( )
3 2
Check: I ′ = (t 2 + 8)1 2 (2t ) = 3t (t 2 + 8)1 2 ⌡ y +5
2
1 −2
3∫
5 1− x 6
= u du
14. I = ∫ x e dx
1
Let u = 1 − x 6 then du = −6 x5 dx and = − u −1 + C
3
6 1
I = ∫ x5e1− x dx =− +C
3
1 1− x6 3( y + 5)
=−
6 ∫ e (−6 x5 )dx Check:

( ) (3 y2 )
1 −2
1 u
= − ∫ e du I ′ = − ( −1) y 3 + 5
6 3
( )
−2
1 u = y 2 y3 + 5
= − e +C
6
1 1− x6
=− e +C
(
18. I = ⌠ 3 x 2 − 1 e x )
3
−x
6 dx
⌡
1
( )
6 6
Check: I ′ = − e1− x −6 x5 = x5e1− x Let u = x3 − x then du = (3 x 2 − 1) dx and
6
(
I = ⌠ 3x 2 − 1 e x )
3
−x
dx
⌡
(3x2 − 1) dx
3
−x
= ∫ ex
= ∫ eu du
= eu + C
3
−x
= ex +C
Check: I ′ = e x ( ) (3x − 1)3
−x 2

⌠ 10 x3 − 5 x
20. I = ⎮ dx
⌡ x4 − x2 + 6
Let u = x 4 − x 2 + 6 then
du = (4 x3 − 2 x) dx and
190 Chapter 5. Integration

⌠ 10 x3 − 5 x Check:
I =⎮ dx 3 2
⌡ x4 − x2 + 6 I′ =
2 2u − 1
⌠ (5 / 2)(4 x3 − 2 x) 3
=⎮ dx =
⌡ x4 − x2 + 6 2u − 1
5⌠ 1 3(2u − 1)
= ⎮ du =
2⌡ u (2u − 1)2
5 6u − 3
= ∫ u −1/ 2 du = 2
2 4u − 4u + 1
5 u1 2
= +C
24. I = ⌠
1
212 ⎮ dx
⌡ x ln x
=5 u +C
1
= 5 x4 − x2 + 6 + C Let u = ln x then du = dx and
x
Check: ⌠ 1 ⎛ ⎞
1
I =⎮ ⎜ ⎟ dx
( ) ( )
⎛1⎞ −1 2
I ′ = ( 5) ⎜ ⎟ x 4 − x 2 + 6 4 x3 − 2 x ⌡ ln x ⎝ x⎠
⎝2⎠
=⌠
1

=
(
5 2 x3 − x) ⎮ du
⌡u
= ln u + C
x4 − x2 + 6
= ln ln x + C
6u − 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
22. I = ⌠
1
⎮ 2 du Check: I ′ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =
⌡ 4u − 4u + 1 ⎝ ln x ⎠⎝ x ⎠ x ln x
First note
2
⌠ 6u − 3 ⌠ ln x
dx = ⌠ dx = 2⌠
2ln x ln x
I =⎮ 2 du 26. I = ⎮ ⎮ ⎮ dx
⌡ 4u − 4u + 1 ⌡ x ⌡ x ⌡ x
⌠ 2u − 1 1
= 3⎮ du Let u = ln x then du = dx and
⌡ ( 2u − 1)
2 x
I = 2⌠
ln x
= 3⌠ ⎮
du dx
⎮ ⌡ x
⌡ 2u − 1
⌠ ⎛1⎞
1 = 2⎮ (ln x) ⎜ ⎟ dx
Let w = 2u − 1 then dw = 2 du , du = dw ⌡ ⎝ x⎠
2
and = 2 ∫ u du

I = 3⌠
du = u2 + C
⎮
⌡ 2u − 1
= (ln x)2 + C
3 ⌠ dw
= ⎮ 2
2⌡ w ⎛ 1 ⎞ ln x
Check: I ′ = 2 ( ln x ) ⎜ ⎟ =
3
= ln w + C ⎝ x⎠ x
2
3 ⌠e x
= ln 2u − 1 + C 28. I = ⎮ dx
2
⌡ x
1
Let u = x then du = dx and
2 x
 Chapter 5. Integration 191

⌠e x
I =⎮ dx
⌡ x
⌠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
= 2⎮ e x ⎜ ⎟ dx
⌡ ⎝2 x⎠
= 2 ∫ eu du
= 2e u + C
x
= 2e +C

( )
x
⎛ 1 −1 2 ⎞ e
Check: I ′ = 2 e x
⎜ x ⎟=
⎝2 ⎠ x

30. I = ∫ e − x (1 + e2 x )dx
= ∫ (e− x + e x ) dx
= ∫ e − x dx + ∫ e x dx
In the first integral, let u = − x so du = − dx and
−x
∫e dx = − ∫ (e− x )(− dx)
= − ∫ eu du
= −e − x + C
So I = −e − x + e x + C .
Check: I ′ = −(−e− x ) + e x
= e− x + e x
= e− x (1 + e 2 x )

t −1 ⌠⎛ 2 ⎞
32. I = ⌠
⎮ dt = ⎮ ⎜1 − ⎟ dt
⌡ t +1 ⌡ ⎝ t +1⎠
Let u = t + 1 then du = dt and
⌠⎛ 2 ⎞
I = ⎮ ⎜1 − ⎟ dt
⌡ ⎝ t +1⎠
⌠⎛ 2⎞
= ⎮ ⎜ 1 − ⎟ du
⌡⎝ u ⎠
= u − 2ln u + C
= t + 1 − 2ln t + 1 + C
2 t −1
Check: I ′ = 1 − =
t +1 t +1

⌠ x
34. I = ⎮ 3 dx
⌡ 4 − 3x
1 1
Let u = 4 − 3 x then x = (4 − u ), dx = − du and
3 3
192 Chapter 5. Integration

⌠ x
I =⎮ 3 dx
⌡ 4 − 3x
⌠ (1/ 3)(4 − u ) ⎛ 1 ⎞
=⎮ ⎜ − ⎟ du
⌡ 3
u ⎝ 3⎠
1⌠ 4−u
= − ⎮ 1/ 3 du
9⌡ u
1
= − ∫ (4u −1/ 3 − u 2 / 3 ) du
9
1 ⎛ 4u 2 / 3 u 5 / 3 ⎞
=− ⎜ − ⎟+C
9 ⎜⎝ 2 / 3 5 / 3 ⎟⎠
1 5/3 2 2/3
= u − u +C
15 3
1 2
= (4 − 3x)5 / 3 − (4 − 3 x)2 / 3 + C
15 3
1 ⎛5⎞ 2⎛ 2⎞
Check: I ′ = ⎜ ⎟ (4 − 3 x)2 / 3 (−3) − ⎜ ⎟ (4 − 3 x)−1/ 3 (−3)
15 ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3⎝ 3⎠
1 (4 − 3 x) 4
=− +
3 (4 − 3 x)1/ 3 3(4 − 3 x)1/ 3
x
=
3
4 − 3x

⌠ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞2 / 3
36. I = ⎮ 2 ⎜ − 1⎟ dx
⌡x ⎝x ⎠
1 1
Let u = − 1 then du = − 2 dx and
x x
⌠ ⎛ 1 ⎞2 / 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
I = −⎮ ⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜ − 2 ⎟ dx
⌡⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
= − ∫ u 2 / 3du
u5 / 3
=− +C
5/3
3
= − u5 / 3 + C
5
5/ 3
3⎛ 1 ⎞
= − ⎜ − 1⎟ + C
5⎝ x ⎠
2/3
⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
Check: I ′ = ⎜ ⎟⎜ − ⎟⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜− 2 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2/3
1 ⎛1 ⎞
= ⎜ − 1⎟
x2 ⎝ x ⎠
 Chapter 5. Integration 193

dy
= 4x + 5
1⌠ ⎛1⎞
38. y ( x) = ⎮ ln x ⎜ ⎟ dx
dx 2⌡ ⎝ x⎠
y ( x) = ∫ 4 x + 5 dx 1
= ∫ u du
Let u = 4x + 5, then du = 4 dx and 2
1 1 ⎛ u2 ⎞
y ( x) = ∫ 4 x + 5(4 dx) = ⎜ ⎟+C
4 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
1
= ∫ u du ( ln x )2 + C
4 =
1 ⎛ 2 3/2 ⎞ 4
= ⎜ u ⎟+C
4⎝ 3 ⎠ Further y (1) =
( ln1)2 + C = 0 + C = 2 so
1 4
= (4 x + 5)3/2 + C
6
C = 2 and y ( x) =
( ln x )
2
+2.
1 9
Further y (1) = (93/2 ) + C = + C = 3 so 4
6 2
3 1 3
C = − and y ( x) = (4 x + 5)3/2 − . 44. f '( x) = x x 2 + 5
2 6 2
f ( x) = ∫ f '( x) dx = ∫ x x 2 + 5 dx
dy
40. = e 2− x Let u = x 2 + 5 then du = 2 x dx and
dx
1
y ( x) = ∫ e 2− x dx f ( x) = ∫ x 2 + 5 ( 2 x ) dx
2
Let u = 2 − x then du = − dx and 1 1/ 2
= ∫ u du
y ( x) = − ∫ e 2− x (− dx) 2
= − ∫ eu du 1 ⎛ u 3/ 2 ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟+C
2 ⎜⎝ 3/ 2 ⎟⎠
= − eu + C
( x 2 + 5)
3/ 2
= −e 2 − x + C
Further y (2) = −1 + C = 0 so C = 1 and = +C
3
y ( x) = 1 − e2− x . In addition,

f (2) =
( 9)
3/ 2
+ C = 9 + C = 10 so
dy ln x
42. = 3
dx x
( x2 + 5)
3/ 2
⌠ ln x
y ( x) = ⎮ dx C = 1 and f ( x) = +1.
⌡ x 3
1/ 2
⌠ ln x
=⎮ dx 2x
⌡ x 46. f '( x) =
1 + 3x2
= ⌠
1 ln x
⎮ dx ⌠ 2x
2⌡ x f ( x) = ∫ f '( x) dx = ⎮ dx
1 ⌡ 1 + 3x 2
Let u = ln x then du = dx and
x Let u = 1 + 3 x 2 then du = 6 x dx and
194 Chapter 5. Integration

1 ⌠ 2x
f ( x) = ⎮ ( 6 x ) dx x(t ) = − ∫ u −3 2 du
6 ⌡ 1 + 3x 2
= 2u −1 2 + C
= ⌠
1 1
⎮ du
( )
−1 2
3⌡ u = 2 1+ t2 +C
1
= ln u + C 2
3 = +C
1+ t2
1
(
= ln 1 + 3 x 2 + C
3
) Since x(0) = 4, C = 2.
1 2
In addition, f (0) = ln1 + C = 0 + C = 5 x(t ) = +2
3 2
1+ t
1
so C = 5 and f ( x) = ln 1 + 3 x 2 + 5 .
3
( ) 2
(b) x(4) = + 2 ≈ 2.485
17
−1
48. (a) x′(t ) =
1 + 0.5t 2
−1 (c) +2 = 3
⌠
x(t ) = ⎮ dt 1+ t2
⌡ 1 + 0.5t
Let u = 1 + 0.5t , du = 0.5 dt 1+ t2 = 4
1 t = 3
x(t ) = −2 ∫ (0.5dt )
1 + 0.5t 52. (a) Let V (t ) denote the value of the
1
= −2 ∫ du machine after t years. Since
u
dV
= −2ln 1 + 0.5t + C = −960e −t 5 dollars per year,
dt
= − ln(1 + 0.5t )2 + C
Since x(0) = 5, 0 + C = 5 so C = 5 and (
V (t ) = ∫ −960e−t 5
)dt
x(t ) = 5 − ln(1 + 0.5t ) 2 = 4,800e−t 5 + C
If V0 = V (0) = 4,800e −t 5 + C ,
(b) x(4) = 5 − ln 32 = 2.803 C = V0 − 4,800.
Thus, V (t ) = 4,800e−t 5 + V0 − 4,800.
2
(c) 5 − ln(1 + 0.5t ) = 3
ln(1 + 0.5t )2 = 2 (b) If V0 = $5, 200, then
V (10) = 4,800e−2 + 5,200 − 4,800
2 2
(1 + 0.5t ) = e
t = 2(e − 1) ≈ 3.437 ≈ $1,049.61.

−2t dP
50. (a) x′(t ) = 54. = 3 t + 1.
(1 + t ) 2 32 dt
P0 = 230 cents.
⌠ −2t
x(t ) = ⎮ dt 3(t + 1)3 2
⎮ P (t ) = +C
⌡ 1+ t(2 32
) 32

du P (8) = 2(8 + 1)3 2 + 228 or $2.82.

2
Let u = 1 + t , = 2t
dt
 Chapter 5. Integration 195

56. (a) Let R(t) denote the radius at time t.

Then R (t ) = ∫ R '(t ) dt = ⌠
21
⎮ dt .
⌡ 0.07t + 5
Let u = 0.07t + 5 then du = 0.07 dt .
Thus
21 ⌠ 1
R (t ) = ⎮ (0.07)dt
0.07 ⌡ 0.07t + 5
= 300⌠
1
⎮ du
⌡u
= 300ln u + C
= 300ln 0.07t + 5 + C
We know R (0) = 0 so C + 300ln 5 = 0 and so C = −300ln 5 . Since t represents time, we
assume t ≥ 0 . Thus 0.07t + 5 is positive and the absolute value sign in the formula for R(t) is
not needed. Thus R (t ) = 300ln(0.07t + 5) − 300ln 5 .

(b) After 1 hour, the radius of the spill is

R (60) = 300ln 9.2 − 300ln 5
≈ 182.93 ft.
A = π ( R (60) )
2

and the area of the spill is = π(182.93) 2

≈ 105,130 square feet

58. (a) Let V ( x) denote the value of the farm land x years from now. Since
dV 0.4 x3 ⌠ 0.4 x3
= dollars per year. V ( x) = ⎮ dx , an antiderivative of this
dx ⎮
0.2 x 4 + 8,000 4
⌡ 0.2 x + 8,000
expression.
Let u = 0.2 x 4 + 8,000.
1
Then du = 0.8 x3dx or 0.4 x3dx = du .
2
⌠ 0.4 x 3
Hence, V ( x) = ⎮ dx
⎮ 4
⌡ 0.2 x + 8,000
1
= ∫ u −1 2 du
2
= u1 2 + C

( )
12
= 0.2 x 4 + 8,000 +C
Since the land is currently worth $500 per acre, it follows that
500 = V (0) = (8,000)1 2 + C or C = 500 − (8,000)1 2 .

( )
12
Hence V ( x) = 0.2 x 4 + 8,000 + 500 − (8,000)1/ 2 .
196 Chapter 5. Integration

(b) The value of the land 10 years from now will be

( )
12
V (10) = ⎡0.2 104 + 8,000 ⎤ + 500 − ( 8,000 )
12
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
= (10,000 ) + 500 − ( 8,000 )
12 12

= 600 − ( 8,000 )
12

= $510.56 per acre

(c) 0.5

0 360
Using the features of a graphing calculator, the land will be worth $1,000 per acre in 36 years.

x
60. (a) p′( x) =
( x + 3)2
⌠ x
p( x) = ∫ p '( x) dx = ⎮ dx
⌡ ( x + 3)2
Let u = x + 3 then x = u − 3, dx = du and
⌠ u −3
p( x) = ⎮ 2 du
⌡ u
⌠⎛ 1 3 ⎞
= ⎮ ⎜ − 2 ⎟ du
⌡⎝u u ⎠
3
= ln u + + C
u
3
= ln( x + 3) + +C
x+3
where the absolute value sign was dropped since x + 3 is a positive number.
3
Further, p(5) = ln 8 + + C = C + 2.45 = 2.20 ⇒ C = −0.25
8
3
and p( x) = ln( x + 3) + − 0.25 .
x+3

3
(b) p(10) = ln13 + − 0.25 ≈ 2.546.
13
A unit price of $2.55 should be charged to sell 10,000 units.
 Chapter 5. Integration 197

20 x
62. (a) p′( x) =
(7 − x)2
20 x
p( x) = ∫ p′( x) dx = ∫ dx
(7 − x) 2
Let u = 7 − x then x = 7 − u, dx = −du and
7−u
p( x) = 20 ∫ 2 ( −du )
u
⎛1 7 ⎞
= 20 ∫ ⎜ − ⎟ du
⎝ u u2 ⎠
⎛ 7⎞
= 20 ⎜ ln u + ⎟ + C
⎝ u⎠
⎛ 7 ⎞
= 20 ⎜ ln 7 − x + ⎟+C
⎝ 7−x⎠
Further
⎛ 7⎞
p(2) = 20 ⎜ ln 5 + ⎟ + C
⎝ 5⎠
≈ 60.1888 + C
=2
⇒ C ≈ −58.1888
and
⎛ 7 ⎞
p( x) = 20 ⎜ ln 7 − x + ⎟ − 58.1888
⎝ 7−x⎠

⎛ 7⎞
p(5) = 20 ⎜ ln 2 + ⎟ − 58.1888
(b) A supply of 500 units is x = 5. ⎝ 2⎠
≈ 25.67
The price is $25.67 when the supply is 500 units.

64. Since profit = revenue − costs,

marginal profit = marginal revenue − marginal costs.
P′( x) = R′( x) − C ′( x)
11 − x
= − (2 + x + x 2 )
14 − x
P ( x) = ∫ P′( x) dx
⎛ 11 − x ⎞
= ∫⎜ − 2 − x − x 2 ⎟ dx
⎝ 14 − x ⎠
11 − x
=∫ dx − 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
14 − x
du
Let u = 14 − x. Then = −1 and
dx
−du = dx. Further, x = 14 − u.
198 Chapter 5. Integration

−3 + u
= −∫ 1/2
du − 2∫ dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
u
= − ∫ −3u −1/2 du + ∫ u1/2 du ⎤ − 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
⎡
⎣ ⎦
−1/2
= 3∫ u du − ∫ u du − 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x dx − ∫ x 2 dx
1/2

2 x 2 x3
= 6 14 − x − (14 − x)3/2 − 2 x − − +C
3 2 3
When production is raised from 5 to 9,
⎡ 2 (9) 2 (9)3 ⎤
P (9) − P (5) = ⎢ 6 14 − 9 − (14 − 9)3/2 − 2(9) − − + C⎥
⎣ 3 2 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 (5) 2
(5)3 ⎤
− ⎢6 14 − 5 − (14 − 5)3/2 − 2(5) − − + C⎥
⎢⎣ 3 2 3 ⎥⎦
≈ −231.37, or a loss of $231.37.

66. ∫x
3
(4 − x 2 ) −1/ 2 dx
1
Let u = 4 − x 2 then du = −2 x dx or x dx = − du and x 2 = 4 − u . Thus
2
∫x
3
(4 − x 2 )−1/2 dx = ∫ x 2 (4 − x 2 )−1/2 x dx
⌠ ⎛ 1⎞
= ⎮ (4 − u )u −1/2 ⎜ − ⎟ du
⌡ ⎝ 2⎠
1
= ∫ (u1/2 − 4u −1/2 ) du
2
1 ⎛ u 3/2 u1/2 ⎞
= ⎜ −4 ⎟+C
2 ⎜⎝ 3 / 2 1 / 2 ⎟⎠
1
= (4 − x 2 )3/2 − 4(4 − x 2 )1/2 + C
3
−x
68. ∫e (1 + e x ) 2 dx

If u = e x or u = 1 + e x then du = e x dx . Note that once u is substituted, there would be no spare e x

term to combine with dx to form du. In this case there is no obvious substitution that will work,
however the integrand can be expanded as
e− x (1 + e x ) 2 = e− x (1 + 2e x + e2 x )
= e− x + 2 + e x
and so
−x −x
∫ e (1 + e ) dx = ∫ (e + 2 + e ) dx
x 2 x

= −e − x + 2 x + e x + C .
 Chapter 5. Integration 199

5.3 The Definite Integral and the

Fundamental Theorem of
16.
ln 2
∫0 ( et − e−t ) dt
= ( et + e − t )
ln 2
Calculus
0

2.
1
∫−2 π dx = πx −2 = π(1) − π(−2) = 3π
1 = eln 2 + e− ln 2 − e0 + e0 ( )
ln(1 2)
=2+e −2
4 4 1
4. ∫1 (5 − 2t ) dt = (5t − t 2 )
1
=4−4=0 =
2

∫1 x ( x − 1) dx = ∫1 ( x − x ) dx
4 6 2 3 2 6
4 4 32 4 28
6. ∫1 2 u du = u 3/ 2 =
3 1
− =
3 3 3
18.
6
⎛ x 4 x3 ⎞
=⎜ − ⎟
9 −3 / 2 9 2 1 ⎜ 4 3 ⎟⎠
8. ∫4 x dx = −2 x −1/ 2 = − − (−1) = ⎝ 1
4 3 3
3025
=
1 12
⌠ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
10. ⎮ ⎜ x − − x ⎟ dx
⌡−1⎝ e e ⎠ 0
∫−3 ( 2 x + 6 )
4
20. dx
=∫
1
−1 (e −x
−e x
) dx 1 0
( 2 x + 6 )4 d ( 2 x + 6 )
1
=
2 ∫−3
= ( −e − x − e x )
−1 5 0
−1 1 ( 2x + 6)
= ( −e − e) − (−e − e−1 ) =
2 5
=0 −3
3,888
=
∫−1( −3x )
0 5
12. − 3 x 2 + 2 x + 5 dx 5
0
⎛ x6 ⎞ ⌠
2
= ⎜ − − x3 + x 2 + 5 x ⎟ x2
⎜ 2 ⎟ 22. ⎮ dx
⎝ ⎠ −1
3
⌡1 ( x + 1)
2

7 1 2
= = ∫ ( x3 + 1)−2 d ( x3 + 1)
2 3 1
2
9 1 ( x3 + 1)−1
⌠ ⎛ 4 ⎞ =
14. ⎮ ⎜ t − ⎟dt 3 −1
⌡1 ⎝ t⎠ 1
7
1
9
(
= ∫ t1 2 − 4t −1 2 dt ) =
54
⎡⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎤
⎣⎝ 3 ⎠
2
= ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ 93 2 − − 4 2 9 − 2 ⎥
3 ⎦
( ) 1
⌠ 6t
24. ⎮ 2
1
⌠ (2t )dt
dt = 3⎮
4 ⌡0 t + 1 ⌡0 t 2 + 1
= 1
3 = 3ln(t 2 + 1)
0
= 3ln 2
200 Chapter 5. Integration

2 1
∫1 (t + 1)(t − 2) ∫−3[4 f ( x) − 3g ( x)]dx
6
26. dt 32.
Let u = t − 2 so t + 1 = u + 3 , du = dt . 1 1
= ∫ 4 f ( x) dx − ∫ 3 g ( x) dx
Further when t = 1 , u = −1 and t = 2 , −3 −3
1 1
u = 0 . Thus = 4 ∫ f ( x) dx − 3∫ g ( x) dx
2 0 −3 −3
∫1 (t + 1)(t − 2) dt = ∫ (u + 3)u 6 du
6
−1
= 4(0) − 3(4)
0 = −12
= ∫ (u 7 + 3u 6 )du
−1
−3 2
∫2 f ( x) dx = − ∫
0
⎛ u 8 3u 7 ⎞ 34. f ( x) dx = −5
−3
=⎜ + ⎟
⎜ 8 7 ⎟⎠
⎝ −1 36. Since
17 2 1 2
=
56 ∫−3 g ( x) dx = ∫−3 g ( x) dx + ∫1 g ( x) dx we
have
e2 2 2 1
28. ⌠
⎮
1
dx ∫1 g ( x) dx = ∫−3 g ( x) dx − ∫−3 g ( x) dx
⌡e x ln x
= −2 − 4
dx = −6 .
Let u = ln x , du = .
x
If x = e , u = 1, and if x = e 2 , u = 2. 1

e 2
2
38. ∫−3[ 2 f ( x) + 3g ( x)] dx
⌠ 1
dx = ⌠
du 1 1
= 2 ∫ f ( x) dx + 3∫ g ( x) dx
⎮ ⎮
⌡e x ln x ⌡1 u −3 −3
2 = 2(0) + 3(4)
= ln u = 12
1
= ln 2
= 0.693 40. Area = ∫
4
x ( x + 1) dx
0
4
= ∫ ( x3 / 2 + x1/ 2 ) dx
4
⌠ ( x − 1)3 / 2
30. ⎮ dx 0
⌡1 x 2 2
4

dx = x5 / 2 + x3/ 2
Let u = x − 1, du = . 5 3 0
2 x 64 16
If x = 1, u = 0, and if x = 4, u = 1. = +
5 3
4 272
⌠ ( x − 1)3/ 2 1 =
⎮ dx = 2∫ u 3/ 2 du 15
⌡1 x 0
1 0 3
4
= u5 / 2 42. Area = ∫ dx
−89 − 2x
5 0
4 Let u = 9 − 2x, then du = −2 dx. If x = −8,
= u = 25 and if x = 0, u = 9, so
5
 Chapter 5. Integration 201

0 3 50. Let P (t ) denote the revenue generated by

Area = ∫ dx
−8
9 − 2x the oil after t months. The price per barrel
3 0 1 after t months is $95 plus $0.30 for each
=− ∫ (−2 dx) month or 95 + 0.30t. At 400 barrels per
2 −8 9 − 2x
month, the revenue is changing at the rate
3 9 1
=− ∫ du of P′(t ) = 400(95 + 0.30t )
2 25 u
9 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 24 (months). The total revenue
=−
3
2
( )
2 u will be
24
25 P (t ) = 400∫ (95 + 0.30t )dt
= −3 ( 9 − 25 ) 0
24
= −3(−2) ⎛ 0.30t 2 ⎞
= 400 ⎜ 95t + ⎟
=6 ⎜ 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0
3 2 = $946,560.
44. Area = ∫ xe− x dx
0
2
52. Let A(t) denote the amount of pollution in
Let u = x then du = 2 x dx . If x = 0, u = 0 the lake after t years. Let P(t) denote the
and if x = 3, u = 9 so population in thousands of people. Then
3 2 we are given
Area = ∫ xe − x dx dP
0 = 0.6t 2 + 0.2t + 0.5 thousand
1 3 − x2 dt
2 ∫0
= e (2 x) dx
dA
1 9 people/yr and = 5 units/thousand
= ∫ e−u du dP
2 0 people.
9 By the chain rule
1
= − e −u dA dA dP
2 0 = = 5(0.6t 2 + 0.2t + 0.5)
1 −9 1 dt dP dt
=− e + = 3t 2 + t + 2.5 units/year.
2 2
≈ 0.499938 The increase in pollution over the next
two years is
2 2
e
⌠ dA dt = 2 (3t 2 + t + 2.5) dt
46. Area = ⌠
3
⎮
⌡1 x
dx ⎮
⌡0 dt ∫0
e2 2
= 3ln x ⎛ t2 ⎞
1 = ⎜ t 3 + + 2.5t ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
= 3ln e 2 − 3ln1 ⎝ ⎠0
=6 = 15 units.

48. At 11:00 A.M., t = 2 , and at 1:00 P.M., 54. (a) The total cost of producing the first 10
t = 4 . The number of people who enter items is
the fair between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 P.M. 10 10
4 ∫0 C '(q ) dq = ∫ (6q + 1) dq
∫2 N '(t ) dt .
0
is 10
= (3q 2 + q )
0
= 310 dollars.
202 Chapter 5. Integration

(b) The total cost of producing the next 60. During the first week
10 items is 7
7 ⌠ ⎛ 0.4t ⎞
20 20
∫10 C '(q) dq = ∫10 (6q + 1) dq ∫0 N '(t ) dt = ⎮ ⎜ 5t 2 − 2
⌡0 ⎝ t +3⎠
⎟ dt
20 7
= (3q 2 + q ) ⎡5 ⎤
10 = ⎢ t 3 − 0.2ln(t 2 + 3) ⎥
= 910 dollars. ⎣3 ⎦0
1715
= − 0.2ln 52 − (0 − 0.2ln 3)
56. Let D (t ) denote the demand for the 3
product. Since the current demand is = 571.096
5,000 and the demand increases or about 571 people have heard about the
product. During the second week the
exponentially, D (t ) = 5,000e0.02t units
number of people who learn about the
per year. product is
Let R (t ) denote the total revenue t years 14
14 ⎡5 3 ⎤
∫7 N '(t ) dt = ⎢⎣ 3 t − 0.2 ln(t + 3) ⎥⎦
from now. Then the rate of change of the 2
revenue is 7
dR ⎛ dollars ⎞ ⎛ units ⎞ = 4001.398
= ⎜ 400 ⎟ ⎜ D (t ) ⎟ or 4,001 people.
dt ⎝ unit ⎠ ⎝ year ⎠
(
= 400 5,000e0.02t dollars/year ) 62. The total change expected is
10
= 2,000,000e0.02t dollars/year. ∫0 P′(t ) dt
The increase in revenue over the next 10
= ∫ −0.75t 10 − 0.2t dt
2 years is 0
2 (letting u = 10 − 0.2t , so t = 5(10 − u ))
R (2) − R (0) = ∫ 2,000,000e 0.02t
dt 8
0
2
= ∫ −0.75[5(10 − u )] u (−5) du
10
= 100,000,000 e0.02t 10
0 = −18.75∫ (10u1/ 2 − u 3/ 2 ) du
= $4,081,077. 8
= −110.357.
The population will decrease by roughly
58. Q′(t ) = 2t 3 − 3t 2 + 10t + 3
110 individuals between 2000 and 2010.
4 4
∫2 Q′(t ) dt = ∫2 (2t
3
− 3t 2 + 10t + 3)dt
64. The water consumed is
4 10 10
⎡1 ⎤
= ⎢ t 4 − t 3 + 5t 2 + 3t ⎥ ∫0 C '(t ) dt = ∫ (10 + 0.3e0.03t ) dt
0
⎣2 ⎦2 10
= 130 = (10t + 10e0.03t )
0
130 units are produced between 10 A.M. = 103.499
and noon. or roughly 103.5 billion gallons.
 Chapter 5. Integration 203

66. The difference in mass between the 2 hour and the 5 hour marks is
5
⌠ dm dt = − 5 (0.1t + e0.1t ) dt
⎮
⌡2 dt ∫2
5
= −(0.05t 2 + 10e0.1t )
2
= −5.323 .
The mass of the protein will decrease by 5.323 grams.

68. Since velocity is the derivative of the distance function, the distance traveled in the first 2 hours is
2 2
∫0 v(t ) dt = ∫0 (45 + 12t ) dt
2
= (45t + 6t 2 )
0
= 114 miles.

70. Let F(x) and G(x) be any antiderivatives of f(x) and g(x) respectively. By the sum rule for
differentiation
( F ( x) + G ( x))′ = F ′( x) + G '( x)
= f ( x) + g ( x)
so F ( x) + G ( x) is an antiderivative of f ( x) + g ( x) . By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
b
∫a [ f ( x) + g ( x)] dx = [ F ( x) + G( x)] a
b

= [ F (b) + G (b)] − [ F (a ) + G (a )]
= F (b) + G (b) − F ( a) − G (a )
= [ F (b) − F (a )] + [G (b) − G (a )]
b b
= ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ g ( x) dx
a a

1
72. (a) f ( x) = 2 x +
x +1
2
I = ∫ f ( x)dx
0
The four subintervals are of length 0.5. The numbers xi are x1 = 0, x2 = 0.5, x3 = 1.0, x4 = 1.5
and x5 = 2.0 . Each subinterval forms the base of a rectangle. The height of the rectangle is
determined by choosing a point in each subinterval and taking the value of f(x) at that point to
be the height of the rectangle on that subinterval. The point in each subinterval can be any
point. The table below summarizes the process where the selected point is the left endpoint or
the right endpoint of the subinterval.
Subinterval Width Height (left) Height (right)
[0,0.5] 0.5 1.000 2.081
[0.5,1.0] 0.5 2.081 2.500
[1.0,1.5] 0.5 2.500 2.849
[1.5, 2.0] 0.5 2.849 3.162
204 Chapter 5. Integration

(b) The sum of the area of the rectangles in (a) and the approximation to the integral is
0.5(1.000 + 2.081 + 2.500 + 2.849) = 4.215
using rectangles determined by the left endpoint of the subinterval and
0.5(2.081 + 2.500 + 2.849 + 3.162) = 5.296
using right endpoints.

(c) Subinterval Width Height (left) Height (right)

[0,0.25] 0.25 1.000 1.800
[0.25,0.50] 0.25 1.800 2.081
[0.50,0.75] 0.25 2.081 2.303
[0.75,1.00] 0.25 2.303 2.500
[1.00,1.25] 0.25 2.500 2.681
[1.25,1.50] 0.25 2.681 2.849
[1.50,1.75] 0.25 2.849 3.009
[1.75, 2.00] 0.25 3.009 3.162
Estimate using left-hand endpoints:
0.25(1.000 + 1.800 + 2.081 + 2.303 + 2.500 + 2.681 + 2.849 + 3.009) = 4.556
Estimate using right-hand endpoints:
0.25(1.800 + 2.081 + 2.303 + 2.500 + 2.681 + 2.849 + 3.009 + 3.162) = 5.096

5.4 Applying Definite Integration: Area between Curves and Average Value

2. First note the curve y = x( x 2 − 4) intersects the x axis when x( x 2 − 4) = 0 or x = −2,0, 2 .

The area pictured is the area above the curve y = x( x 2 − 4) and below y = 0 , the x axis, over the
interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 . The area is
2 2
∫0 ⎡⎣0 − x( x − 4) ⎤ dx = ∫ (4 x − x3 ) dx
2
⎦ 0
2
⎛ x4 ⎞
= ⎜ 2 x2 − ⎟
⎜ 4 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0
=8−4
= 4.
 Chapter 5. Integration 205

4. The area pictured is the area above the ln 2

Area = ∫ (e x − e− x ) dx
curve y = 2 x − 2 and below y = x 2 + 1 0
ln 2
over the interval −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 . The area is = (e x + e − x )
2 0
∫−1 ⎡⎣( x + 1) − (2 x − 2) ⎤⎦ dx
2
⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜2+ ⎟ − 2
2 ⎝ 2⎠
= ∫ ( x 2 − 2 x + 3) dx
−1 1
2 =
⎛ x3 ⎞ 2
= ⎜ − x 2 + 3x ⎟
⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ −1 10. 1.2

14 ⎛ 13 ⎞ 1
= −⎜− ⎟
3 ⎝ 3⎠ 0.8
= 9.
0.6

1.5 0.4
6.
1 0.2

0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

–1.5 –1 –0.5 0.5 1 1.5 The region is split into two subregions on
–0.5 either side of the vertical line x = 1.
1 2
–1 ⌠ ⎛ x⎞ ⌠ ⎛ 1 x⎞
Area = ⎮ ⎜ x − ⎟ dx + ⎮ ⎜ 2 − ⎟ dx
–1.5 ⌡0 ⎝ 8⎠ ⌡1 ⎝ x 8⎠
1 1 2
Area = ∫ [ x 2 − ( − x 2 )] dx 7 x2 ⎛ 1 x2 ⎞
0 = −⎜ + ⎟
1 16 ⎜ x 16 ⎟
= ∫ 2 x 2 dx 0 ⎝ ⎠1
0
3
2
1 = .
= x3 4
3 0
30
2 12.
=
3 25

2.5 20
8.
15
2
10
1.5
5
1.0
–0.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0.5

–0.4 –0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

206 Chapter 5. Integration

10
The graph of y = x3 intersects y = 9 x at 18.
x = 0 and x = 3 . 8
3
Area = ∫ (9 x − x3 )dx 6
0
3
⎛ 9 x2 x4 ⎞ 4
=⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 2 4 ⎟⎠ 2
⎝ 0
81
= . 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4 The region is a trapezoid with height 2
units and bases of 6 and 2 units, so the
4
14. 1
area is (2)(6 + 2) = 8 square units. The
3 2
area can also be viewed as the area
2 between the curves y = 8 − x and y = x + 2
over 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 which can be computed as
2
1 Area = ∫ [8 − x − ( x + 2)]dx
0
2
–0.4 –0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 = ∫ (6 − 2 x)dx
0
43 2
Area = ∫ (4 − 3 x)dx = (6 x − x 2 )
0 0
43
⎛ 3x 2 ⎞ =8−0
= ⎜ 4x − ⎟ =8
⎜ 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0
2 20. The average value is
⎛ 4⎞ 3⎛ 4⎞
= 4⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ 1 2
⎝ 3⎠ 2⎝ 3⎠ V= ∫
2 − ( −1) −1
( x 2 − 3 x + 5) dx
8
= . 2
3 1 ⎛ x3 3x 2 ⎞
= ⎜ − + 5x ⎟
y=5
3 ⎜⎝ 3 2 ⎟
⎠
16. −1
1 ⎛ 27 ⎞
4 = ⎜ ⎟
3⎝ 2 ⎠
3 9
x = –2 x=1 =
2 2
1

–2 –1 1
The region is a rectangle of length 5 and
height 1 − (−2) = 3 and so the area is
(5)(3) = 15 square units. The area can also
be viewed as the area under the curve
y = 5 over −2 ≤ x ≤ 1 which can be
computed as
1
Area = ∫ 5 dx = 5 x −2 = 15 .
1
−2
 Chapter 5. Integration 207

22. The average value is 28. The average value is

1 ln 2 2 x 1 2 −2t
V= ∫ (e + e − x ) dx V= ∫ e dt
ln 2 − 0 0 2 − (−1) 1
−
ln 2 2
1 ⎛ 1 2x −x ⎞ e −2t
= ⎜ e −e ⎟ =−
ln 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠0 6
−1
1 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ = 1.2285.
= ⎢ ⎜ 2 − ⎟ − ⎜ − 1⎟ ⎥
ln 2 ⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 8
2
=
ln 2 6
≈ 2.885

24. The average value is 4

1
1 ⌠ x +1
V= ⎮ dx 2
1 − (−1) ⌡−1 x + 2 x + 6
2

Let u = x 2 + 2 x + 6 so du = 2( x + 1) dx .
When x = −1, u = 5 and when x = 1, u = 9 –1 1 2
so
1 30. L( x) = x 2
1 ⌠ 1 2( x + 1)
V= ⎮ dx 1
2 ⌡−1 2 x 2 + 2 x + 6 G = 2 ∫ [ x − L( x) ] dx
0
1 91
= ⌠ ⎮ du
4 ⌡5 u
1
(
= 2 ∫ x − x 2 dx
0 )
1
1
= (ln 9 − ln 5) ⎛ x 2 x3 ⎞
= 2⎜ − ⎟
4 ⎜ 2 3 ⎟⎠
≈ 0.147 ⎝ 0
1
26. The average value is =
3
4
1 4 1 x2
4 − 0 ∫0
V= xdx = =2 32. L( x) = 0.7 x 2+ 0.3 x
4 2
0 1
4 G = 2 ∫ [ x − L( x) ] dx
0

3
1
(
= 2 ∫ 0.7 x − 0.7 x 2 dx
0 )
1
⎛ x 2 x3 ⎞
= 1.4 ⎜ − ⎟
2 ⎜ 2 3 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0
0.7
1 =
3

0 1 2 3 4
208 Chapter 5. Integration

ex −1 (b) The net excess profit generated by the

34. L( x) = second plan over the 12-year period is
e −1
the
1
G = 2 ∫ [ x − L( x) ] dx
NE = ∫ ⎡⎢ P2′ (t ) − P1′ (t ) ⎤⎥ dt
12
0
1 0 ⎣ ⎦
⌠ ⎛ ex − 1 ⎞ 12
= 2⎮ ⎜ x − ⎟ dx = ∫ ⎡ (220 + 2t ) − (100 + t 2 ) ⎤ dt
⎮ ⎜ e − 1 ⎟ 0 ⎣ ⎦
⌡0 ⎝ ⎠ 12
1 ⎛ t3 ⎞
⎡ x2 ⎤ = ⎜ 120t + t 2 − ⎟
= 2⎢ −
⎣⎢ 2 e − 1
1
( )
ex − x ⎥
⎥⎦
⎜
⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
0
0 = $1,008.00.
2 ( e − 2) )
=1− 250
e −1 (c)
≈ 0.164 200

36. The average rate during the first 3 months 150

is 100

Qave =
1 3
3 − 0 ∫0
(
700 − 400e−0.5t dt ) 50

( )
1 3
= 700t + 800e −0.5t 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
3 0
= 492.83 44. (a) P1′ (t ) = 60e0.12t and
≈ 493 letters per hour.
P2′ (t ) = 160e0.08t
38. The average price during the first 3
months is P1′ (t ) = P2′ (t ) when
1 3 60e0.12t = 160e0.08t
Pave =
3−0 ∫0
(0.09t 2 − 0.2t + 4) dt
8
1 3 0.04t = ln or t = 24.52 years.
= (0.03t 3 − 0.1t 2 + 4t ) 3
3 0
= 3.97 or $3.97 per pound (b) The net excess profit is

40. The average temperature between NE = ∫

24.52
0 (160e0.08t − 60e0.12t ) dt
9:00 A.M. and noon is 24.52
⎡ 160 0.08t 60 0.12t ⎤
Tave =
1
12 − 9 ∫9
12
(
−0.3t 2 + 4t + 10 dt ) =⎢
⎣ 0.08
e −
0.12
e ⎥
⎦ 0
= $3, 240.74
( )
1 12
= −0.1t 3 + 2t 2 + 10t
3 9
D (c) 1400
= 18.7 C 1200
1000
42. (a) The rate of profitability of the second
800
investment exceeds that of the first
600
when
400
P2′ (t ) = 220 + 2t ≥ P1 '(t ) = 100 + t 2 200
or
0 5 10 15 20 25
120 + 2t − t 2 = (12 − t )(10 + t ) ≥ 0
which is true for t ≤ 12 .
 Chapter 5. Integration 209

46. (a) The situation is directly analogous to (b) 500 L2 / 3 = 65, 244
that for net excess profit. The amount 65, 244
the first worker will produce over the L2 / 3 =
second worker in the four hours 500
3/ 2
between 8:00 A.M. and noon is ⎛ 65, 244 ⎞
L=⎜ ⎟
4
⎝ 500 ⎠
∫0 [Q1′ (t ) − Q2′ (t )] dt L ≈ 1, 491
4
= ∫ [60 − 2(t − 1)2 − (50 − 5t )] dt A labor level of 1,491 worker-hours
0
4
results in the average production
= ∫ (8 + 9t − 2t 2 ) dt level.
0
4
9 2t 3 52. (a) The average percentage of viewers
= 8t + t 2 − aware of the show during the 5 week
2 3 period is
0
184 1⌠ ⎛
5
= 59t ⎞
3 Pave = ⎮ ⎜ 2
+ 6 ⎟ dt
5 ⌡0 ⎝ 0.7t + 16 ⎠
= 61.3333
5
or about 61 units. 1 ⎛ 59 ⎞
= ⎜ ln(0.7t 2 + 16) + 6t ⎟
5 ⎝ 1.4 ⎠0
(b) The difference in production between
the two workers is equal to the area ≈ 12.228
or roughly 12.2%.
below the graph of Q1′ (t ) and above
(b)
the graph of Q2′ (t ) for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4 .
59t
+ 6 = 12.228
48. The average cost of producing 81 units is 0.7t 2 + 16
1 81 59t
Cave = ∫ (3 x x + 10) dx = 6.228
81 0 0.7t 2 + 16
1 81
= ∫ (3 x3/ 2 + 10) dx 59t = 4.3596t 2 + 99.648
81 0 0 = 4.3596t 2 − 59t + 99.648
81
1 ⎛ 6 5/ 2 ⎞ From the Pythagorean theorem, the
= ⎜ x + 10 x ⎟
81 ⎝ 5 ⎠0 solutions are t ≈ 1.978 and t ≈ 11.555.
Since the domain of P(t) is [0, 5], the
= 884.8
or $88,480. solution t ≈ 11.555 is extraneous.
Approximately two weeks after the
50. (a) Qave beginning of the campaign, the
1 2,000 percentage of viewers is the same as
=
2,000 − 1,000 ∫1,000
500 L2/3dL the average percentage.

1 ⎡
2,000 ⎤
⎢500 ⎛⎜ L5/3 ⎞⎟
3
= ⎥
1,000 ⎢ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣ 1,000
3
= (2,0005/3 − 1,0005/3 )
10
≈ 65, 244
The average production is
65,244 units.
210 Chapter 5. Integration

54. The average aerobic rating between the ages of 15 and 25 is

25
1 ⌠ 25 110(ln x − 2) (ln x − 2) 2
⎮ dx = 11 ≈ 5.414 .
25 − 15 ⌡15 x 2
15
70
(ln x − 2)2
Between the ages of 60 and 70 the average rating is 11 ≈ 3.682 .
2
60

56. The Gini index for lawyers is

1
G1 = 2 ∫ ( x − L1 ( x)) dx
0
1
⌠ ⎡ ⎛4 1 ⎞⎤
= 2⎮ ⎢ x − ⎜ x 2 + x ⎟ ⎥ dx
⌡0 ⎣ ⎝ 5 5 ⎠⎦
1
⌠ ⎡4 4 ⎤
= 2⎮ ⎢ x − x 2 ⎥ dx
⌡0 ⎣ 5 5 ⎦
1
⎛2 4 ⎞
= 2 ⎜ x 2 − x3 ⎟
⎝5 15 ⎠ 0
4
=
15
≈ 0.2667
while that for surgeons is
1
G2 = 2 ∫ ( x − L2 ( x)) dx
0
1
⌠ ⎡ ⎛5 3 ⎞⎤
= 2⎮ ⎢ x − ⎜ x 4 + x ⎟ ⎥ dx
⌡0 ⎣ ⎝ 8 8 ⎠⎦
1
⌠ ⎡5 5 ⎤
= 2⎮ ⎢ x − x 4 ⎥ dx
⌡0 ⎣ 8 8 ⎦
1
⎛ 5 1 ⎞
= 2 ⎜ x 2 − x5 ⎟
⎝ 16 8 ⎠0
3
=
8
= 0.375.
The Gini index for lawyers is slightly smaller than that for surgeons so lawyers demonstrate a more
equitable distribution of income.
58. The net difference in population resulting from two growth rates is given by
10 10
∫0 [ P1′ (t ) − P2′ (t )] dt = ∫ [10e0.02t − (10 + 0.02t + 0.002t 2 )] dt
0
10
⎛ 0.002 3 ⎞
= ⎜ 500e0.02t − 10t − 0.01t 2 − t ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠0
= 9.035.
In other words, if the indicated socio-economic changes are not instituted, the population will grow
by an additional 9,035 people.
 Chapter 5. Integration 211

60. The curve y = 4 − x 2 intersects the x axis when x = −2 and x = 2 . The desired area is then
2
2 ⎛ x3 ⎞ 32
Area = ∫ (4 − x ) dx = ⎜ 4 x − ⎟ =
2
−2 ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ −2 3
or about 10.67 square miles.

62. (a) The aortic pressure P (t ) increases at a constant rate so P′(t ) = k

or some positive constant k. Thus P (t ) = kt + C for some other constant C. We have
P1 − P0 ⎛P −P ⎞
P (0) = C = P0 and P (T ) = kT + C = kT + P0 = P1 so k = and P (t ) = ⎜ 1 0 ⎟ t + P0 .
T ⎝ T ⎠

(b) Using the formula for P(t) from (a) in the expression for V(t), the average value of V(t) for
0 ≤ t ≤ T is
T
1⌠ ⎡ ⎛ ⎛ P1 − P0 ⎞ ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 3t 2 2t 3 ⎞
⎮ ⎢ 1
C + C2 ⎜⎜ ⎟ t + P0 ⎟ ⎥ ⎜⎜ 2 − 3 ⎟⎟ dt
T ⌡0 ⎣ ⎝⎝ T ⎠ ⎠⎦ ⎝ T T ⎠
T T
1 ⌠ ⎛ 3t 2 2t 3 ⎞ C ( P − P ) ⌠ ⎛ 3t 3 2t 4 ⎞
= (C1 + C2 P0 )⎮
⎮ ⎜ 2 − 3 ⎟ dt + 2 1 2 0 ⎮ −
⎮ ⎜⎜ T 2 T 3 ⎟⎟
dt
T ⎜T ⎟
⌡ 0 ⎝ T ⎠ T ⌡ 0 ⎝ ⎠
1 ⎛ T ⎞ C ( P − P ) ⎛ 3T 2
2T 2⎞
= (C1 + C2 P0 ) ⎜ T − ⎟ + 2 1 2 0 ⎜ − ⎟
T ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎜ 4 5 ⎟⎠
T ⎝
1 7
= (C1 + C2 P0 ) + C2 ( P1 − P0 )
2 20
1 3 7
= C1 + C2 P0 + C2 P1
2 20 20
1
64.
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 1 2 3 4 5
Using the features of a graphing calculator
1
y = x 2 e− x intersects y = at (1.8571, 0.5384) and (4.5364, 0.2204).
x
Using the calculator’s numeric integration feature with each curve evaluated one at a time,
4.5364 2 − x
∫1.8571 x e dx = 1.0915
4.5364
⌠ 1
dx = 0.8931
⎮
⌡1.8571 x
so the area between the curves is A = 1.0915 − 0.8931 = 0.1984.
212 Chapter 5. Integration

66. Let F(x) be any antiderivative of f(x). total amount that consumers are
Then by the Fundamental Theorem of willing to spend to get 10 units is the
Calculus definite integral
b 10 10
∫a f ( x) dx = F (b) − F (a) . The average ∫0 D (q) dq = 300 ∫ (4q + 3)−1 dq
0
value of f(x) over a ≤ x ≤ b is then 300
10
1 b F (b) − F (a ) = ln 4q + 3
b−a ∫ a
f ( x) dx =
b−a
. 4
= 199.70
0

The right hand side is precisely the slope

of the line joining the points (a, F ( a)) (b) 100

and (b, F (b)) . 80

60
5.5 Additional Applications to
Business and Economics 40

20
2. (a) If the consumers’ demand function is
300
D(q) = dollars per unit, 0 2 4 6 8 10
(0.1q + 1) 2 The total willingness to spend in part
the total amount that consumers are (a) is the area of the region under the
willing to spend to get 5 units is the demand curve from q = 0 to q = 10.
definite integral
5 6. (a) If the consumers’ demand function is
∫0 D(q)dq D (q ) = 50e−0.04 q dollars per unit, the
5
= 300 ∫ (0.1q + 1) −2 dq total amount that consumers are
0
5 willing to spend to get 15 units is the
= −3,000(0.1q + 1) −1 definite integral
0 15 15
⎛ 1 ⎞ ∫0 D(q ) dq = 50 ∫ e−0.04q dq
= −3,000 ⎜ − 1⎟ 0
⎝ 1.5 ⎠ 50 −0.04q
15
= $1,000. =− e
0.04 0
(b) 300 = 1, 250(1 − 0.5488)
250 = $563.99
200 50
(b)
150
40
100
30
50
20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
The total willingness to spend in part 10
(a) is the area of the region under the
demand curve from q = 0 to q = 5. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
The total willingness to spend in part
4. (a) If the consumers’ demand function is (a) is the area of the region under the
300 demand curve from q = 0 to q = 15.
D(q) = dollars per unit, the
4q + 3
 Chapter 5. Integration 213

8. The consumers’ demand function is 12. The producer’s supply function is

D (q ) = 150 − 2q − 3q 2 dollars per unit.
For the given demand of q0 = 6 units,
p0 = 150 − 12 − 108 = 30
Thus the consumer’s surplus is
S (q ) = 0.5q + 15 dollars per unit.
p0 = S (5) = 2.5 + 15 = 17.5
The producer’s surplus for q0 = 5 is
5
PS = (5)(17.5) − ∫ (0.5q + 15)dq = $6.25

0( )
6 0
S (q ) = ∫ 150 − 2q − 3q 2 dq − (30)(6)
20
= 150(6) − 62 − 63 − 180 = $468.
160 18
140
120 16
100
80 14

60
40 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
20
14. The producer’s supply function is
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
S (q ) = 17 + 11e0.01q dollars per unit.
The consumer’s surplus is the area of the
region under the demand curve from q = 0 p0 = S (7) = 17 + 11e0.07 = 28.80
to q = 6, from which the actual spending The producer’s surplus for q0 = 7 is
is subtracted.

10. The consumers’ demand function is

7
(
PS = (7)(28.80) − ∫ 17 + 11e0.01q dq
0 )
= $2.84
D (q ) = 75e−0.04 q dollars per unit. The 30
market price for a demand of q0 = 3 units
is p0 = D(3) = 75e−0.12 = $66.52 29
Thus the consumer’s surplus is
3
S (q ) = 75∫ e −0.04q dq − 3(66.52) 28
0
3
75 −0.04 q 27
=− e − 199.56
0.04 0
= $12.46.
80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

75 16. (a) The equilibrium price corresponds to

the point where supply equals
70 demand. Solving
D(q) = S (q)
65
1
65 − q 2 = q 2 + 2q + 5
60 3
4
0 = q 2 + 2q − 60
0 1 2 3 4 3
The consumer’s surplus is the area of the 1
0 = (2q + 15)(2q − 12)
region under the demand curve from q = 0 3
to q = 3.
214 Chapter 5. Integration

yields qe = 6 units. So qe
PS = pe qe − ∫ S (q ) dq
0
pe = D (qe ) = 65 − 62 = 29 . 10
= (15)(10) − ∫
0
( 5 + q ) dq
q
(b) CS = ∫ e D(q ) dq − pe qe ⎛ 1 ⎞
10
0 = 150 − ⎜ 5q + q 2 ⎟
6
= ∫ (65 − q 2 ) dq − (29)(6) ⎝ 2 ⎠0
0 = 150 − 100 = 50 or $50,000
6
⎛ q3 ⎞
= ⎜ 65q − ⎟ − 174 20. (a) The useful life of the machine is the
⎜ 3 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0 period during which the rate of
= 318 − 174 = 144 or $144,000 revenue generation is greater than the
qe rate at which costs accumulate. The
PS = pe qe − ∫ S (q ) dq useful life is found by solving
0
6 R′(t ) = C ′(t ),
⌠ ⎛1 ⎞
= (29)(6) − ⎮ ⎜ q 2 + 2q + 5 ⎟ dq 6,025 − 8t 2 = 4,681 + 13t 2
⌡0 ⎝ 3 ⎠
6 21t 2 = 1,344
⎛1 ⎞
= 174 − ⎜ q3 + q 2 + 5q ⎟ t 2 = 64
⎝ 9 ⎠0
t = 8 years.
= 174 − 90 = 84 or $84,000
(b) The difference R′(t ) − C ′(t )
18. (a) The equilibrium price corresponds to
the point where supply equals represents the rate of change of the
demand. Solving net earnings generated by the
D(q) = S (q) machine. Hence, the net earnings over
the next 8 years is the definite integral
245 − 2q = 5 + q 8
245 − 2q = q 2 + 10q + 25 ∫0 [ R′(t ) − C ′(t )] dt
= ∫ ⎡⎢( 6,025 − 8t 2 ) − ( 4,681 + 13t 2 ) ⎤⎥ dt
8
0 = q 2 + 12q − 220
0⎣ ⎦
0 = (q − 10)(q + 22)
yields qe = 10 units. So
8
(
= ∫ 1,344 − 21t 2 dt
0 )
pe = S (qe ) = 5 + 10 = 15. ⎛
8
21t 3 ⎞
= ⎜ 1,344t − ⎟
⎜ 3 ⎟
q
(b) CS = ∫ e D(q ) dq − pe qe ⎝ ⎠ 0
0 = $7,168
10
=∫ 245 − 2q dq − (15)(10)
0 (c) In geometric terms, the net earnings in
10
1 part (b) is the area of the region
= − (245 − 2q)3/2 − 150 between the curves
3 0
y = R′(t ) and y = C ′(t ) from
1715 5
= − 1275 t = 0 to t = 8.
3
= 3.29 or $3,290
 Chapter 5. Integration 215

7000 24. The future value of the income stream is

6000 T
5000
erT ∫ f (t )e− rt dt
0
5
4000
= e0.06(5) 2, 400e −0.06t dt
∫
3000 0
0.3 5 −0.06t
2000 = 2, 400e
0 ∫
e dt
1000
2,400 0.3 −0.06t 5
= e e ≈ $13,994.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 −0.06 0
22. (a) The campaign generates revenue at
the rate of 26. Under the first plan the future value of the
resulting income stream is
R '(t ) = 5,000e −0.2t dollars per week T
and accumulates expenses at the rate erT ∫ f (t )e− rt dt
0
of $676 per week. The campaign will 0.05(3) 3
be profitable as long as R (t ) is =e ∫10,000e−0.05t dt
0
3
greater than 676, that is, until = 10,000e0.15 e −0.05t dt
∫
5,000e−0.2t = 676
0
10,000 0.15 −0.05t 3
ln ( 676 5,000 ) = e e
t=− −0.05 0
0.2 = $32,366.85.
≈ 10 weeks
However, the cost of the first plan is
(b) For 0 ≤ t ≤ 10, the difference $40,000 so the net earnings are
R '(t ) − 676 is the rate of change with $32,366.85 − $40,000 = −$7,633.15 ,
respect to time of the net earnings a loss of almost $7,700.
generated by the campaign. Hence, Under the second plan, the future value is
the net earnings during the 10 week T
erT ∫ f (t )e − rt dt
period is the definite integral 0
0.05(3) 3
∫8,000e−0.05t dt
10
∫0 [ R '(t ) − 676] dt =e
0
3
= 8,000e0.15 e−0.05t dt
∫
10
= ∫ ⎡5,000e−0.2t − 676 ⎤ dt
0 ⎣ ⎦ 0
8,000 0.15 −0.05t 3
= (−25,000e −0.2t − 676t ) 0
10
= e e
−0.05 0
= $14,857 = $25,893.48.
(c) In geometric terms, the net earnings in Accounting for the $25,000 investment,
part (b) is the area of the region the net earnings from the second plan are
between the curves y = R '(t ) and the $25,893.48 − $25,000 = $893.48 ,
horizontal line y = 676 from a profit, indicating Magda should go with
t = 0 to t = 10. the second plan if the earnings over the
5000 3 year period is the deciding factor.
4000

3000

2000

1000

0 2 4 6 8 10
216 Chapter 5. Integration

28. The future value of Sue’s investment, for the 25 year period until he retires, is
T 25
erT ∫ f (t )e − rt dt = e0.08(25) ∫
2,000e −0.08t dt
0 0
25 −0.08t
= 2,000e 2
0∫e dt
2,000 2 −0.08t 25
= e e
−0.08 0
= $159,726.40.

30. The present value of the franchise’s income stream is given by

T 10
∫0 f (t )e− rt dt = ∫ 10,000e−0.04t dt
0
10
= 10,000 ∫ e−0.04t dt
0
10,000 −0.04t 10
= e
−0.04 0
= $82, 419.99.

32. The value of Kevin’s investment after the 4 year period is

T 4
erT ∫ f (t )e − rt dt = e0.05(4) ∫ 3,000e −0.05t dt
0 0
0.2 4 −0.05t
= 3,000e
0
e ∫ dt
3,000 0.2 −0.05t 4
= e e
−0.05 0
= $13,284.17.
Kevin’s net earnings are then
$13, 284.17 − $4,000 = $9, 284.17 .

In Molly’s case the value after 4 years is

T 4
erT ∫ f (t )e− rt dt = e0.05(4) ∫ 2,000e0.04t e −0.05t dt
0 0
0.2 4 −0.01t
= 2,000e
0
e ∫ dt
2,000 0.2 −0.01t 4
= e e
−0.01 0
= $9,578.38.
If I represents Molly’s initial investment then her net earnings are $9,578.38 − I which must equal
Kevin’s net earnings of $9,284.17. Solving $9,578.38 − I = $9,284.17 for I tells us Molly invested
only $294.21.

34. (a) The dollar price per unit is p = 124 − 2q so the revenue, R(q) is
R (q ) = pq = (124 − 2q )q = 124q − 2q 2
and the cost function is
C (q ) = 2q3 − 59q 2 + 4q + 7,600.
 Chapter 5. Integration 217

The profit function is

P (q ) = R (q) − C (q )
(
= (124q − 2q 2 ) − 2q3 − 59q 2 + 4q + 7,600 )
3 2
= −2q + 57 q + 120q − 7,600

(b) Profit is maximized when

(
P′(q) = − 6q 2 − 114q − 120 = 0 )
= −6(q − 20)(q + 1) = 0
or q = 20 (since q > 0 ).

(c) The corresponding consumer’s surplus is

20
CS = ∫ (124 − 2q)dq − 20[124 − 2(20)]
0

( )0
20
= 124q − q 2 − 20(84)
= $400.

1.5 0.03t
36. (a) An antiderivative of P '(t ) = 1.5e0.03t is e = 50e0.03t and so
0.03
P (t ) = 50e0.03t + C .
Using the fact that no oil has been pumped at time t = 0 , C = −50 and
P (t ) = 50e0.03t − 50 billion barrels.
P (3) = 50e0.03(3) − 50 ≈ 4.709
P (6) = 50e0.03(6) − 50 ≈ 9.861
P(6) − P(3) = 5.152
About 4.71 billion barrels is pumped from the field in the first 3 years, and 5.15 billion barrels
are pumped during the next three.

(b) The field will run dry when the reserve of 16 billion barrels is exhausted. Therefore the time T
until the field runs dry satisfies
ln1.32
50e0.03T − 50 = 16 and so T = = 9.254 years.
0.03

(c) The present value of the continuous income stream V (t ) = 112 P′(t ) is
T −0.05t 9.254
∫0 V (t )e dt = ∫ 112(1.5e0.03t )e −0.05t dt
0
9.254
=∫ 168e−0.02t dt
0
9.254
= −8400e −0.02t
0
≈ 1, 419.3
The present value is about $1,419 billion.

(d) Writing exercise. Answers will vary.

218 Chapter 5. Integration

38. The present value of the income flow is

T 10
∫0 f (t )e−rt dt = ∫ 200, 000e−0.05t dt
0
10
= 200, 000 ∫ e−0.05t dt
0
10
200, 000 −0.05t
= e
−0.05 0
= 1, 573, 877.36
The total present value is $250,000 + $1,573,877.36 = $1,823,877.36 so this is not a good deal for
the winner.

40. Under the first plan, the player’s salary, S, has an initial value 8 million dollars and is changing at
dS
the rate = 0.03S million dollars per year.
dt
Solving this initial value problem gives an income stream of S (t ) = 8e0.03t million dollars for the
5 year period. The future value of this stream is
T 5
erT ∫ S (t )e− rt dt = e0.04(5) ∫ 8e0.03t e−0.04t dt
0 0
0.2 5 −0.01t
= 8e ∫0
e dt
8 5
= e0.2 e −0.01t
−0.01 0
= 47.65 million dollars.
Adding in the 3 million dollar signing bonus, the value of the first contract is 50.65 million dollars.
The second contract has no signing bonus and no guaranteed raises, so S (t ) = 9 and the future
value is
T 5
erT ∫ S (t )e− rt dt = e0.04(5) ∫ 9e−0.04t dt
0 0
0.2 5 −0.04t
= 9e ∫0
e dt
9 5
= e0.2 e−0.04t
−0.04 0
= 49.82 million dollars.
The first contract is more valuable by about $800,000.

42. (a) Since t ≥ 0 , the sign of P′(t ) is determined by the sign of 1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1) which will be
e1.4 − 1
positive when 1.4 > ln(0.5t + 1) or t < = 6.11 and so P′(t ) is negative when t > 6.11 .
0.5
100[5ln(0.5t + 1) − 12]
The second derivative is found to be P′′(t ) = and is positive when
(t + 2) 2
5ln(0.5t + 1) − 12 > 0 or t > 2(e 2.4 − 1) = 20.046 .
Thus the rate of profitability is increasing for t > 20.046 and decreasing for t < 20.046 .
 Chapter 5. Integration 219

(b) In part (a) it was found that P(t) is increasing for t < 6.11 and decreasing for t > 6.11 . Thus
tm = 6.11 is when monthly profit is maximized. The net change in profit over the period from
0 to tm is
6.11
⌠ 500[1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1)]
⎮ dt
⌡0 t+2
(using u = 1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1))
6.11
= −250[1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1)]2
0
≈ 490

(c) From the integration performed in part (b) , P (t ) = −250[1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1)]2 + C . Thus
P (0) = −250(1.42 ) + C = −100
and C = 390 giving P (t ) = 390 − 250[1.4 − ln(0.5t + 1)]2
400
(d)
300

200

100

1 2 3
–100
The air purifier does exhibit some fad-like qualities, namely the rapid rise to maximum profits
after roughly 6 months. Unlike a true fad though, the subsequent decrease in profits is much
less rapid, taking another 19 months for profits to reach 0. This may indicate the appearance of
a viable competitor on the market rather than a fad.

44. Let Q(t ) denote the number of units in storage after t months.
N units are received when t = 0 and exhausted one year later, when t = 1. Thus
Q(t ) = − Nt + N = (1 − t ) N units. Now divide the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 into n equal subintervals of
length ∆t years and let t j denote the beginning of the j th subinterval. During the j th subinterval,
the cost will be pQ (t j )∆t = (1 − t j ) Np∆t .
Hence the total cost is
n
∑ (1 − t j )Np∆t = Np ∫0 (1 − t )dt
1
C = lim
n →∞ j =1
1
(1 − t )2
= (−1) Np
2
0
Np
=− (0 − 1)
2
Np
=
2
220 Chapter 5. Integration

46. The present value of the continuous income stream of M dollars per year for T years is
T
T − rt M
∫0 Me dt = − e − rt
r 0
M − rT
= − (e − 1)
r
M
= (1 − e− rT )
r

5.6 Additional Applications to the Life and Social Sciences

2. The population at time T is given by
T 10
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt = 100,000e−0.02(10) + ∫ 300e−0.02(10−t ) dt
0 0
10
= 100,000e−0.2 + 300e−0.2 e0.02t dt ∫
0
300 −0.2 0.02t 10
= 100,000e−0.2 + e e
0.02 0
= 84,592.114
or 84,592 individuals.

4. The population at time T is given by

T 5
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt = 800,000e−0.005(5) + ∫ 500e−0.005(5−t ) dt
0 0
−0.025 5
= 800,000e + 500e −0.025 ∫ e0.005t dt
0
−0.025 500 −0.025 0.005t 5
= 800,000e + e e
0.005 0
= 782,716.938
or 782,717 individuals.
T
6. The population at time T is given by P (T ) = P0 S (T ) + ∫ R (t ) S (T − t )dt
0
20
P (20) = 300,000e −0.02(20) + ∫ 150e0.012t e−0.02(20−t ) dt
0
20 0.032t
= 300,000e −0.4 + 150e−0.4 e ∫
dt
0
20
−0.4 150 −0.4 0.032t
= 300,000e + e e
0.032 0
≈ 203,913
The population is 203,913 individuals.
 Chapter 5. Integration 221

( x) 16. Let P ( x) denote the population x months

4 2
8. V = π∫ dx
1 from now. Then P '( x) = 10 + 2 x ,
4
= π∫ x dx and the amount by which the population
1
4 will increase during the next 9 months
πx 2 9 9
=
2 ∫0 P′( x) dx = ∫0 (10 + 2 x ) dx
1 9
16π π ⎛ 4 x3 2 ⎞
= − = ⎜ 10 x + ⎟
2 2 ⎜ 3 ⎟⎠
⎝
15π 0
= cubic units = 126 − 0
2
= 126 people.
2
10. V = π∫ (4 − x 2 )2 dx 18. This is a survival and renewal problem
−2
−2 with P0 = 25,000, R = 100, T = 20 and
= π∫ (16 − 8 x 2 + x 4 )dx
−2
2
S (t ) = f (t ) = e−0.03t .
⎛ 8 1 ⎞
= π ⎜ 16 x − x3 + x5 ⎟ T
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt
⎝ 3 5 ⎠ −2 0
−0.03(20) 20
⎡
= π ⎢32 −
64 32 ⎛
+ − ⎜ −32 +
64 32 ⎞ ⎤
− ⎟⎥ = 25,000e + ∫ 100e −0.03(20−t ) dt
0
⎣ 3 5 ⎝ 3 5 ⎠⎦ −0.6 −0.6 20 0.03t
=
512π
cubic units
= 25,000e + 100e
0
e ∫
dt
100 −0.6 0.03t 20
15 = 25,000e−0.6 + e e
0.03 0
10 ⎛ 1 ⎞
2 = 15, 224.252
12. V = π∫ ⎜ ⎟ dx
1 ⎝ x⎠ Sarah may expect roughly 15,224 votes
10 after 20 weeks.
= π∫ x −2 dx
1
10 20. Radioactive material decays exponentially
= π (− x −1 ) so that if Q(t ) denotes the amount of
1
radioactive material present after t years,
⎡ 1 ⎤
= π ⎢ − − (−1) ⎥ Q(t ) = Q0 e− kt , where Q0 is the amount
⎣ 10 ⎦
9 present initially and k is a positive
= π cubic units constant.
10
Since the half-life is 28 years,
Q0
10
14. V = π∫ (e−0.1x ) 2 dx = Q0 e−28k
0 2
10 1 ln 2
= π e −0.2 x dx
∫ −28k = ln = − ln 2 or k =
0 2 28
10
π −0.2 x The factor e− kt represents the fraction of
= e
−0.2 0 the radioactive material that survives
π −2 −
ln 2
=− (e − 1 t
0.2 until time t so S (t ) = e 28
in the
= 5π(1 − e−2 ) survival/renewal model. The renewal
≈ 13.582 cubic units function is given by R (t ) = 500 pounds
per year.
222 Chapter 5. Integration

The period of time is T = 140 years and we may take P0 = 0 the amount of waste when the plant
first becomes operational. The survival/renewal model then gives the amount of radioactive waste
present after 140 years as
⎛ − ln 2 (500) ⎞ 140 −
ln 2
(140−t )
T
⎜
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt = 0 e 28 ⎟ ⌠
+ ⎮ 500e 28 dt
0 ⎜ ⎟ ⌡0
⎝ ⎠
ln 2 ln 2
− (140) 140
= 500e ⌠ e 28 t
28 ⎮ dt
⌡0
ln 2 ln 2 140
⎛ 28 ⎞ − (140) t
=⎜ ⎟ 500e
28 e 28
⎝ ln 2 ⎠
0
= 19,566.55 pounds.

22. This is a survival and renewal problem with P0 = 20,000, R = 500, T = 10 and S (t ) = f (t ) = e −0.04t .
T 10
P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt = 20,000e −0.04(10) + ∫ 500e−0.04(10−t ) dt
0 0
−0.4 −0.4 10 0.04t
= 20,000e + 500e
0
e ∫ dt
500 −0.4 0.04t 10
= 20,000e −0.4 + e e
0.04 0
= 17,527.4
The population will be approximately 17,527 in 10 years.

24. Following the example in the text, the rate of flow is given by
R
∫0 2πrS (r ) dr
where R is the radius of the artery and S(r) gives the speed of the flow at a distance r from the
central axis. Here S (r ) = 8 − 800r 2 and so

Rate of flow = ∫
0
0.1
( )
2 πr 8 − 800r 2 dr

= 16 π ∫ ( r − 100r 3 ) dr
0.1
0
0.1
⎛ r 2 100r 4 ⎞
= 16 π ⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 2 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠0
= 0.04 π
= 0.126 cubic cm per sec.
 Chapter 5. Integration 223

⎧⎪ 0 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
26. (a) C (t ) = ⎨ 2
⎪⎩ −0.034(t − 26t + 48) for 2 ≤ t ≤ 24
Integrating C(t) over the interval 0 ≤ t ≤ 24 gives
24 24
∫0 C (t ) dt = − ∫
2
0.034(t 2 − 26t + 48) dt
24
⎛ t3 ⎞
= −0.034 ⎜ − 13t 2 + 48t ⎟
⎜3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠2
⎛ 140 ⎞
= −0.034 ⎜ −1728 − ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
= 60.33867 mg-sec/L.
The dosage D = 5 mg so the cardiac output is
D 5
24
= = 0.0829 L/sec.
∫0 C (t ) dt 60.33867

(b) 5
4
3
2
1

5 10 15 20 25
–1
–2
The graph of C(t) shows the same typical increase/decrease behavior as Figure 5.35 of the text
however the shape of the curve is different, showing no intervals of positive concavity. Further
the graph of C(t) is flat for the first 2 seconds, instead of showing a gradual increase.
R
28. (a) P ( R) = ∫ 2πrD(r ) dr
0
5
P (5) = ∫ 2πr[5,000(1 + 0.5r 2 ) −1 ]dr
0
5
= 10,000π∫ r (1 + 0.5r 2 ) −1 dr
0
5
= 10,000π[ln(1 + 0.5r 2 )]
0
= 10,000π(ln13.5 − ln1)
= 10,000π ln13.5
≈ 81,766
224 Chapter 5. Integration

(b) Find r where D(r) = 1,000.

1,000 = 5,000(1 + 0.5r 2 )−1
1 1
=
5 1 + 0.5r 2
1 + 0.5r 2 = 5
0.5r 2 = 4
r2 = 8
r ≈ 2.83 miles
2.83
P (2.83) = ∫ 2πr[5,000(1 + 0.5r 2 )−1 ]dr
0
2.83
= 10,000π∫ r (1 + 0.5r 2 ) −1 dr
0
2.83
= 10,000π[ln(1 + 0.5r 2 )]
0
= 10,000π(ln 5.00445 − ln1)
= 10,000π ln 5.00445
≈ 50,590
The total population within the city limits of 2.83 miles is 50,590.

30. As computed in the example in the text, the total quantity of blood flowing through the artery per
second is
R πkR 4
∫0
2 2
2 πkr ( R − r ) dr =
2
The area of the artery is πR 2 and the average velocity of the blood through the artery is
πkR 4 2 kR 2
Vave = =
πR 2 2
The maximum speed for the blood occurs at r = 0, so S (0) = kR 2 . Thus the average velocity is
one-half the maximum speed.

32. (a) The man’s initial cholesterol level is L(0) = 190 + 65 = 255 mg/dL.

(b) We solve the equation

190 + 65e−0.003t = 220
65e−0.003t = 30
6
e−0.003t =
13
1 6
t= ln
−0.003 13
t = 257.73
to find the man must stay on the regimen N = 258 days to reach the desired goal.
 Chapter 5. Integration 225

(c) Average cholesterol level over 30 days:

1 30 1 ⎛ 65 30 ⎞
∫ (190 + 65e −0.003t ) dt = ⎜ 190t + e−0.003t ⎟
30 0 30 ⎝ −0.003 0 ⎠
= 252.16 mg/dL
Average cholesterol level over N = 258 days:
1 258 1 ⎛ 65 258 ⎞
∫ (190 + 65e −0.003t ) dt = ⎜ 190t + e−0.003t ⎟
258 0 258 ⎝ −0.003 0 ⎠
= 235.25 mg/dL

T
34. P (t ) = P0 S (T ) + ∫ R (t ) S (T − t )dt
0
5
P (5) = 10,000e −0.03(5) + ∫ 10e0.017t e−0.03(5−t ) dt
0
−0.15 5
= 10,000e + 10e −0.15 e0.047t dt
∫
0
−0.15 5
−0.15 10e 0.047t
= 10,000e + e
0.047
0
−0.15
10e
= 10,000e −0.15 + (e0.235 − 1)
0.047
≈ 8,656
After 5 years, the group has 8,656 members.

36. Using the formula derived in Problem 24, the population of the town will be
N 10
P0 S ( N ) + ∫ R (t ) S ( N − t ) dt = 85,000e−0.02(10) + ∫ 1, 200e0.01t e−0.02(10−t ) dt
0 0
10
= 85,000e−0.2 + 1,200e−0.2 ∫ e0.03t dt
0
10
⎛ 1, 200 −0.2 0.03t ⎞
= ⎜ 85,000e−0.2 + e e ⎟
⎝ 0.03 ⎠0
= 81,049.72
or approximately 81,050 people.

38. After 1 year ( t = 12 ) the number of people infected after administration of the drug is
12 12
∫0 (0.2 − 0.04t1/ 4 ) dt = (0.2t − 0.032t 5 / 4 )
0
= 1.685 hundreds of people
or 169 people. Had the drug not been administered, the number infected would have been
12 12
⌠ 0.8e0.13t 0.8 1
⎮ dt = − = 2.008
0.13t 2 0.13 1 + e0.13t 0
⌡0 (1 + e )
or 201 people. The drug protected 201 − 169 = 32 people or 32 / 201 ≈ 16% of the people who
would have been infected if the drug were not used.
226 Chapter 5. Integration

40. (a) At birth L(0) = 41.6 years while at ⌠ 0.31v 2 − 471.75

age 50, (b) E (v) = ⎮ dv
⌡ v2
L(50) = 41.6[1 + 1.07(50)]0.13 = 69.96 ⌠⎛ 471.75 ⎞
or about 70 years. = ⎮ ⎜ 0.31 − ⎟ dv
⌡⎝ v2 ⎠
(b) The average life expectancy between 471.75
= 0.31v + +C
10 and 70 years is v
1 70 Since Emin = E (vmin ) ,
∫
70 − 10 10
41.6(1 + 1.07t )0.13 dt
Emin = E (vmin )
1 ⎛ 41.6 ⎞ 1 70 = E (39.01)
= ⎜ ⎟ (1 + 1.07t )1.13
60 ⎝ 1.07 ⎠ 1.13 10 = 24.186 + C
= 67.17 So C = Emin − 24.186 and
or about 67 years. E (v )
471.75
(c) The age T satisfies = 0.31v + + Emin − 24.186.
v
41.6[1 + 1.07T ]0.13 = T
an equation that cannot be solved 44. (a) The inspiration phase lasts until
using standard algebraic methods. A R (t ) = −1.2t 3 + 5.72t
graphing calculator shows the age T to
be approximately 73.5 years. A = −t (1.2t 2 − 5.72)
person older than T years has = 0.
surpassed his/her life expectancy. The only feasible solution is
5.72
(d) Writing exercise. Answers will vary. t= = 2.1833 seconds
1.2
The average life expectancy over the
the duration of the inspiration phase.
interval 0 ≤ t ≤ T is
1 73.5
∫ 41.6(1 + 1.07t )0.13 dt (b) The total volume of air during the
73.5 − 0 0 inspiration phase is
1 ⎛ 41.6 ⎞ 1 1.13 73.5 2.1833
= ⎜ ⎟
73.5 ⎝ 1.07 ⎠ 1.13
(1 + 1.07 t )
0
∫0 (−1.2t 3 + 5.72t ) dt
2.1833
= 65.4 years. = (−0.3t 4 + 2.86t 2 )
0
2 = 6.8163 liters.
dE 0.31v − 471.75
42. (a) The derivative =
dv v2 (c) The average flow rate into the lungs
2
is 0 when 0.31v − 471.75 = 0 or during the inspiration phase is
6.8163 liters
471.75 dE = 3.122 liters/sec.
v= = 39.01 . Since <0 2.1833 sec
0.31 dv
dE 2
to the left of this value and > 0 to 46. (a)
dv
the left, this gives a minimum of E so
vmin = 39.01 .
1

0 2 4 6 8
 Chapter 5. Integration 227

2 b
(b) T= 48. V = π∫ [ f ( x)]2 dx
1+ r2 a

1+ r2 =
2 Here f ( x) = r 2 − x 2 , a = −r, and b = r.
T 2
V = π∫ ⎛⎜ r 2 − x 2 ⎞⎟ dx
r
2 2
r = −1 −r ⎝ ⎠
T r
2 = π∫ (r 2 − x 2 )dx
r= −1 −r
T r
⎛ 1 ⎞
2 = π ⎜ r 2 x − x3 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ −r
⎡ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
= π ⎢ r 3 − r 3 − ⎜ −r 3 + r 3 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎦
1 ⎡ 2 ⎤
= π ⎢ 2r 3 − r 3 ⎥
⎣ 3 ⎦
⎛4 ⎞
= π ⎜ r3 ⎟
⎝3 ⎠
4 3
0 2 4 6 8 = πr
3
2 1
(c) When r = 9, T = = , and when Review Exercises
82 41
r = 0, T = 2.
⌠⎛ 1 ⎞
2 2. ⎮ ⎜ x 2 / 3 − + 5 + x ⎟ dx
V = π∫ 2
[ r (T )] dT ⌡⎝ x ⎠
1/ 41
⎛ 1 ⎞
= ∫ ⎜ x 2 / 3 − + 5 + x1/ 2 ⎟ dx
2
2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
= π∫ ⎜⎜ − 1 ⎟⎟ dT ⎝ x ⎠
1/ 41
⎝ T ⎠ 3 5/ 3 2 3/ 2
2 ⎛2
= x − ln x + 5 x + x +C
⎞
= π∫ ⎜ − 1⎟ dT 5 3
1/ 41 ⎝ T ⎠
2 ⌠⎛ 5⎞ ⌠⎛ 5⎞
⎛ 2 ⎞ 4. ⎮ ⎜ 2 3 s + ⎟ ds = ⎮ ⎜ 2 s1/ 3 + ⎟ d
= π ⎜ ln − T ⎟ ⌡⎝ s⎠ ⌡⎝ s⎠
⎝ T ⎠ 1/ 41 4/3
s
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤ =2 + 5ln s + C
= π ⎢ (0 − 2) − ⎜ ln 82 − ⎟ ⎥ 4/3
⎣ ⎝ 41 ⎠ ⎦ 3
≈ 21.48 = s 4 / 3 + 5ln s + C
2
Approximately 21.48 cubic feet of oil
were spilled.
⌠ ⎛ 3e− x + 2e3 x ⎞ ⌠ ⎛ 3e− x 2e3 x ⎞
6. ⎮ ⎜
⎮⎜ ⎟ dx = ⎮
⎮ ⎜⎜ e 2 x
+ ⎟ dx
e2 x ⎟ 2x ⎟
⌡⎝ ⎠ ⌡⎝ e ⎠
= ∫ 3e(−3 x x
+ 2e dx)
= −e −3 x + 2e x + C
228 Chapter 5. Integration

∫ ( x + 1)(2 x + x ) dx
2 1
8. 16. Let u = ln 3 x . Then du = dx . Hence
x
= ∫ (2 x3 + 2 x 2 + x3/ 2 + x1/ 2 ) dx
I =⌠
ln 3 x
1 4 2 3 2 5 / 2 3 3/ 2 ⎮ dx
= x + x + x + x +C ⌡ x
2 3 5 2 = ∫ u du

10. Let u = 3 x 2 + 2 x + 5. Then (ln 3x) 2

= +C
1 2
du = (6 x + 2)dx or (3 x + 1)dx = du .
2 18. Let u = x − 4 . Then x = u + 4 and
Hence du = dx .
I = ∫ (3 x + 1) 3x 2 + 2 x + 5 dx ⌠⎛ x ⎞ ⌠⎛u + 4⎞
⎮⎜ ⎟ dx = ⎮ ⎜ ⎟ du
1 12 ⌡⎝ x −4⎠ ⌡⎝ u ⎠
2∫
= u du
⌠⎛ 4⎞
= ⎮ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ du
1 2u 3 2 ⌡⎝ u ⎠
= +C
2 3 = u + 4ln u + C
(3x 2 + 2 x + 5)3 2 = x − 4 + 4ln x − 4 + C
= +C
3 = x + 4ln x − 4 + C1
where C1 = C − 4 is a constant.
12. Let u = x 2 + 4 x + 2. Then
1 20. Let u = 5 x − 2. Then du = 5 dx or
du = (2 x + 4)dx or ( x + 2)dx = du .
2 1
Hence dx = du . When x = −1, u = −7, and
5
⌠ x+2 when x = 2, u = 8. Hence
I =⎮ 2 dx
⌡ x + 4x + 2 3 8
∫−130(5 x − 2) dx = 6 ∫ u 2 du
2
= ⌠
1 1 −7
⎮ du
2⌡ u 38
= 2u
1 −7
= ln u + C
2 = 1,710
1
= ln x 2 + 4 x + 2 + C 4
2 ⎛ 2t 3 2 ⎞
∫1 ( )
4 −3 2
22. t +t dt = ⎜ − 2t −1/ 2 ⎟
14. Let u = x − 5. Then du = dx . Hence ⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠1
I = ∫ ( x − 5)12 dx =
17
3
= ∫ u12 du
( x − 5)13
= +C
13
 Chapter 5. Integration 229

9
2 Hence
⌠ x + x −5
24. ⎮ dx e2 2
⌡1 x ⌠ 1 2 −2 1 1
9 ⎮
⌡e x(ln x) 2
dx = ∫1
u du = −
u
=
2
⌠ ⎛ 5⎞ 1
= ⎮ ⎜ x + x −1/ 2 − ⎟ dx
⌡1 ⎝ x⎠ 8
9
32.
⎛ x2 ⎞
=⎜ + 2 x1/ 2 − 5ln x ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟ 6
⎝ ⎠1
⎛ 81 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 4
= ⎜ + 6 − 5ln 9 ⎟ − ⎜ + 2 − 0 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
= 44 − 5ln 9 2

26. Let u = x 2 + 4 x + 5. Then du = (2 x + 4)dx

–2 –1 1 2
3
or (3 x + 6)dx = du . When x = −1, u = 2, 1
Area = ∫ (e x + e− x ) dx
2 −1
and when x = 1, u = 10. Hence 1
= (e x − e − x )
1 −1
⌠ 3x + 6 3 10
⎮ 2 2
dx = ∫ u −2 du = (e − e −1 ) − (e −1 − e)
⌡−1 ( x + 4 x + 5) 2 2
10 = 2(e − e−1 )
3
=−
2u 2 34. 4
3
= 3
5

28. Let u = e − x + 1 . Then du = −e− x dx . When

2

x = 0 , u = 2 and when x = 1 , u = e −1 + 1 . 1
Thus
1 −x −x
∫0 e (e + 1) dx
1/ 2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
1 1
= − ∫ (e − x + 1)1/ 2 (−e − x ) dx Area = ∫ 9 − 5 x 2 dx = 2.6926
0 0
e −1 +1 1/ 2 where a graphing calculator is used to
= −∫ u du evaluate the integral.
2
2
=∫ u1/ 2 du 8
e−1 +1 36.
2
2 3/ 2
= u 6
3 −1
e +1
25 / 2 2 −1 4
= − (e + 1)3/ 2
3 3
2
1
30. Let u = ln x . Then du = dx . When
x 0 2 4 6 8
x = e , u = 1, and when x = e 2 , u = 2. From the graph the curves intersect when
230 Chapter 5. Integration

x = 4 . The desired area is then 3

40. f (t ) = t 8 − 7t 2
8
⌠ ⎛ 8⎞ 1
Area = ⎮ ⎜ x − ⎟ dx f ave = ∫ t (8 − 7t 2 )1 3 dt
⌡4 ⎝ x⎠ 0
1 1
14 ∫0
⎛2 ⎞
8 =− (8 − 7t 2 )1 3 (−14t )dt
= ⎜ x3/ 2 − 8ln x ⎟
⎝3 ⎠4 1 ⎛3⎞ 1
= − ⎜ ⎟ (8 − 7t 2 )4 3
⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ 14 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 0
= ⎜ 83/ 2 − 8ln 8 ⎟ − ⎜ 43/ 2 − 8ln 4 ⎟
⎝3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ =
45
32 2 16 56
= − − 8ln 2 = 0.8036
3 3
7 ex
38. 42. h( x) =
6
1 + 2e x
5 1
⌠ ex
4 have = ⎮ x
dx
3 ⌡0 1 + 2 e
2 1 ⌠1 1
= ⎮ (2e x ) dx
1 2 ⌡0 1 + 2 e x
1
–1 1 1 1
–1
1 2 3
= ln(1 + 2e x ) = ln(1 + 2e) − ln 3
2 0 2 2
The equation of the upper line, through
(0, 6) and (2, 4), is y = 6 − x . The ≈ 0.3817
equation of the lower line, through (0, 0)
and (2, 4), is y = 2 x . The desired area is 44. D (q) = 100 − 4q − 3q 2 ; q0 = 5
2 p0 = D (q0 ) = D (5) = 5
Area = ∫ [ (6 − x) − 2 x ] dx q0
0 CS = ∫ D(q) dq − p0 q0
2 0
= ∫ (6 − 3 x) dx 5
0 = ∫ (100 − 4q − 3q 2 ) dq − (5)(5)
2 0
⎛ 3 ⎞
= ⎜ 6 x − x2 ⎟
( ) 0 − 25
5
⎝ 2 ⎠0 = 100q − 2q 2 − q3
=6. = 300
Note the area is a triangle of base 6, along
the y axis, and height 2 so the area is also 46. D (q) = 5 + 3e −0.2q ; q0 = 10
1
easily computed as (2)(6) = 6 . p0 = D (q0 ) = D (10) = 5 + 3e −2 ≈ 5.406
2 q0
CS = ∫ D(q ) dq − p0 q0
0
10
= ∫ (5 + 3e −0.2 q ) dq − (5.406)(10)
0

( )0
10
= 5q − 15e −0.2 q − 54.06
= 62.97 − 54.06
= 8.91
 Chapter 5. Integration 231

48. 1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

1
G = 2 ∫ [ x − L( x)] dx
0
1
= 2 ∫ ( x − x1.2 ) dx
0
1
⎛ x 2 x 2.2 ⎞
= 2⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 2 2.2 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0
= 0.0909
1
50.
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

1
G = 2 ∫ [ x − L( x)] dx
0
1
= 2 ∫ [ x − (0.75 x 2 + 0.25 x)] dx
0
1
= 2 ∫ 0.75( x − x 2 ) dx
0
1
⎛ x 2 x3 ⎞
= 1.5 ⎜ − ⎟
⎜ 2 3 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0
= 0.25
232 Chapter 5. Integration

5
52. P (5) = 125,000e−0.015(5) + ∫ 250e −0.015(5−t ) dt
0
−0.075 5
= 125,000e + 250e−0.075 ∫ e0.015t dt
0
−0.075 5
−0.075 250e 0.015t
= 125,000e + e
0.015
0
−0.075
250e
= 125,000e−0.075 + (e0.075 − 1)
0.015
≈ 117,172

20
54. P (20) = 200,000e−0.017(20) + ∫ 50e0.12t e−0.017(20−t ) dt
0
−0.34 −0.34 20 0.137t
= 200,000e + 50e
0
e dt ∫
−0.34 20
−0.34 50e 0.137t
= 200,000e + e
0.137
0
−0.34
50e
= 200,000e−0.34 + (e 2.74 − 1)
0.137
≈ 146,117

10
56. V = π∫ (e− x /10 )2 dx
0
10 − x / 5
= π∫ e dx
0
− x / 5 10
= −5πe
0
= −5π(e −2 − 1)
= 5π(1 − e−2 )
≈ 13.582 cubic units
 Chapter 5. Integration 233

2
4⎛
x+2⎞
58. V = π∫ ⎜ ⎟ dx
1 ⎝ x ⎠
4 x2 + 2 x + 1
= π∫ dx
1 x
4⎛ 1⎞
= π∫ ⎜ x + 2 + ⎟ dx
1 ⎝ x⎠
4
⎛1 ⎞
= π ⎜ x 2 + 2 + ln x ⎟
⎝2 ⎠1
⎡1 ⎛1 ⎞⎤
= π ⎢ (16) + 2(4) + ln 4 − ⎜ (1) + 2(1) + ln1⎟ ⎥
⎣2 ⎝2 ⎠⎦
⎛ 27 ⎞
= π ⎜ + ln 4 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
≈ 14.886 cubic units

dy
60. = x( x − 1) = x 2 − x
dx
x3 x 2
y = ∫ ( x 2 − x) dx = − +C
3 2
1 1 7 x3 x 2 7
When x = 1 , y = 1 so 1 = − + C and so C = . Thus y = − + .
3 2 6 3 2 6

dy t + 1 1
62. = =1+
dt t t
⌠ ⎛ 1⎞
y = ⎮ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ dt = t + ln t + C
⌡⎝ t ⎠
When t = 1 , y = 3 so 3 = 1 + 0 + C and C = 2 . Thus y = t + ln t + 2 .

64. Since
2
−2 x 1 −2 x 2
∫ xe dx = − 4∫
e (−4 x) dx
1 2
= − e −2 x + C
4
the function has the form
1 2
f ( x) = − e−2 x + C .
4
1 11 1 2 11
We know f (0) = − + C = −3 so C = − and f ( x) = − e−2 x − .
4 4 4 4

66. Let V (t ) denote the value of the machine t years from now. Since
dV
= 200(t − 6) dollars per year, the function V (t ) is an antiderivative of 200(t − 6). Thus,
dt
234 Chapter 5. Integration

V (t ) = ∫ 200(t − 6) dt 74. The present value is given by

10
= 100t 2 − 1, 200t + C
10 −0.07t 1,000 −0.07t
∫0 1,000e dt =
−0.07
e
Since the machine was originally worth 0
$12,000, it follows that 1,000 −0.7
=− (e − 1)
V (0) = 12,000 = C . Thus, the value of the 0.07
machine after t years will be = $7,191.64.
V (t ) = 100t 2 − 1, 200t + 12,000
and the value after 10 years will be 76. The price per month is P ( x) = 200 + 3 x
V (10) = $10,000. per bicycle and 5,000 bicycles will be sold
per month the monthly revenue is
68. Let C (q) denote the total cost of (
(5000) 200 + 3 x . )
producing q units. Then the marginal cost The average monthly revenue over
dC 16 months is
is = 6(q − 5)2 , and the increase in cost

is
dq 1 16
16 ∫0
(
5,000 200 + 3 x1 2 dx )
( )
13 5,000 16
C (13) − C (10) = ∫ 6(q − 5)2 dq = 200 x + 2 x3 2
10 16 0
3 13 = $1,040,000.
= 2(q − 5)
10
= $774. 1
78. h′( x) = 0.5 + meters per year.
( x + 1) 2
70. The net change in biomass during the first
4 hours is given by During the second year the tree will grow
2
4 4
⌠ −15t h(2) − h(1) = ∫ h′( x) dx
m(4) − m(0) = ⌠
dm
⎮ dt = ⎮ 2 dt 1
⌡0 dt ⌡0 t + 5 2
⌠ ⎛ 1 ⎞
15 ⌠ 4 1 =⎮ ⎜⎜ 0.5 + ⎟ dx
=− ⎮ ⎮ + 2⎟
2 ⌡0 t 2 + 5
(2t ) dt ⌡1 ⎝ ( x 1) ⎠
2
15 4 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
= − ln(t 2 + 5) = ⎜ 0.5 x − ⎟ = meter.
2 0 ⎝ x +1⎠1 3
15 21
= − ln
2 5 80. (a) The demand function is
≈ −10.763 D(q ) = 50 − 3q − q 2 dollars per unit.
The mass decreases by about
To find the number of units bought
10.763 grams.
when the price is p = 32, solve the
72. The future value of this income stream is equation 32 = D(q ) for q to get
given by 32 = 50 − 3q − q 2
3
e(0.05)(3) 5000e −0.035t dt
∫ (q + 6)(q − 3) = 0 or q = 3 units.
0
3
0.15 ⎛ e
−0.035t ⎞
= 5000e ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −0.035 ⎟
⎝ ⎠0
≈ 16,543.77 dollars.
 Chapter 5. Integration 235

(b) The amount that consumers are dP

willing to spend to get 3 units of the 84. = −(ln 3)34−t = − ln 3e(4−t ) ln 3
dt
commodity is
P (t ) = ⌠
dP
3 3 ⎮ dt
∫0 D(q) dq = ∫0 (50 − 3q − q
2
) dq ⌡ dt
3 = − ln 3∫ e(4−t ) ln 3dt
⎛ 3q 2 q3 ⎞
= ⎜ 50q − − ⎟ ⎛ 1 (4−t ) ln 3 ⎞
⎜ 2 3 ⎟⎠ = − ln 3 ⎜ − e ⎟+C
⎝ 0 ⎝ ln 3 ⎠
= $127.50 (4−t ) ln 3
=e +C
(c) When the market price is $32 per unit, P (0) = e 4ln 3 + C = 81 + C
3 units will be bought and the so C = −80 and P (t ) = e(4−t ) ln 3 − 80.
consumer’s surplus will be
3
∫0 D(q) dq = (32)(3) 86. This is a survival/renewal problem with
3 P0 = 5,000 , R = 200 , S (t ) = e−0.01t and
= ∫ (50 − 3q − q 2 ) dq − 96
0 T = 24 months. The value of the account
= $31.50. after 24 months is then given by
T
(d) The consumer’s willingness to spend P0 S (T ) + ∫ RS (T − t ) dt
0
in part (b) is equal to the area under −0.01(24) 24
= 5,000e 200e −0.01(24−t ) dt
+∫
the demand curve p = D(q ) from 0
24 0.01t
q = 0 to q = 3. = 5,000e −0.24 + 200e −0.24 e ∫ dt
0
The consumer’s surplus in part (c) is 24
equal to the area of the region −0.24
⎛ 0.01t ⎞
−0.24 e
= 5,000e + 200e ⎜ ⎟
between the demand curve and the ⎜ 0.01 ⎟
horizontal line p = 32. ⎝ ⎠0
50 = 8, 200.58 dollars.
40
88. The decade 1995-2005 corresponds to
30 0 ≤ t ≤ 10 . The average population during
this decade is given by
20 10
1 ⌠ 150e0.03t
dt
10 10 ⎮
⌡0 1 + e
0.03t

150 ⌠ 10 1
0 1 2 3 4 = ⎮ (0.03e0.03t )dt
10(0.03) ⌡0 1 + e0.03t
82. The child’s weight changes from 10
w = 50 to w = 53 . The net change in = 500ln(1 + e0.03t )
0
surface area is given by = 80.604
53 −0.575 110 0.425 53
∫50 110 w dw =
0.425
w
50
or 80,604 people.

= 34.22
or about 34 in2.
236 Chapter 5. Integration

90. The Gini index for high school teachers is 94. y = − x3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2

1
G1 = 2 ∫ ⎡ x − (0.33 x3 + 0.67 x 4 ) ⎤ dx y = x ln x
0⎣ ⎦ 0.6
≈ 0.567
The Gini index for real estate brokers is 0.4
1
G2 = 2∫ ⎡ x − (0.72 x 2 + 0.28 x) ⎤ dx 0.2
0⎣ ⎦
1 1
⎛ x 2 x3 ⎞ 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4
= 1.44 ⎜ − ⎟ –0.2
⎜ 2 3 ⎟⎠
⎝ 0 –0.4
= 0.24 –0.6
The distribution of income is more Using the features of a graphing calculator
equitable for real estate brokers. the curves can be seen to intersect at
5 2 5 2 x = 0.4062 and x = 1 . For x between
92. ∫0 2πr (11e− r /10
) dr = 22π ∫ re− r /10
dr these values the graph of
0
2 5 − x3 − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2 lies above that of
= 22π(−5e − r /10
) x ln x , thus the area between the curves is
0
−2.5 given by
= −110π(e − 1) 1
∫0.4062 ⎡⎣(− x − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 2) − x ln x ⎤ dx
3
−2.5
= 110π(1 − e ) ⎦
≈ 317.21 or 0.1692.
This is the amount in 1 hour. In a
20-minute watering period,
317.21
≈ 105.74 cubic inches of water are
3
laid down.