TECHNOLOGY USED

LARAVEL

Laravel is a free, open-source PHP web framework,

created by Taylor Otwell and intended for the
development of web applications following the model–
view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern and based
on Symfony. Some of the features of Laravel are a
modular packaging system with a dedicated dependency
manager, different ways for accessing relational databases, utilities that aid in application deployment
and maintenance, and its orientation toward syntactic sugar. Laravel includes built-in support for
authentication, localisation, controllers, models, views, sessions, routing and other mechanisms.[1]

Model–View–Controller [2] (usually known as MVC) is an architectural pattern commonly used for
developing user interfaces that divides an application into three interconnected parts. This is done to
separate internal representations of information from the ways information is presented to and accepted
from the user. The MVC design pattern decouples these major components allowing for efficient code
reuse and parallel development.

Model
The central component of the pattern. It is the application's dynamic
data structure, independent of the user interface. It directly manages the
data, logic and rules of the application.
View
Any representation of information such as a chart, diagram or table.
Multiple views of the same information are possible, such as a bar chart
for management and a tabular view for accountants.

Controller
Accepts input and converts it to commands for the model or view.

In addition to dividing the application into these components, the model–

view–controller design defines the interactions between them.

The model is responsible for managing the data of the application. It receives user input from the
controller.
The view means presentation of the model in a particular format.
The controller responds to the user input and performs interactions on the data model objects. The
controller receives the input, optionally validates it and then passes the input to the model.

As with other software patterns, MVC expresses the "core of the solution" to a problem while allowing
it to be adapted for each system. Particular MVC architectures can vary significantly from the
traditional description here.

Some other important Features of Laravel are as follows:-

 Eloquent ORM (object-relational mapping) is an advanced PHP implementation of the active
record pattern, providing at the same time internal methods for enforcing constraints on the
relationships between database objects. Following the active record pattern, Eloquent ORM
presents database tables as classes, with their object instances tied to single table rows.
 Query builder, available since Laravel 3, provides a more direct database access alternative to
the Eloquent ORM. Instead of requiring SQL queries to be written directly, Laravel's query
builder provides a set of classes and methods capable of building queries programmatically. It
also allows selectable caching of the results of executed queries.
 Application logic is an integral part of developed applications, implemented either by using
controllers or as part of the route declarations. The syntax used to define application logic is
similar to the one used by Sinatra framework.
 Reverse routing defines a relationship between the links and routes, making it possible for later
changes to routes to be automatically propagated into relevant links. When the links are created
by using names of existing routes, the appropriate uniform resource identifiers (URIs) are
automatically created by Laravel.
 Restful controllers provide an optional way for separating the logic behind serving HTTP GET
and POST requests.
 Class auto loading provides automated loading of PHP classes without the need for manual
maintenance of inclusion paths. On-demand loading prevents inclusion of unnecessary
components, so only the actually used components are loaded.
 View composers serve as customizable logical code units that can be executed when a view is
loaded.
 Blade templating engine combines one or more templates with a data model to produce
resulting views, doing that by transpiling the templates into cached PHP code for improved
performance. Blade also provides a set of its own control structures such as conditional
statements and loops, which are internally mapped to their PHP counterparts. Furthermore,
Laravel services may be called from Blade templates, and the templating engine itself can be
extended with custom directives.
 IoC containers make it possible for new objects to be generated by following the inversion of
control (IoC) principle, in which the framework calls into the application- or task-specific code,
with optional instantiating and referencing of new objects as singletons.
 Migrations provide a version control system for database schemas, making it possible to
associate changes in the application's codebase and required changes in the database layout. As
a result, this feature simplifies the deployment and updating of Laravel-based applications.
 Database seeding provides a way to populate database tables with selected default data that can
be used for application testing or be performed as part of the initial application setup.
 Unit testing is provided as an integral part of Laravel, which itself contains unit tests that detect
and prevent regressions in the framework. Unit tests can be run through the provided artisan
command-line utility.
 Automatic pagination simplifies the task of implementing pagination, replacing the usual
manual implementation approaches with automated methods integrated into Laravel.
 Form request is a feature of Laravel 5 that serves as the base for form input validation by
internally binding event listeners, resulting in automated invoking of the form validation
methods and generation of the actual form.
 Homestead - a Vagrant virtual machine that provides Laravel developers with all the tools
necessary to develop Laravel straight out of the box, including, Ubuntu, Gulp , Bower and other
development tools that are useful in developing full scale web applications.
  Artisan is the name of the command-line interface included with Laravel. It provides a number
of helpful commands for your use while developing your application. It is driven by the
powerful Symfony Console component.

PHP

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (or simply PHP) is a general-purpose programming language originally
designed for web development. It was originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994; the PHP reference
implementation is now produced by The PHP Group. PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page,
but it now stands for the recursive initialism PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.
PHP code may be executed with a command line interface (CLI), embedded into HTML code, or it can
be used in combination with various web template systems, web content management systems, and web
frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in a web
server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web server combines the results of
the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be any type of data, including images, with the
generated web page. PHP can be used for many programming tasks outside of the web context, such as
standalone graphical applications and robotic drone control. [3]

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AJAX

Ajax [4](short for asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a set

of web development techniques using many web
technologies on the client side to create asynchronous web
applications. With Ajax, web applications can send and
retrieve data from a server asynchronously (in the
background) without interfering with the display and
behavior of the existing page. By decoupling the data
interchange layer from the presentation layer, Ajax allows
web pages and, by extension, web applications, to change
content dynamically without the need to reload the entire
page. In practice, modern implementations commonly utilize
JSON instead of XML.

Ajax is not a single technology, but rather a group of

technologies. HTML and CSS can be used in combination to mark up and style information. The
webpage can then be modified by JavaScript to dynamically display—and allow the user to interact
with—the new information. The built-in XMLHttpRequest object, or since 2017 the new "fetch()"
function within JavaScript is commonly used to execute Ajax on webpages allowing websites to load
content onto the screen without refreshing the page. Ajax is not a new technology, or different
language, just existing technologies used in new ways.
The following technologies are incorporated:

 HTML (or XHTML) and CSS for presentation

 The Document Object Model (DOM) for dynamic display of and interaction with data
  JSON or XML for the interchange of data, and XSLT for its manipulation
 The XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous communication
 JavaScript to bring these technologies together

References
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laravel
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model%E2%80%93view
%E2%80%93controller#Components
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming)
5.