Slide 1

Advancement in Mobile Technology

E4 – E5 TECHNICAL COURSE

Slide 2

COURSE OVERVIEW

Mobile
Phone
Mobile Operating
Technology System.
Generations
( 1G – 4G)
EMF
Radiations
from Mobile
Towers.
Slide 3

MOBILE GENERATIONS &

THEIR ARCHITECTURES

1.

Slide 4

Electromagnetic Spectrum
SOUND RADIO LIGHT HARMFUL RADIATION

VHF = VERY HIGH FREQUENCY 3G CELLULAR 4G CELLULAR

UHF = ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY 1.5-5.2 GHz 56-100 GHz
SHF = SUPER HIGH FREQUENCY 1G, 2G CELLULAR
EHF = EXTRA HIGH FREQUENCY 0.4-1.5GHz
Slide 5

Slide 6

GSM System Architecture PST

N
BS ISDN
MS BT C PDN
S MSC
GMSC

BT BS
S C VLR
MS
BT EIR
S AUC
MS HLR
Slide 7

GPRS ARCHITECTURE

Slide 8

WCDMA Architecture
Slide 9

Long Term Evolution

Slide 10

MOBILE PHONE OPERATING SYSTEMS

2.
Slide 11

Mobile OS Features

• Features
– Multitasking
– Scheduling
– Memory Allocation
– File System Interface
– Keypad Interface
– I/O Interface
– Protection and Security
– Multimedia features

11

The scheduler is concerned mainly with:

Throughput - The total number of processes that complete their execution per time unit.
Latency, specifically:
Turnaround time - total time between submission of a process and its completion.
Response time - amount of time it takes from when a request was submitted until
the first response is produced.
Fairness / Waiting Time - Equal CPU time to each process (or more generally
appropriate times according to each process' priority). It is the time for which the
process remains in the ready queue.
Slide 12

Introduction—Mobile OS

• Design and capabilities of a Mobile OS (Operating

System) is very different than a general purpose OS
running on desktop machines:
– mobile devices have constraints and restrictions on
their physical characteristic such as screen size,
memory, processing power and etc.
– Scarce availability of battery power.
– Limited amount of computing and communication
capabilities.

12

Slide 13

Introduction (Cont.)

• Thus, they need different types of operating systems

depending on the capabilities they support. e.g. a PDA
OS is different from a Smartphone OS.

• Operating System is a piece of software responsible for

management of operations, control, coordinate the use
of the hardware among the various application
programs, and sharing the resources of a device.

13

PDA---PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANTS

Slide 14

Mobile Operating System

Structure

• A mobile OS is a software platform on top of which other

programs called application programs, can run on
mobile devices such as PDA, cellular phones,
smartphone and etc.

Applications

OS Libraries

Device Operating System Base, Kernel

Low-Level Hardware, Manufacturer Device Drivers

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Slide 15

Types of Mobile Operating

System Platforms

• There are many mobile operating systems. The

followings demonstrate the most important ones:

– Java ME Platform
– Palm OS
– Symbian OS
– Linux OS
– Windows Mobile OS
– BlackBerry OS
– iPhone OS
– Google Android Platform

15
Slide 16

Java ME Platform

• J2ME designed by SUN MICROSYSTEMS acquired by

Oracle in 2010.
• J2ME (JAVA 2, MICRO EDITION) platform is a set of
technologies, specifications and libraries developed for
devices having low processing power and storage
capabilities and fairly low bandwidths network
connections like mobile phones, pagers, and personal
organizers.
• It is licensed under GNU General Public License.

16

J2ME------JAVA TO MICRO EDITION.

Slide 17

Palm OS ( Garnet OS )--1996

• Palm OS –developed by Palm Inc. --is an embedded

operating system designed for ease of use with a
touchscreen - based graphical user interface.

• It has been implemented on a wide variety of mobile

devices such as smart phones, barcode readers, and
GPS devices..

• It is run on Arm architecture-based processors. It is

designed as a 32-bit architecture.

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Slide 18

Symbian OS ----- 1997

• Released in 1997 as EPOC-32.

• Latest is Nokia “ Symbian belle— October , 2012”.

• Symbian OS is 32 bit, little-endian operating system,

running on different flavors of ARM architecture.

• It is a multitasking operating system and very less

dependence on peripherals.

• Kernel runs in the privileged mode and exports its

service to user applications via user libraries.

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Slide 19

Embedded Linux OS

• It is known as Embedded Linux which is used in

embedded computer systems such as mobile phones,
Personal Digital Assistants(PDA), media players and
other consumer devices.

• In spite of Linux operating system designed for Servers

and desktops, the Embedded Linux is designed for
devices which have relatively limited resources such as
small size of RAM, storage, screen, limited power and
etc. Then, they should have an optimized kernel.

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Slide 20

Embedded Linux OS

• It is a Real-Time Operating System (RTOS). It meets

deadlines and switch context.
• It has relatively a small footprint. Today, mobile phones
can ship with a small memory. Thus, OS must not seek
to occupy a large amount of available storage. It should
have a small foot print. Theoretically, they deploy in a
footprint of 1MB or less.
• It is open source. It has no cost for licensing.
• Examples: Motorola Mobile phones such as RAZR V8,
RAZR V9, A1200 are based on MontaVista Linux.

20

A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to serve

real-time application requests.
A key characteristic of an RTOS is the level of its consistency concerning the amount of
time it takes to accept and complete an application's task; the variability is jitter
Slide 21

Embedded Linux OS

• ARM and MIPS structures : Embedded CPU architectures

like ARM and MIPS offer small instruction sets and
special execution modes that shrinks application size
and consequently generates smaller code.

21

Slide 22

Windows Mobile OS

• Windows Mobile is a compact operating system

designed for mobile devices and based on Microsoft
Win32.

• It is run on Pocket PCs, Smartphones and Portable

media centers.

• It provides ultimate interoperability. Users with various

requirements are able to manipulate their data.

22
Slide 23

Google Android Platform

• It is a platform and an operating system for

mobile devices based on the Linux operating
system.
• It allows developers design applications in a
java-like language using Google-developed
java libraries.
• It supports a wide variety of connectivity
such as GSM, WiFi, 3G, …
• The Operating system has not been
implemented yet (Feb, 2008). Several
prototypes have been proposed.

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Slide 24

iPhone OS

• iPhone OS is an operating system run on iPhone and

iPod.
• It is based on Mach Kernel and Drawin core as Mac OS X.
• The Mac OS X kernel includes the following component:
– Mach Kernel
– BSD (Berkely Software Distribution)
– I/O component
– File Systems
– Networking components

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Slide 25

EMF RADIATIONS FROM

MOBILE TOWERS.
3.

Slide 26

M.Tower Radiates Two Types of Radiations

E M EM
Slide 27

What is EIRP ?

• is Equivalent Iso-tropically Radiated Power.

• is the amount of power that a theoretical isotropic
antenna (which evenly distributes power in all
directions) would emit to produce the peak power
density observed in the direction of maximum antenna
gain.
• EIRP = P(t) – L(c) + G (A), where
• P(T)= Transmitter power
• L (C)= Cable Losses
• G(A)= Antenna Gain

Slide 28

Technical Data for EIRP

• Base Ch. Freq---- ---------BCCH Freq (GSM) / C-PICH Common Pilot Channel Freq. (CDMA and
UMTS) of any sector to be provided.
• Carriers / Sector----------Max. No. of carriers / sector e.g. if two sectors are having three
carriers, while the third one has four carriers, the value to be provided would be four.
• Total Tilt ---------------------Electrical Tilt + Mechanical Tilt (Deg)
• Antenna Tx Gain------- --Antenna Gain in dBi
• Vertical BW -----------------The BTS Antenna vertical 3 db beam-width (Deg)
• Side Lobe Atten ----------The db down value of the largest side lobe, w.r.t to the main lobe, in
the vertical radiation pattern of the antenna.
• Tx Power ---------------------Transmitter Output power (dBm)
• Combiner Loss ------------Combiner Loss if any (dB)
• RF Cable Length ----------Length of the RF Cable from Antenna to the BTS (m)
• RF Cable Unit Loss -------Unit Loss of RF Cable (dB/100m)
Slide 29

Where EIRP TO TAKE ?

Slide 30

Where EIRP TO TAKE ?

Slide 31

Operators To Take Clearance

• SACFA---- Standing Advisory

Committee on Frequency
Allocation of DOT gives
clearance to service providers.

Slide 32

ICNIRP

• ICNIRP—INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON
NON-IONIZING RADIATIONS PROTECTION.
Slide 33

Permissible POWER DENSITY Limits in

India

• FOR GSM-900, 1800 BANDS, LIMITS ARE:

• 4.5 W/Sq. m-------900 MHZ
• 9 W/Sq. m----------1800 MHZ.

• Who will do the EMF Audit of BTS’s ?

• TERM Cell---- Telecom Enforcement Resource
& Monitoring as per TEC standards.

Slide 34

Penalty Provision

• Rs. 5 Lakhs Per BTS per service provider.

• Must follow report of TERM , within one
month.
• Otherwise , site will be shut down.
Slide 35

Inter- Ministrial Committee---24.8.2010

• IMC consisted of DOT, ICMR, Department of Bio

Technology, Ministry of Environment and
Forest.
• New norms applicable from 1.9.2012.

Slide 36

THANKS TO ALL.