Lab Activity VII

METAMORPHOSIS

Day : Thursday
Date : 15th November 2018

Name : Aficko Razaky Pratama

Student ID : B1B017040
Group : VIII
Subgroup :3
Assistant : Arih Daimah

LABORATORY OF ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT

FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Aim

The aims of this practical class are :

1. To recognize the body structure of the larvae or tadpole in aquatic habitat.
2. To observe the changes that occurred during metamorphosis of the amphibian
larvae into the adult terrestrial frog.
B. Benefits
The benefits of this practical class are able to know the stages that occur during
metamorphosis, to know the changes that occur in tadpoles, to practice the patience,
and to train teamwork.

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 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials

The tools that used in this practical class are basin, millimetre block, sieve,
spoon, flashlight, and magnifying glass.
The materials that used in this practical class are 10 tadpoles tail buds
stadium, well water, and boiled spinach leaves as a tadpole feed.

B. Work Procedures

The work procedures that used in this practical class are:

1. The same size tadpoles in tail bud stadium were prepared as many as 10.
2. Total length, caudal length, and head width were measured.
3. The tadpoles were taken and the water was changed every 2 days and fed
with boiled spinach every 2 days.
4. Total length, caudal length, and head width were measured every 7 days for
2 weeks.
5. Limb budding and ventral pigmentation were observed.
6. The tadpoles were photographed.

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 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Table 3.1 Observation Data of Tadpoles Measurement

Tadpole measurement Day- (mm)
Tadpoles 0 7 14
TL CL HW TL CL HW TL CL HW
1 27 17 5 21 13 4 17 9 8
2 30 19 6 23 14 5 20 10 10
3 33 20 8 27 19 5 27 15 9
4 26 16 5 23 15 6 23 10 13
5 29 17 6 30 17 6 29 20 9
6 24 14 7 27 13 5 23 14 4
7 23 14 6 20 12 4 25 15 6
8 19 8 5
9 27 18 6
10 27 16 6
Average 26.5 15.9 6 24.4 14.7 5 23.4 13 8.4
Note:
TL : Total Length
CL : Caudal length
HW : Head weidth

Table 3.2 Observation Data of Tadpoles Development

Observation day-
Parameter
0 7th 14th
Posterior membra Posterior membra
Locomotion Caudal fin
& caudal fin & caudal fin

Intestine
“Ventral Pigmented Pigmented Pigmented
Pigmentation”

Anterior membra
- - -
Budding
Posterior membra
- Present Present
Budding

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 Figure 3.1 Tadpoles Metamorphosis
Day-0 Day-7

Day-14

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B. Discussion

Metamorphosis consists of 2 types, namely perfect metamorphosis and

imperfect metamorphosis. The perfect metamorphosis is that which passes
through the stage from egg to larvae and then continues to develop into an adult
frog, for example this in frogs, initially female frogs will lay eggs, then the eggs
will hatch after 10 days. After hatching, the frog's eggs hatch into tadpoles. After
2 days, tadpoles have hairy outer gills to breathe. After the age of 3 weeks the
tadpole gills will be covered by the skin. By the age of 8 weeks, the back legs of
the tadpoles will form and then enlarge when the front legs begin to appear. 12
weeks old, the front legs start to form, the tail shortens and breathes using the
lungs, and after the growth of the perfect member, the frog will turn into an adult
frog. Imperfect metamorphosis is a metamorphosis that only passes through two
stages, namely from eggs to nymphs and then adults, for example in insects such
as dragonflies and grasshoppers, crickets and others (Susanto, 1994).
According to (Gilbert & Susan, 2000) Metamorphosis in Amphibians
undergoes metamorphic changes that occur through three stages.
Premetamorphic, namely the growth of larvae is very dominant. Prometamorphic
continued growth and some developmental changes such as the beginning of the
appearance of a hindrance. Metamorphic climax, the onset of development is
frontal and is a period of extensive and dramatic changes in morphology and
physiology.
The cycle of frog metamorphosis initially begins with an adult female frog
laying eggs, then the egg will hatch after 10 days. The frog eggs hatch into
tadpoles, after the eggs hatch. Tadpoles have hairy outer gills to breathe after 2
days of age. Tadpole gills will be covered by skin after 3 weeks of age. The hind
limbs will form before the age of 8 weeks then enlarge when the front legs begin
to appear. 12 weeks old, the front legs begin to form, and the tail becomes short
(Djuhanda, 1984). The lungs are then formed simultaneously with the
development of frogs, and in further development tadpoles will swim to the
surface of the water to take air. Tadpoles will become small frogs with their
movement tools using the front and rear legs. After becoming an adult frog, the
movement means using the front and back legs so that the intestines or stomach

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 turn short (Trachantong et al., 2013). The frog will turn into an adult frog after the
growth of its limbs is perfect (Komarul, 2003).
Factors that influence metamorphosis can be distinguished into external and
internal factors (Agustina et al, 2013). External factors include environmental
factors including water quality, the presence of parasites and the amount of feed
available. Internal factors include differences in age, ability to adapt to the
environment and the existence of disease resistance. External factors include
environmental factors such as water quality, the presence of parasites and the
amount of available feed and internal actors including differences in age, ability
to adapt to their environment and the presence of disease resistance (Huet, 1971).
When tadpoles that live in the CCR media for example living in sand have a
decrease in developing their lives due to contaminating deposits with the
surrounding media environment. Treatment with environmental media also has a
significant effect, namely the life span in the completion of the metamorphosis is
shorter (Denver, 2013).
In addition to these two factors there is also one factor that affects, namely
hormonal factors. The rate of metamophosis in frogs is influenced by thyroid
hormones that regulate metabolism in the body (Rahman & Kurniawan, 2014).
This hormone is produced in the thyroid gland which is located in the ventral part
of the trachea in the neck. The active components of thyroid hormones are
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), both of which are derivatives of the
amino acid tioxin. Triiodothyronine (T3) is generally seen as a more active
component, also synthesized from thyroxine (T4) in other tissues of the thyroid
gland. When the thyroid gland is removed from young tadpoles, they grow into
adult tadpoles that have never experienced metamorphosis. Conversely, when
thyroid hormones are given to young tadpoles with food or injection, they
metamorphose prematurely (Kalthoff, 1996). A model is proposed to find out how
corticosterone and thyroxine are interconnected to regulate metamorphosis.
Corticosterone can slow or accelerate the metamorphosis that depends on the
species, the development stage and the concentration of TH (Putri et al., 2013).
Deviations from normal TH or GC signaling, arising from congenital endocrine
diseases in the mother or fetus or from environmental insults, for example
nutrition stress or medical interventions, can cause deleterious alterations in organ
maturation and timing of birth. Similarly, endocrine disrupting chemicals, which

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 alter TH or GC action, synthesis, or degradation during critical developmental
windows, can also dramatically perturb normal development (Buchholz, 2015).

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 IV. CONCLUSION

A. Conclusion

Based on the result and discussion, it can be conclude that :

1. The body parts of a frog's larvae generally consist of a tail and a head.
2. The tadpoles changes that occur during about two weeks of observation are
the increasing body size of the larvae followed by the ventral tadpoles and
the formation of backward membranes / posterior membra budding.

B. Suggestion

Suggestion of this practical class is student should be carefully when feeding

the tadpoles should not be too much to prevent the death of polish, and the water
media immediately replaced when it was finished and also had to be careful in
doing the sipon.

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 REFERENCES

Agustina, E., Nursalmi M., & Herdanawati., 2013. Perkembangan Metamorphosis

Lalat Buah (Drosophilla melanogaster) pada Media Biakan Alami sebagai
Referensi Pembelajaran pada Matakuliah Perkembangan Hewan. Jurnal
Biotik, 1(1), pp. 12-18.
Buchholz, D. R., 2015. More Similar than You Think: Frog Metamorphosis as A
Model of Human Perinatal Endocrinology. Developmental Biology, 408(2), pp.
188-195
Denver, R. J., 2013. Neuroendocrinology of Amphibian Metamorphosis.
Developmental Biology, 103(1), pp. 195-227.
Djuhanda, T., 1984. Analisa Struktur Vertebrata 2. Bandung: Armico.
Gilbert, S.F., & Susan S. R., 2000. Developmental Biology. Massachusetts: Sinaur
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Huet, M., 1971. Text Book of Fish Culture Breeding and Cultivation of Fish. Surrey:
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