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Rhodium
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Rhodium is a chemical element with symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is a rare, Rhodium, 45Rh
Main page
Contents silvery-white, hard, corrosion-resistant, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a noble
Featured content metal and a member of the platinum group. It has only one naturally occurring isotope,
Current events 103Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is usually found as the free metal, alloyed with similar
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metals, and rarely as a chemical compound in minerals such as bowieite and
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rhodplumsite. It is one of the rarest and most valuable precious metals.
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Rhodium is found in platinum or nickel ores together with the other members of the
Interaction Rhodium
platinum group metals. It was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston in one such
Help Pronunciation /ˈroʊdiəm/ (ROH-dee-əm)
ore, and named for the rose color of one of its chlorine compounds, produced after it
About Wikipedia Appearance silvery white metallic
reacted with the powerful acid mixture aqua regia.
Community portal
Standard atomic 102.905 49(2)[1]
Recent changes The element's major use (approximately 80% of world rhodium production) is as one of
weight Ar, std(Rh)
Contact page the catalysts in the three-way catalytic converters in automobiles. Because rhodium metal
Rhodium in the periodic table
is inert against corrosion and most aggressive chemicals, and because of its rarity,
Tools Co
rhodium is usually alloyed with platinum or palladium and applied in high-temperature and ↑
What links here Rh
Related changes corrosion-resistive coatings. White gold is often plated with a thin rhodium layer to improve ↓
Ir
Upload file its appearance while sterling silver is often rhodium-plated for tarnish resistance.
ruthenium ← rhodium → palladium
Special pages
Rhodium detectors are used in nuclear reactors to measure the neutron flux level. Other Atomic number (Z) 45
Permanent link
uses of rhodium include asymmetric hydrogenation used to form drug precursors and the Group group 9
Page information
Wikidata item processes for the production of roundup and acetic acid.
Period period 5
Cite this page Block d-block
Contents [hide]
Print/export
Element category transition metal
1 History

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 Create a book 2 Characteristics Electron [Kr] 4d8 5s1
Download as PDF 2.1 Chemical properties configuration
Printable version 2.2 Isotopes Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 16, 1

3 Occurrence Physical properties

In other projects
3.1 Mining and price Phase at STP solid
Wikimedia Commons
3.2 Used nuclear fuels Melting point 2237 K (1964 °C, 3567 °F)
Languages 4 Applications Boiling point 3968 K (3695 °C, 6683 °F)

Deutsch 4.1 Catalyst Density (near r.t.) 12.41 g/cm3

Español 4.2 Ornamental uses when liquid 10.7 g/cm3
Français 4.3 Other uses (at m.p.)
한국어 5 Precautions Heat of fusion 26.59 kJ/mol
Italiano
6 See also Heat of 493 kJ/mol
Русский
7 References vaporization
Tagalog
8 External links Molar heat 24.98 J/(mol·K)
Tiếng Việt
中 capacity
Vapor pressure
115 more
Edit links
History [ edit ] P (Pa) 1 10 100 1k 10 k 100 k

at T (K) 2288 2496 2749 3063 3405 3997

Rhodium (Greek rhodon (ῥόδον) meaning "rose") was
discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston,[6] soon Atomic properties

after his discovery of palladium.[7][8][9] He used crude Oxidation states −3, −1, +1,[2] +2, +3, +4,
+5, +6 (an amphoteric
platinum ore presumably obtained from South
oxide)
America.[10] His procedure involved dissolving the ore in
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.28
aqua regia and neutralizing the acid with sodium
Ionization 1st: 719.7 kJ/mol
hydroxide (NaOH). He then precipitated the platinum as
energies 2nd: 1740 kJ/mol
ammonium chloroplatinate by adding ammonium chloride 3rd: 2997 kJ/mol
(NH4Cl). Most other metals like copper, lead, palladium Atomic radius empirical: 134 pm
and rhodium were precipitated with zinc. Diluted nitric Covalent radius 142±7 pm
acid dissolved all but palladium and rhodium. Of these,
William Hyde Wollaston
palladium dissolved in aqua regia but rhodium did not,[11]
and the rhodium was precipitated by the addition of Spectral lines of rhodium

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 sodium chloride as Na3[RhCl6]·nH2O. After being washed with ethanol, the rose-red Other properties

precipitate was reacted with zinc, which displaced the rhodium in the ionic compound and Natural primordial
thereby released the rhodium as free metal.[12] occurrence
Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc)
After the discovery, the rare element had only minor applications; for example, by the turn
of the century, rhodium-containing thermocouples were used to measure temperatures up
to 1800 K.[13][14] The first major application was electroplating for decorative uses and as
corrosion-resistant coating.[15] The introduction of the three-way catalytic converter by Speed of sound 4700 m/s (at 20 °C)
Volvo in 1976 increased the demand for rhodium. The previous catalytic converters used thin rod
platinum or palladium, while the three-way catalytic converter used rhodium to reduce the Thermal 8.2 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
amount of NOx in the exhaust.[16][17][18] expansion
Thermal 150 W/(m·K)
conductivity
Characteristics [ edit ]
Electrical 43.3 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Rhodium is a hard, silvery, Z Element No. of electrons/shell resistivity
durable metal that has a high 27 cobalt 2, 8, 15, 2 Magnetic ordering paramagnetic[3]
reflectance. Rhodium metal does Magnetic +111.0·10−6 cm3/mol
45 rhodium 2, 8, 18, 16, 1
not normally form an oxide, even susceptibility (298 K)[4]
when heated.[19] Oxygen is 77 iridium 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 Young's modulus 380 GPa
absorbed from the atmosphere 109 meitnerium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 (predicted) Shear modulus 150 GPa
only at the melting point of Bulk modulus 275 GPa
rhodium, but is released on solidification.[20] Rhodium has both a higher melting point and Poisson ratio 0.26
lower density than platinum. It is not attacked by most acids: it is completely insoluble in Mohs hardness 6.0
nitric acid and dissolves slightly in aqua regia. Vickers hardness 1100–8000 MPa
Brinell hardness 980–1350 MPa
Chemical properties [ edit ]
CAS Number 7440-16-6
Rhodium belongs to group 9 of the periodic table, but the History
configuration of electrons in the outermost shells is Discovery and William Hyde Wollaston
atypical for the group. This anomaly is also observed in first isolation (1804)
the neighboring elements, niobium (41), ruthenium (44), Main isotopes of rhodium
Wilkinson's catalyst and palladium (46). Iso- Abun- Half-life Decay Pro-

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 The common oxidation state of Oxidation states tope dance (t1/2) mode duct
99
rhodium is +3, but oxidation states from 0 to +6 are also of rhodium 99
ε Ru
Rh syn 16.1 d
observed.[21] +0 Rh4(CO)12 γ –
101
ε Ru
Unlike ruthenium and osmium, rhodium forms no volatile oxygen +1 RhCl(PH3)2
101m 101
compounds. The known stable oxides include Rh2O3, RhO2, Rh syn 4.34 d IT Rh
+2 Rh2(O2CCH3)4
RhO2·xH2O, Na2RhO3, Sr3LiRhO6 and Sr3NaRhO6.[22] Halogen γ –
+3 RhCl3, Rh2O3 ε 101
Ru
compounds are known in nearly the full range of possible 101
Rh syn 3.3 y
oxidation states. Rhodium(III) chloride, rhodium(IV) fluoride, +4 RhF4, RhO2 γ –
102
rhodium(V) fluoride and rhodium(VI) fluoride are examples. The +5 RhF5, Sr3LiRhO6 102m
ε Ru
Rh syn 3.7 y
lower oxidation states are stable only in the presence of +6 RhF6
γ –
ligands.[23] ε 102
Ru

The best-known rhodium-halogen compound is the Wilkinson's catalyst 102

β+ 102
Ru
Rh syn 207 d
− 102
chlorotris(triphenylphosphine)rhodium(I). This catalyst is used in the hydroformylation or β Pd

hydrogenation of alkenes.[24] γ –
103
Rh 100% stable
Isotopes [ edit ] β− 105
Pd
105
Rh syn 35.36 h
Main article: Isotopes of rhodium γ –

Naturally occurring rhodium is composed of only one isotope, 103Rh. The most stable view · talk · edit | references
radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, 102Rh with a half-life of 207 days,
102mRh with a half-life of 2.9 years, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Twenty other radioisotopes have been characterized with
atomic weights ranging from 92.926 u (93Rh) to 116.925 u (117Rh). Most of these have half-lives shorter than an hour, except 100Rh (20.8
hours) and 105Rh (35.36 hours). Rhodium has numerous meta states, the most stable being 102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about
2.9 years and 101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days (see isotopes of rhodium).[25]

In isotopes weighing less than 103 (the stable isotope), the primary decay mode is electron capture and the primary decay product is
ruthenium. In isotopes greater than 103, the primary decay mode is beta emission and the primary product is palladium.[26]

Occurrence [ edit ]

Rhodium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust, comprising an estimated 0.0002 parts per million (2 × 10−10).[27] Its rarity
affects its price and its use in commercial applications. The concentration of rhodium in iron / nickel meteorites is typically 0.001 parts per

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 million.

Mining and price [ edit ]

The industrial extraction of rhodium is complex because the ores are mixed
with other metals such as palladium, silver, platinum, and gold and there are
very few rhodium-bearing minerals. It is found in platinum ores and
extracted as a white inert metal that is difficult to fuse. Principal sources are
located in South Africa; in river sands of the Ural Mountains; and in North
America, including the copper-nickel sulfide mining area of the Sudbury,
Ontario, region. Although the quantity at Sudbury is very small, the large
amount of processed nickel ore makes rhodium recovery cost-effective.

The main exporter of rhodium is South Africa (approximately 80% in 2010)

followed by Russia.[28] The annual world production is 30 tonnes. The price
of rhodium is highly variable. In 2007, rhodium cost approximately eight
Rh price evolution
times more than gold, 450 times more than silver, and 27,250 times more
than copper by weight. In 2008, the price briefly rose above $10,000 per
ounce ($350,000 per kilogram). The economic slowdown of the 3rd quarter of 2008 pushed rhodium prices sharply back below $1,000
per ounce ($35,000 per kilogram); the price rebounded to $2,750 by early 2010 ($97,000 per kilogram) (more than twice the gold price),
but in late 2013, the prices were less than $1000.

Political and financial problems [clarification needed] led to very low oil prices and oversupply, causing most metals to drop in price. The
economies of China, India and other emerging countries slowed in 2014 and 2015. In 2014 alone, 23,722,890 motor vehicles were
produced in China, excluding motorbikes. [clarification needed] This resulted in a rhodium price of 740.00 US-$ per Troy ounce (31.1 grams)
in late November 2015.[29]

Used nuclear fuels [ edit ]

Main article: Synthesis of precious metals

Rhodium is a fission product of uranium-235: each kilogram of fission product contains a significant amount of the lighter platinum group
metals. Used nuclear fuel is therefore a potential source of rhodium, but the extraction is complex and expensive, and the presence of

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 rhodium radioisotopes requires a period of cooling storage for multiple half-lives of the longest-lived isotope (about 10 years). These
factors make the source unattractive and no large-scale extraction has been attempted.[30][31][32]

Applications [ edit ]

The primary use of this element is in automobiles as a catalytic converter, changing harmful unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
and nitrogen oxide exhaust emissions into less noxious gases. Of 30,000 kg of rhodium consumed worldwide in 2012, 81% (24,300 kg)
went into this application, and 8,060 kg was recovered from old converters. About 964 kg of rhodium was used in the glass industry,
mostly for production of fiberglass and flat-panel glass, and 2,520 kg was used in the chemical industry.[28]

Catalyst [ edit ]

Rhodium is preferable to the other platinum metals in the reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen:[33]

2 NOx → x O2 + N2

Rhodium catalysts are used in a number of industrial processes, notably in catalytic carbonylation of methanol to produce acetic acid by
the Monsanto process.[34] It is also used to catalyze addition of hydrosilanes to molecular double bonds, a process important in
manufacture of certain silicone rubbers.[35] Rhodium catalysts are also used to reduce benzene to cyclohexane.[36]

The complex of a rhodium ion with BINAP is a widely used chiral catalyst for chiral synthesis, as in the synthesis of menthol.[37]

Ornamental uses [ edit ]

Rhodium finds use in jewelry and for decorations. It is electroplated on white gold and platinum to give it a reflective white surface at time
of sale, after which the thin layer wears away with use. This is known as rhodium flashing in the jewelry business. It may also be used in
coating sterling silver to protect against tarnish (silver sulfide, Ag2S, produced from atmospheric hydrogen sulfide, H2S). Solid (pure)
rhodium jewelry is very rare, more because of the difficulty of fabrication (high melting point and poor malleability) than because of the
high price.[38] The high cost ensures that rhodium is applied only as an electroplate.

Rhodium has also been used for honors or to signify elite status, when more commonly used metals such as silver, gold or platinum were
deemed insufficient. In 1979 the Guinness Book of World Records gave Paul McCartney a rhodium-plated disc for being history's all-time
best-selling songwriter and recording artist.[39]

Other uses [ edit ]

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 Rhodium is used as an alloying agent for hardening and improving the corrosion resistance[19] of
platinum and palladium. These alloys are used in furnace windings, bushings for glass fiber
production, thermocouple elements, electrodes for aircraft spark plugs, and laboratory
crucibles.[40] Other uses include:

Electrical contacts, where it is valued for small electrical resistance, small and stable contact
resistance, and great corrosion resistance.[41]
Rhodium plated by either electroplating or evaporation is extremely hard and useful for optical
instruments.[42]
Rhodium is rarely seen as jewelry in
Filters in mammography systems for the characteristic X-rays it produces.[43]
its pure, solid form. This ring was made
Rhodium neutron detectors are used in combustion engineering nuclear reactors to measure by the photographer for his own use as
neutron flux levels – this method requires a digital filter to determine the current neutron flux a wedding band from solid, unalloyed
.999 rhodium.
level, generating three separate signals: immediate, a few seconds delay, and a minute delay,
each with its own signal level; all three are combined in the rhodium detector signal. The
three Palo Verde nuclear reactors each have 305 rhodium neutron detectors, 61 detectors on each of five vertical levels, providing an
accurate 3D "picture" of reactivity and allowing fine tuning to consume the nuclear fuel most economically.[44]

In automobile manufacturing, Rhodium is also used in the construction of headlight reflectors.[45]

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 A 78 g sample of rhodium Cut-away of a metal-core catalytic Rhodium-plated white gold wedding
converter ring

Rhodium foil and wire

Precautions [ edit ]

Being a noble metal, pure rhodium is inert. However, chemical complexes of rhodium can Rhodium
be reactive. Median lethal dose (LD50) for rats is 198 mg of rhodium chloride (RhCl3) per Hazards
kilogram of body weight.[47] Like the other noble metals, all of which are too inert to occur GHS pictograms None

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 as chemical compounds in nature, rhodium has not been found to serve any biological GHS hazard statements H413

function. In elemental form, the metal is harmless.[48] GHS precautionary statements P273, P501[46]
NFPA 704
People can be exposed to rhodium in the workplace by inhalation. The Occupational Safety 0
and Health Administration (OSHA) has specified the legal limit (Permissible exposure limit) 0 0
for rhodium exposure in the workplace at 0.1 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday, and the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set the recommended
exposure limit (REL), at the same level. At levels of 100 mg/m3, rhodium is immediately dangerous to life or health.[49] For soluble
compounds, the PEL and REL are both 0.001 mg/m3.[50]

See also [ edit ]

2000s commodities boom

Rhodium compounds

References [ edit ]

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 10. ^ Lide, David R. (2004). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a 20. ^ Emsley, John (2001). Nature's Building Blocks ((Hardcover, First
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 30. ^ Kolarik, Zdenek; Renard, Edouard V. (2005). "Potential 39. ^ "Hit & Run: Ring the changes" . The Independent. London. 2
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 48. ^ Leikin, Jerrold B.; Paloucek Frank P. (2008). Poisoning and 50. ^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Rhodium
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(metal fume and insoluble compounds, as Rh)" . www.cdc.gov.
Retrieved 21 November 2015.

External links [ edit ]

Rhodium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Look up rhodium in

Rhodium Technical and Safety Data Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Rhodium.

V·T·E Periodic table (Large cells) [hide]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

Unknown
Alkaline earth Post-transition Reactive
Alkali metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Metalloid Noble gas chemical
metal metal nonmetal
properties

V·T·E Rhodium compounds [show]

V·T·E Jewellery [show]

Authority control BNF: cb12218903f (data) · GND: 4178038-3 · LCCN: sh85113755 · NDL: 00569786

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 Categories: Rhodium Chemical elements Noble metals Transition metals Native element minerals

This page was last edited on 10 May 2019, at 04:46 (UTC).

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