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Calculus 3 Project 2 - Contour Plots Describing Functions in The Third Dimension
Calculus 3 Project 2 - Contour Plots Describing Functions in The Third Dimension
Contour Plots
−4𝑥
Exercise: Create contour plots for 𝑧 = cos(𝑥) sin(𝑦) and 𝑧 = Print these contour
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
plots and then for each one, click on the contour plot to see the contours as they appear on the
surface. For each function, find a viewpoint that shows the surface and contours clearly and
print this Function 1 and graphing it. Then select the Draw Contour Plot option from the
Contour Plot menu. A dialog will appear. Be sure that Function 1 is selected on the left. For the
first function, you will then enter -1 for the First Step, 0.2 for the Step Size and 11 for the
Number of Contours. Then click on the OK button to see the contour plot appear. If you click on
the contour plot, you will see the 3D surface plot of the function will be graphed along with the
contours on the surface. For the second function, you will do the same thing, except you can
enter -2 for the First Step, and 21 for the Number of Steps
−4𝑥
𝑧 = cos(𝑥) sin(𝑦) And 𝑧 =
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
For each contour plot, give several reasons why the functions 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) are shaped the way they
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
function’s behavior. Plotting the function, we get the following graph (figure 1).
Figure 1
Now, creating the contour plot by following the previous instructions and
Figure 2
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
We can now combine both graphs from figure 1 and figure 2 to show how they
relate each other, and to give us a more clear way to describe its shape,
Figure 3
functions that multiply it (cos(𝑥) andsin(𝑦)) separately, and see how they affect
(is any real number), and we know that the function sin(𝑥) also yields
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
we can find a pattern from our answers and the contour plot from figure 2 and
figure 3.
𝜋 3𝜋 𝑛𝜋
We know that cos(𝑥) = 0 when 𝑥 = , , …, where 𝑛 ∈ ℤ (is any integer)
2 2 2
𝒏𝝅
y-axis every 𝟐 , where 𝒏 ∈ ℤ (is any integer) (2)
any integer)
The previous lines where 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 or lines of “inflection” can be seen in the
contour plots from figure 2 and in figure 3, where the function is between
negative and positive values. This can be seen in the contour line values from
c. We can also describe the function by finding its minimums and maximums.
So since we know the range of the function is−1 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 1 the lowest and
highest values that the function can be −1 and 1 so the minimums and
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
Since the product of both cos(𝑥) and 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦) has to be equal to 1 or−1, the
possible combinations depend whether the values of the functions multiplied are
Minimum −1 1
Minimum 1 −1
Maximum 1 1
Maximum −1 −1
The function cos(𝑥) = 1 only happens when𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋, where 𝑛 ∈ ℤ (is any
any integer)
𝜋
In the other hand, the function sin(𝑦) = 1 only happens when𝑦 = + 2𝑛𝜋,
2
3𝜋
where 𝑛 ∈ ℤ (is any integer), and sin(𝑦) = −1 only happens when𝑦 = +
2
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏𝝅
Thus, minimums can only happen when 𝒛(𝒙, 𝒚) = −𝟏 → { 𝟑𝝅
𝒚= 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒏𝝅
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏𝝅 + 𝝅
Or 𝒛(𝒙, 𝒚) = −𝟏 → {𝒚 = 𝝅 + 𝟐𝒏𝝅
𝟐
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏𝝅
And, the maximums can only happen when 𝒛(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟏 → {𝒚 = 𝝅 + 𝟐𝒏𝝅
𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟐𝒏𝝅 + 𝝅
Or 𝒛(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝟏 → { 𝟑𝝅
𝒚= 𝟐
+ 𝟐𝒏𝝅
The following is visual proof of the validity of our previous solution from both
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
Minimums occurring at the(𝑥, 𝑦) points;(𝜋, 2 ) , (0, − 2 ) , (−𝜋, − 2 )
Figure 4
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
Maximums occurring at the (𝑥, 𝑦) points; (0, 2 ) , (𝜋, 2 ) , (−𝜋, − 2 )
Figure 5
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
−4𝑥
2. Now, for our second function 𝑧 = we set its boundaries and plot its graph,
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
and contour plots as we did for the first one. Using the boundaries 𝐷: {(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| − 9 ≤
Figure 6
Now, creating the contour plot by following the first page of instructions and previous
Figure 7
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
We can now combine both graphs from figure 6 and figure 7 to show how they relate
each other, and to give us a more clear way to describe its shape, behavior, and other
Figure 8
−4𝑥
To describe the function 𝑧 = we can evaluate it using the second derivative
𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
test and evaluate the values (points) that the function yields from its critical values,
and comparing them with the graph. We can also evaluate its limits, and utilize
To find the critical values (minimums and maximums) we find the partial
𝛿 −4𝑥 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1)(−4)−(−4𝑥)(2𝑥)
So, 𝑧𝑥 = ( ) → 𝑧𝑥 =
𝛿𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1)2
4𝑥 2 −4𝑦 2 −4
𝑧𝑥 = (𝑥 2 Now, we set it equal to 0 to find the critical points.
+𝑦 2 +1)2
4𝑥 2 −4𝑦 2 −4
𝑧𝑥 = (𝑥 2 =0 (Equation 1)
+𝑦 2 +1)2
𝛿 −4𝑥 𝛿
Next, 𝑧𝑦 = (
𝛿𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1
) → 𝑧𝑦 = 𝛿𝑦 [−4𝑥(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)−1 ]
8𝑥𝑦
𝑧𝑦 = (𝑥 2 Now, we set it equal to 0 to find the critical points.
+𝑦 2 +1)2
8𝑥𝑦
𝑧𝑦 = (𝑥 2 =0 (Equation 2)
+𝑦 2 +1)2
Our goal is to find the points where both partials of the function equal 0.
derivatives.
4𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 − 4 = 0 → 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 1 = 0
𝑥2 = 𝑦2 + 1
𝑥 = ±√𝑦 2 + 1 (Equation 3)
8𝑥𝑦 = 0 → 8𝑦(±√𝑦 2 + 1) = 0
Therefore, 𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = ±√𝑦 2 + 1 → 𝑥 = ±√02 + 1
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
So, 𝑥 = ±1
b. We can use the previously found critical points and evaluate whether they are
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝐵 = 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝐶 = 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦). A critical point evaluated using this
If 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐶 2 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 > 0 then the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is a local minimum
If 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐶 2 > 0 and 𝑓𝑥𝑥 < 0 then the point (𝑥, 𝑦) is a local maximum
We can use the previous partial derivatives (equation 1, and equation 2) to save
us time.
4𝑥 2 −4𝑦 2 −4 8𝑥𝑦
So, we have; 𝑧𝑥 = and 𝑧𝑦 =
(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1)2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1)2
𝛿 4𝑥2 −4𝑦2 −4
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿𝑥 [ 2]
(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +1)
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
𝛿
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿𝑥 [(4𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 2 − 4)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)−2 ]
1)−3 (2𝑥)
𝛿 8𝑥𝑦
Now, 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿𝑦 [ 2 ]
(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +1)
𝛿
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿𝑦 [(8𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)−2 ]
8𝑥 32𝑥𝑦 2
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 − (𝑥 2 We can further simplify it.
+𝑦 2 +1) 2 +𝑦 2 +1)3
8𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1)−32𝑥𝑦 2
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1)3
(Equation 5)
𝛿 8𝑥𝑦
Finally, 𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿𝑥 [ 2]
(𝑥2 +𝑦2 +1)
𝛿
𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿𝑥 [(8𝑥𝑦)(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)−2 ]
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
8𝑦 32𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 − (𝑥 2 We can further simplify it.
+𝑦 2 +1) 2 +𝑦 2 +1)3
8𝑦(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1)−32𝑥 2 𝑦
𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +1)3
(Equation 6)
We can now evaluate each of the critical points (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−1,0)and(1,0) with
2
𝐷(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) − (𝑓𝑦𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦))
2
𝐷(−1,0) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,0) ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,0) − (𝑓𝑦𝑥 (−1,0))
−8(2)+4(4−4) 16
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,0) = → 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,0) = −
23 8
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,0) = −2
−8(2)+32(0) 16
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,0) = → 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,0) = −
23 8
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,0) = −2
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
16(0)−32(0)
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,0) = 23
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,0) = 0
2
𝐷(1,0) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,0) ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1,0) − (𝑓𝑦𝑥 (1,0))
8(2)+4(4−4) 16
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,0) = → 𝑓𝑥𝑥 (1,0) =
23 8
𝑓𝑥𝑥 (−1,0) = 2
−8(2)−32(0) 16
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,0) = → 𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1,0) =
23 8
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (−1,0) = 2
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
16(0)−32(0)
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1,0) = 23
𝑓𝑦𝑦 (1,0) = 0
We can try plotting the points and proving graphically that we are correct.
Figure 9
We can see how the point is among the positive contour lines, and in the point
of steepest value.
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
Now, we can plot the other critical point (1,0) and evaluate its placement within
Figure 10
For a more visually intuitive proof, we can use the graph with the contour plot
Figure 11
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
c. We can also describe the function by finding its limits when letting either x or y
−4𝑥
𝑧=
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 + 𝟏
Since we only have one variable (k became a constant) our function can be
evaluated as a regular function with a single independent variable;
Our new equation is a quotient of two equations, with the denominator having a
higher degree than its numerator.
We can prove this by looking at the following graph of the zx-plane (figure 12).
Figure 12
We can see that as the function approaches infinity from either side it gets closer
−4𝑥
to the x-axis, thus lim ( )=0
𝑥→∞ 𝒙𝟐 +𝒌𝟐 +𝟏
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Saul Sanchez Austin Community College Calculus 3
d. Now, using the previous technique, we let 𝑥 = 𝑘 where 𝑘 ∈ ℕ (is any arbitrary
constant) and evaluate the function.
−4𝑘
Our equations now becomes. 𝑧 =
𝒌𝟐 +𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
𝑘
The equation becomes 𝑧 = (where k is an arbitrary constant)
𝑦 2 +𝑘
This asymptotic behavior can be seen in the following graph of the zy-plane
(figure 13).
Figure 13
We can see that as the function approaches infinity from either side it gets closer
𝑘
to the y-axis, thus lim ( )=0
𝑦→∞ 𝒚𝟐 +𝒌
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