MATERIAL SCIENCE

ABSORBENT AND ELASTICS MATERIALS

KIM BERYL UTOMO

180403072

DEPARTEMEN FAKULTAS TEKNIK INDUSTRI

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
MEDAN
2019
Absorbent Material

An absorbent material has small holes in it. When a liquid, such as water, comes into contact
with a material with tiny holes in, such as paper or a sponge, the liquid is drawn into the tiny
holes. It spreads out through the material using the holes. An absorbent material can even draw a
liquid upwards. If you put a sponge or dishcloth on top of some water on a kitchen surface the
water will go up into the absorbent material.

We use absorbent materials to soak up spills and for drying up. Kitchen towels (both cloth and
paper) are absorbent. We use them for drying the washing up and for drying ourselves after a
bath or a shower. Cotton wool is another absorbing material. It is used in bandages to absorb
blood from a wound. A material called oasis is used to absorb water in a plant display, and pass
it on to the plants.

Absorbent materials can be a problem. For example you do not want to be caught in a shower of
rain when you are wearing absorbent materials. They will hold on to the water, making you feel
wet and cold. Bricks absorb a little water. Those at the bottom of a wall absorb water from the
ground. If this water moved up the wall and into the building it could cause damp walls. The
water is stopped by placing a non-absorbent material between layers of bricks near the bottom of
the wall. You may see this material as a black line in the cement low down in a wall. It is called a
damp-proof course.

Example of absorbent material

Universal Absorbents

Universal absorbents are an absorbent solution

typically used for all industrial and commercial spill
control. They come in different configurations like
absorbent mats, pads, pillows, rolls and booms.
Universal absorbents are multipurpose that includes
handling solvents, water, oil and other types of liquids. This helps in cleaning floors and the
prevention of falling or slipping.

Oil Absorbents

Oil absorbents repel water and are specifically for oil

cleanup only. They are able to absorb the oil without also
absorbing the water, making them perfect for oil cleanup and
containment on or near large bodies of water. They can be
used indoors or outdoors. They're available in different
configurations like absorbent socks, sweeps, pads, booms,
rolls and drip pans.

Absorbent Pillows and Pads

A pillow is a fabric bag filled with absorbent material,

used for rapid absorption of high volumes of liquid in a
limited area. A pad is a sheet of absorbent material used
to control low-volume spills and help to prevent
physical hazards and protect surfaces from damaging
liquid materials.

Absorbent Socks

Absorbent socks can be used for a variety of solvents as

well as for cleaning up spills on outdoor equipment and
machine bases. Oil socks are used to absorb oil and to wrap
machines to prevent spilling on the floor. There are
different types of filler in socks. Some examples include corn cob, cellulose, vermiculite and
polypropylene.

Loose Absorbents

Commonly used absorbents come in the form of granular

sand that's poured on the spill's surface. These floor sweeps
can absorb a variety of spills including oil, coolants and other
solvents. They have uses in many areas including factories,
hospitals, schools, office buildings, gas stations, warehouses
and restaurants.

Specialty Absorbents

Neutralizers handle hazardous material spills,

including caustics, acids, solvents and
formaldehyde. Absorbent polymers solidify
hydrocarbon or oil spills. Mercury spill kits
provide safe cleanup and vapor suppression.
They also come in wraps and mats.

Reusable Absorbents

Rags and towels are commonly used absorbents that are

considered reusable because they may be laundered. Some
granular absorbents are made from recycled material and are
reusable or can be burned for energy recovery. Some other reusable absorbents come in the form
of socks, sheets, rolls, pads and pillows.

Booms and Skimmers

Booms and skimmers are ideal for

sweeping oil from streams, ponds and
other bodies of water to keep them
from harming the environment. They
keep waterways clean of petroleum-
based liquids and other contaminants.
Oil sweeps and oil skimmers come in
the form of sump socks and pillows and
oil containment booms.

Hazmat Absorbents

Hazmat absorbents are ideal for chemical spills of bio-hazardous

liquids in both industrial and commercial environments. They're
part of spill kits and are available as mats, pads, rolls, socks,
dikes and booms. They are used on land because they do not float
in water. Hazmat absorbents also absorb water-based fluids like
gas, hydraulic fluids, coolants, acetone, hexane and turpentine.

Traffic Rugs

Traffic rugs are meant to be walked on to absorb fluids. They can be

used in areas of high foot traffic or next to frequently used
equipment. A variety of this type of absorbent material is available,
depending on which is most suitable for the job. They come in boxes, rolls and a number of
different lengths which may be cut into dimensions that are specific to the job.

Elastic Material

The Elastic materials Are those materials that have the ability to resist a distorting or deforming
influence or force, and then return to their original shape and size when the same force is
removed.

1. Characteristics of elastic materials

When an elastic material is deformed with an external force, it experiences an internal

resistance to the deformation and restores it to its original state if the external force is no
longer applied.

To a certain extent, most solid materials exhibit elastic behavior, but there is a limit of the
magnitude of the force and the accompanying deformation within this elastic recovery.

A material is considered as elastic if it can be stretched up to 300% of its original length.

For this reason there is an elastic limit, which is the greatest force or tension per unit area
of a solid material that can withstand permanent deformation.

For these materials, the elasticity limit marks the end of their elastic behavior and the
beginning of their plastic behavior. For weaker materials, the stress or stress on its
elasticity limit results in its fracture.

The elasticity limit depends on the type of solid considered. For example, a metal bar can
be extended elastically up to 1% of its original length.

2. Types of elastic materials

 Models of elastic materials Cauchy type

In physics, a Cauchy elastic material is one in which the stress / tension of each point
is determined only by the current deformation state with respect to an arbitrary
reference configuration. This type of materials is also called simple elastic material.

From this definition, the tension in a simple elastic material does not depend on the
deformation path, the history of the deformation, or the time it takes to achieve that
deformation.

This definition also implies that the constitutive equations are spatially local. This
means that stress alone is affected by the state of the deformations in a neighborhood
close to the point in question.

It also implies that the force of a body (such as gravity) and inertial forces can not
affect the properties of the material.

Simple elastic materials are mathematical abstractions, and no real material fits this
definition perfectly.

However, many elastic materials of practical interest such as iron, plastic, wood and
concrete can be assumed as simple elastic materials for stress analysis purposes.

Although the stress of the simple elastic materials depends only on the deformation
state, the stress / stress work may depend on the deformation path.

Therefore, a simple elastic material has a non-conservative structure and the stress
can not be derived from a scaled potential elastic function. In this sense, materials that
are conservative are called hyperelastic.

 Hypoelastic materials

These elastic materials are those that have a constitutive equation independent of
finite stress measurements except in the linear case.
 The models of hypoelastic materials are different from the models of hyperelastic
materials or simple elastic materials since, except in particular circumstances, they
can not be derived from a deformation energy density (FDED) function.

A hypoelastic material can be rigorously defined as one that is modeled using a

constitutive equation that satisfies these two criteria:

 The tensioning tensioner or To the time T Depends only on the order in which
the body has occupied its past configurations, but not in the period in which
these past configurations were crossed.
As a special case, this criterion includes a simple elastic material, in which the current
voltage depends only on the current configuration rather than the history of the past
configurations.

 There is a tensor function with value G so that or G ( or , L ) in which or Is the

lapse of the tensor tension of the material and L Be the spatial velocity gradient
tensor.

 Hyperelastic materials

These materials are also called Green elastic materials. They are a type of constitutive
equation for ideally elastic materials for which the relationship between stress is
derived from a function of strain energy density. These materials are a special case of
simple elastic materials.

For many materials, linear elastic models do not correctly describe the observed
behavior of the material.

The most common example of this kind of material is rubber, whose stress-strain
relationship can be defined as non-linear, elastic, isotropic, incomprehensible and
generally independent of its stress ratio.
Preference

https://www.curriculumvisions.com/search/A/absorbent/absorbent.html

https://www.hunker.com/13419548/10-common-types-of-absorbents

https://www.lifepersona.com/elastic-materials-types-features-and-examples