Drake's Leat

Drake's Leat, also known as Plymouth Leat, was a watercourse

constructed in the late 16th century to tap the River Meavy[1] on
Dartmoor, England, from which it ran 17.5 miles (28.2 km) in order
to supply Plymouth with water.[2] It began at a point now under
water at Burrator Reservoir, from which its path now emerges some
10m lower than the typical reservoir water level.[3] It was one of the
first municipal water supplies in the country
.

Contents
Plans
Drake's Leat
Construction
Conflict with the tinners
Preservation
See also
References
Notes

Plans
The leat was first mooted in 1560 but not surveyed until 1576 when the route was decided. Due to the necessity of following the
contours the length of the leat was seventeen and a half miles.

In 1581, Sir Francis Drake became Mayor of Plymouth and it was at this time that the idea for the leat was considered by the
Corporation of Plymouth.

When Elizabeth I called a parliament in 1584, the Water Bill for Plymouth was already prepared for presentation. The bill had the
following clauses:

1. To provide a supply of water for naval and merchant shipping.

2. To provide water for fire fighting in Plymouth.
3. To scour Sutton Harbour[4] of silt.
4. To improve the poor quality of land on Dartmoor adjacent to the proposed leat.
The bill was passed to a Select Committee chaired by Sir Francis Drake for consideration. Drake proposed an additional clause
stating that mills could be erected and operated on the banks of the leat. It gained royal assent and was passed as an Act in 1585 "For
the Preservation of the Haven of Plymouth".

The town was authorized:

"... to digge and myne a Diche or Trenche conteynenge in Bredthe betwene sixe or seaven ffoote over in all Places throughe and over
all the Lands and Grounds lyeing betweene the saide Towne of Plymmowth and anye parte of the saide R
yver Mewe als Mevye, and to
digge, myne, breake, bancke and caste vpp, all and all maner of Rockes Stones Gravell Sande and all other Letts in anye places or
Groundes for the conveyant or necessarie Conveyange of the same River to the saide Towne ..."
Construction
Due to lack of funding caused by the war with Spain and the Armada, construction was not started until 1590 and completed in 1591.
The construction of the leat was by means of a simple ditch and bank which measured approximately six feet at its widest and was
approximately two feet deep.Its course was deliberately meandering and gently sloping so that the water would not flow too fast and
erode the banks. It was estimated that it took some thirty five men just over four months to complete the construction. Drake took
part in the ceremonial turning of the first sod in December 1590. On 24 April 1591, the supply of water first flowed to Plymouth and
the leat was blessed by the rector of Meavy. A legend records that at its opening Drake rode a white horse ahead of the water all the
way to Plymouth.

Drake was paid £200 for the work plus another £100 for compensation to any landowners whose property the course of the leat
would have to pass through. In the event he paid out only £100 for construction and £60 for compensation making a tidy £140 profit.
The mill, into which the leat flowed, was leased by Drake as were all six of the new mills built in the same year
.

On completion of the leat it was obvious that little heed had been paid to the original clauses as the leat did not flow to the naval
victualling yard at Lambhay until 1645; it was of no use for fire fighting as it avoided the built up areas of the city; it never went near
Sutton Harbour, entering the sea at Millbay instead;[5] and finally no arrangements for supplying irrigation were ever made with the
taking of water from the lease being made illegal. It can therefore be seen that the primary purpose was to enable Drake to capitalise
on his milling operations. Some of the excess water was made available to the public after it had driven the mill wheels but by 1600
only 30 homes had been connected.

Conflict with the tinners

Around 1600 an acrimonious dispute arose over the diversion of water from the leat for use in tin mills on Roborough Down. On one
side was Thomas Drake, brother of the deceased Francis, who now owned the corn mills lower down the leat; on the other was Sir
Walter Raleigh as Lord Warden of the Stannaries, who supported the tinners claim under stannary law. The dispute went to the Star
Chamber, and the outcome of the proceedings was that in 1603 the tinners were permitted to abstract water for their "two tynne
milles knocking mills or classe milles".[6]

Preservation
Harsh winters and a general decline in the condition of the leat brought the feasibility of its continued existence into question. The
ever-growing population, and the increasing demand on the water supply in Plymouth, meant that a more reliable source and supply
of fresh water had to be found, and this led to the creation of Burrator Reservoir in 1891. So, three hundred years after its
construction, the upper part of Drake's Leat was lost as the valley was flooded, although lower sections remained for some years.

Despite many considerations and plans to put the leat to good use, little has been preserved. The leat was briefly restored during the
Second World War, should it have been needed if the city's new supply was damaged. Parts of the leat are still visible on the moor at
Roborough Down (just off the A386) and near Clearbrook.

See also
Devonport Leat

References
Brian Moseley (January 2013)."Water Supply to Plymouth". The Encyclopaedia of Plymouth History. Plymouth Data.
Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
"Drake's Leat". CorboyWeb. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 15 November 2007. - a
detailed article about Drake's Leat
Notes
1. 50.474°N 4.077°W River Meavy just upstream from Hoo Meavy
2. Devonport Leat – project completed(http://www.dartmoorpreservation.co.uk/devonport-leat-project-completed/)'To
clarify: Plymouth Leat, built 1590-1591, ran for 17½ miles from a head weir on the River Meavy (now under Burrator
Reservoir) to the sea at Millbay, Plymouth', at dartmoorpreservation.co.uk, accessed 8 April 2018
3. 50.493°N 4.043°W Emergence of Drakes Leat/ Plymouth Leat below Burrator Reservoir dam
4. 50.368°N 4.132°W Sutton Harbour, Central Plymouth
5. Langley, Martin (1987). Millbay Docks (Port of Plymouth series). Exeter: Devon Books. p. 1.ISBN 0-86114-806-1.
6. Vera Gray (1990). "A Leat on Roborough Down and an Early Seventeenth-Centuryinner's
T Dispute". Rep. Trans.
Devon. Ass. Advmt Sci. 122: 77–79.

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