methods as well as with the conventional OMP by adopting the 20. I.F. Gorodnitsky and B.D.
tsky and B.D. Rao, Sparse signal reconstruction from
ERSCE and the MSERP as the performance measures. The results
showed that the accuracy of the proposed method is better than
that of the other methods with an incomplete RCS dataset with
missing data as well as with a complete RCS dataset under
noisy environment. In addition, we experimentally found that
the l1-norm optimization for sparse recovery provides poor per-
formance in terms of SCE accuracy and, therefore, it is not suit-
able for obtaining a robust performance for SCE accuracy.
Another advantage of the proposed method was that the esti-
mated nSC can be automatically found by the residual and the
stopping criterion. Therefore, we can establish that the proposed
method also accomplishes robust detection of dominant scatter-
ing centers, even when using the incomplete RCS dataset.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the STRL (Sensor Target Recogni-
tion Laboratory) program of Defense Acquisition Program
Administration and Agency for Defense Development.
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cess 90 (2010), 1402–1414.
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C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF A DUAL-
POLARIZED DIELECTRIC RESONATOR
ANTENNA USING POLARIZATION
INDEPENDENT FSS
Biswarup Rana, Ayan Chatterjee, and Susanta Kumar Parui
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Indian
Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah,
India; Corresponding author: biswaruprana@gmail.com
Received 12 October 2015
ABSTRACT: A dual-polarized dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) fed
by two orthogonal microstrip lines has been explored employing
coupled-resonator spatial filter (CRSF) frequency selective surface
(FSS) as superstrate which, to the best of our knowledge, is reported for
the first time. The DRA with er 5 20 has been used as a primary radia-
tor, excites fundamental TE111 mode. A CRSF FSS has been placed
above the ground plane at a distance of half wavelength and a 3.4 dBi
increased gain has been found compared to the gain without FSS. Using
Arlon AD270 both the antenna and the FSS have been fabricated and
experimental measurements have been carried out. The proposed
antenna with FSS offers an impedance bandwidth of 5.1% covering fre-
quency from 6.4 to 6.74 GHz with a maximum gain of 8.9 dBi at the res-
onant frequency for the port1. For the port2, the DRA with FSS
resonates at 6.54 GHz with an impedance bandwidth of 5.3% covering
frequency from 6.37 to 6.72 GHz. A good agreement has been observed
between the measured and simulated results. V C 2016 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:1415–1420, 2016; View this article
online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29832
Key words: dielectric resonator antenna; coupled-resonator spatial fil-
ter; frequency selective surface; dual-polarized
1. INTRODUCTION
IN recent years, dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) have
attracted much attention owing to their attractive features such
as small size, low loss at high frequency, wider impedance
bandwidth, high temperature tolerance, no excitation of surface
waves etc [1–3]. As the ohmic loss in conventional metallic
antennas increases as frequency increases, the DRAs are very
useful for high frequency applications. Different shapes of
DRAs like cylindrical, rectangular, hemispherical, elliptical,
pyramidal, triangular etc. have been investigated and presented
in the literature for the last few decades. To couple the energy
to the DRAs, different feeding mechanisms can be used like,
co-axial probe [4], direct microstrip line feed [5], slot aperture
[6], non-resonant microstrip patch feed [7] etc. A high directive
antenna can be realized using superstrate layers. The superstrate
layer can be designed by various configurations. To design a
low profile antenna, the superstrate layer should be compact,
easy to fabricate, easily available. Frequency selective surface
1415

Figure 1 (a) Schematic diagram of the DRA element. Length of the
substrate 5 45 mm, width of the substrate 5 45 mm, length of the micro-
strip line 5 18 mm. (b) Fabricated prototype. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
(FSS) can be good candidate for this purpose. FSS can be
designed by various configurations like ring, patch, square loop,
strip and slot shapes, etc. [8–10]. The spatial diversity and
polarization diversity antennas are becoming very popular now
days as they can improve the signal reception capability. The
polarization diversity antennas are more compact that the spatial
diversity antennas as the polarization diversity antennas have a
single radiating element. In literature, different dual-polarized
antennas have been presented [11–15]. But those antennas have
the limited gain and are not suitable for high gain applications.
In this paper, based on the CRSF FSS [10], a novel dual-
polarized DRA has been proposed. The DRA has been fed by
two microstrip lines to couple the electric and magnetic near
fields from the microstrip lines to the DRA for dual polarization
applications. Gain enhancement of the DRA has been consid-
ered. For this purpose, three split-ring resonators have been con-
nected together as a unit cell of a FSS which is polarization
independent. The multi resonance performances of the FSS
alone and along with the antenna have been studied by using
two-port microstrip line and unit-cell box theory. Also, different
distances between the top surface of the Arlon AD270 substrate
and FSS are analyzed and experimentally tested. Detailed design
of the DRA and DRA with FSS are presented, and results are
discussed in the following sections.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN
2.1. The Configuration
Initially, a dual-polarized rectangular DRA as shown in Figure
1(a) has been designed on Arlon AD270 substrate with thickness
of 0.79 mm, loss tangent of 0.0023 and dielectric constant of
2.7. The height of the DRA has been obtained for maximum
broadside radiation. The DRA has been fed by two microstrip
lines each of them having impedance of 50 X for dual polariza-
1416 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016
Figure 2 S11 and S21 parameters of the DRA. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
tion applications. The DRA excites fundamental TEx111 for feed-
ing at port1 and excites TEy111 for feeding at port 2. A prototype
has been fabricated by Eccostock HIK material of dielectric
constant 20, length (L) of 9.525 mm, width (W) of 9.525 mm
and height (h) of 4.6 mm as shown in Figure 1(b).
2.2. Simulated and Measured Results for port1
Figure 2 shows the simulated and measured input S11 of the
DRA. It is observed that the DRA resonates at 6.56 GHz with
its fundamental TE111 mode. The measured 210 dB bandwidth
is 10.8% covering from 6.19 to 6.90 GHz. The simulated S21
parameter is 220 dB at the resonant frequency of 6.56 GHz.
Similar types of results are also observed for port2. The length
of the microstrip line (L1) inserted below the DRA is varied
and optimum impedance matching of the antenna is observed
for L1 5 2.26 mm as shown in Figure 3.
The simulated electric field distributions due to TE111 mode
for the port1 and port2 have been shown in Figures 4(a) and
4(b) respectively.
The simulated and measured E-plane (yz plane) and H-plane
(zx plane) radiation patterns are shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b)
respectively. The measured E-plane and H-plane peak gains are
5.5 dBi and 5.4 dBi respectively. The simulated and measured
cross-polarization levels for both E-plane and H-plane are very
less from their peak values. The measured half power beam-
widths for E-plane and H-plane patterns are 152˚and 78˚
respectively.
Figure 3 Simulated S11 of the DRA for different values of L1.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 4 Side view of electric fields at 6.56 GHz due to TE111 mode.
Red: high intensity field. (a) For port1 in yz- plane. (b) For port2 in xz-
plane. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available
at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

3. DUAL-POLARIZED DRA WITH FSS

3.1. Design Principle of FSS Layers

The proposed dual-polarized DRA antenna with FSS has been
depicted in Figure 6(a). A bandpass FSS has been designed to
operate near the antenna resonant frequency of 6.56 GHz by
cascading three layers of patch. The aperture type FSS arrays
have been shown in Figure 6(b). The cascaded FSS is designed
following the technology of a CRSF first proposed in Ref. [10]
for the purpose of enhancing gain of the DRA in broadside
direction by placing it above the antenna as superstrate. As the
FSS is used above a dual-polarized DRA with linear polariza-
tion, so the FSS is also made polarization independent with
respect to horizontal and vertical polarizations. For this purpose,
the unit-cell shapes of the FSS layers are chosen circular. The
FSS is a combination of two side layers with array of circular
shaped metal patches and a middle layer of metal etched with
circular shaped apertures in the centre. Dimensions of circular
shaped patches and apertures determine the resonant frequency
and amount of coupling. Arlon AD270 substrate has been used

Figure 6 (a) Schematic view of the proposed antenna, top view (xy
plane) and side view (zx plane). (b) Configuration of FSS (c) Fabricated
prototype of the proposed antenna. [Color figure can be viewed in the
online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

TABLE 1 Dimensions of the FSS

Parameters F1 F2 R1 R2
Dimension (mm) 17 17 7.5 2.1

Figure 5 Simulated and measured radiation pattern of the DRA (a) E- Figure 7 Simulated S12 and S11 of the cascaded FSS array. [Color fig-
plane. (b) H-plane. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, ure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonline-
which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com] library.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016 1417
Figure 8 Simulated transmission phase of the cascaded FSS. [Color
figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonli-
nelibrary.com]
to cascade three metallic layers with a dielectric constant of 2.7,
loss tangent of 0.0023 and height of 0.79 mm. The optimum
dimensions of unit cells of the FSS layers are given in Table 1.
High frequency structure simulator (HFSS) version 15.0 has
been used to calculate reflection and transmission characteristics
of the FSS and the results are shown in Figure 7 for both polar-
ization angles. It can be observed that the FSS gives a minor
change in its characteristics with change in polarization angle
making it suitable for the dual-polarized DRA. Transmission
phase variations for u 5 0˚ and u 5 90˚ with frequency of the
FSS are shown in Figure 8. The FSS has the advantages of high
selectivity, low insertion loss, stable performances, easy fabrica-
tion, so it is a good candidate for designing DRA with FSS. The
photograph of the fabricated proposed antenna is shown in Fig-
ure 6(c).
3.2. Equivalent Circuit Model for the Cascaded FSS
A simple equivalent circuit of the FSS is given in Figure 9(a),
which is valid for normal incidence of the electromagnetic
wave.
Figure 9 (a) Simple equivalent circuit model of the cascaded FSS (b)
Second order coupled resonator filter with p network (L1, Lm and L3)
representation of T network (LS1, L2 and LS2)
1418 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016
Figure 10 Simulated and measured S11 of the proposed antenna.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
The first and third layers of metallic patches are modeled as
parallel capacitors C1 and C3, whereas the middle layer of aper-
tures in metal is modeled as a parallel inductor L2. Dielectric
substrates separating the three metallic FSS layers of height
0.79 mm can be modeled as two short pieces of transmission
lines of characteristic impedances Z0/冑er1 and Z0/冑er2 respec-
tively. Here er1 and er2 are dielectric constants of the substrates
(er15 er2 5 2.7) and Z0 5 377X is the free space wave imped-
ance. The transmission line sections are represented here by
their equivalent circuit model with a series inductor and a shunt
capacitor. The spaces at both ends of the cascaded FSS are
modeled here as semi-infinite transmission lines with character-
istic impedances of Z0r1 and Z0r2 respectively
(r1 5 r2 5 normalized source and load impedances 5 1). Second
order nature of the filter is clearly visible in the circuit as shown
in Figure 9(b) where T network (consisting LS1, L2 and LS2) of
the circuit in Figure 9(a) is converted into a p network (consist-
ing L1, Lm and L3). The values of L1, Lm and L3 can be easily
found with the values of LS1, L2 and LS2.
3.3. Performance of the DRA with FSS Superstrate
An Agilent make vector network analyzer is used to measure
return loss of the proposed dual-polarized DRA with FSS for
both the port1 and port2. Figure 10 shows the simulated and
measured input S11 of the proposed DRA with FSS for the
port1. It is observed that for port1 the proposed DRA with FSS
resonates at 6.57 GHz with impedance bandwidth of 5.2% cov-
ering frequency from 6.4 to 6.74 GHz. The measured result of
the port1 has an impedance bandwidth of 7.3% covering fre-
quency from 6.39 to 6.88 GHz. The simulated and measured
Figure 11 Simulated and measured S22 of the proposed antenna.
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop

Figure 12 Radiation pattern of the proposed antenna for port1 (a) E-
plane. (b) H-plane. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
Figure 13 Radiation pattern of the proposed antenna for port2 (a) E-
plane. (b) H-plane. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016
return loss for port2 is shown in Figure 11. The proposed DRA
with FSS resonates at 6.54 GHz for port2. The measured imped-
ance bandwidth is 7.6%.
The simulated and measured E-plane and H-plane radiation
pattern for port1 of the proposed DRA with FSS are shown in
Figures 12(a) and 12(b), respectively. A simulated gain of 9 dBi
and measured gain of 8.9 dBi is observed for the E- plane radia-
tion pattern of the proposed DRA with FSS. For the H-plane
radiation pattern, simulated and measured gains are 9 dBi and
8.8 dBi respectively. The cross-polarisation level for both the E-
plane and H-plane are well below from their peak values. The
radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna is observed to be
93% at resonant frequency. The measured 23dB beamwidths
for the E-plane and H-plane are 42˚ and 48˚ respectively. A
good agreement between the simulated and measured results is
obtained for port1. The simulated and measured E-plane and H-
plane radiation pattern for port2 is depicted in Figure 13(a) and
13(b) respectively. The simulated 9.2 dBi gain of E-plane is
observed while the measured E-plane gain is 8.9 dBi for port2.
The simulated and measured gain for the H-plane radiation pat-
ters are 9.2 dBi and 8.9 dBi respectively.
4. CONCLUSION
A dual-polarized DRA with FSS is proposed for high gain appli-
cations. It operates at 6.57 GHz centre frequency with imped-
ance bandwidth of 7.3%. A maximum measured gain of 8.8 dBi
has been observed. Using two polarizations in one antenna, sys-
tem performance could be improved greatly when the antenna is
used in polarization-diversity scheme. It may be found suitable
as a receiving antenna with high gain and efficiency in noisy
and congested spectrum environments. It may also be used for
the electrically steered antenna applications for future
investigations.
REFERENCES
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the matching of microstrip-fed dielectric resonator antennas, IEEE
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6. G. Almpanis, C. Fumeaux, and R. Vahldieck, Offset cross-slot-
coupled dielectric resonator antenna for circular polarization, IEEE
Microwave Wireless Compon Lett 16 (2006), 461–463.
7. B. Rana and S.K. Parui, Nonresonant microstrip patch-fed dielectric
resonator antenna array, IEEE Antenna Wireless Propag Lett 14
(2015), 747–750.
8. R. Pous and D.M. Pozar, A frequency-selective surface using
coupled microstrip patches, IEEE Trans Antenna Propag 39 (1991),
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9. D.H. Lee, Y.J. Lee, J. Yeo, R. Mittra, and W.S. Park, Design of
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10. H. Zhou, S. Qu, B. Lin, J. Wang, H. Ma, Z. Xu, W. Peng, and P.
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C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
ADJUSTABLE WIRELESS POWER
TRANSFER SYSTEM USING PORT-
SELECTIVE SWITCHING COILS
Gunbok Lee, Yeon Gyeong Shin, and Wee Sang Park
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science
and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Korea; Corresponding
author: skipguny@postech.ac.kr
Received 13 October 2015
impedance matching adaptively using additional combinations of
lumped elements in front of coils [8,9]; this method can be used
with the minimum number (two) of coil at a single frequency, but
requires many combinations of lumped elements and therefore
may incur additional power loss. Also, if this method is used in a
high-power system that requires large elements, the total system
size will be much increased.
In this letter, we propose a port-selective switching (PSS)
coil for an adaptive WPT system. The proposed coil can adjust
its coupling by using switches to expand the efficient transfer
range in a 2-coil system. We present the equivalent circuits,
experimental results obtained using a fabricated system.
2. DESIGN OF PORT SELECTIVE SWITCHING COIL SYSTEM
The proposed coil can be reconfigured by selecting different
port locations (Fig. 1). A conventional spiral coil for 2-coil
WPT system [Fig. 1(a)] is connected to an input/output port that
has a capacitor at each ends. The capacitors can be connected
both in series and parallel to tune a desired resonant frequency.
A PSS coil has multiple terminations on a normal spiral coil
[Fig. 1(b)]. Only one termination must be selected as a port;
which one is selected is determined using switches. A resonating
capacitor is connected to two spiral ends, and a parallel capaci-
tor at the port is connected to tune the operating frequencies of
all states to be the same. Then the single spiral can be regarded

ABSTRACT: A port-selective switching (PSS) coil that has multiple ter-

minations on a typical spiral is proposed for an adjustable wireless
power transfer system. The impedance of the coil can be changed by
selecting a different input/output port location, which enables the coil
system to be adjustable. A PSS coil that has five switches is fabricated.
The transfer range at which efficiency exceeds 50% increases by 2.5
times for the single-sided PSS system and by 5.5 times for the double-
sided PSS system compared with the conventional system. V C 2016 Wiley

Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:1420–1423, 2016; View

this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.29831

Key words: wireless power transfer; adaptive matching; reconfigurable

coil; multiple switches

1. INTRODUCTION
Magnetically coupled wireless power transfer (WPT) has applica-
tions in consumer electronics, biomedical devices, and industrial
equipment [1–3]. In these applications, to allow unrestricted use of
moving devices, the wireless transfer range must be expanded.
However, even an optimized conventional static system can only
achieve a short transfer range, because the coil impedance changes
dynamically when the transfer distance changes [4]. Thus, this sys-
tem requires an additional adaptive technique to extend the trans-
fer range. In previous work, frequency tracking, varying coupling
and LC matching circuit methods have been proposed. The fre-
quency tracking method finds the frequency that achieves maxi-
mum power transfer, and transmits at this frequency to maintain
high efficiency when the transfer distance changes at short distan-
ces [5]; however, this method requires wide bandwidth and a high-
speed controller to sweep a frequency range promptly. The vary-
ing coupling method adaptively changes the coupling between the
drive and main resonant coil in a 4-coil system [6,7]; this method
achieves impedance matching at most distances at a single fre- Figure 1 Design of coils. (a) Conventional coil, (b) proposed coil.
quency, but increases the number of coils and it is not practical rin 5 10 mm: inner radius; rout 5 97.5 mm: outer radius; p 5 5 mm:
because the physical distance between the coils should be changed center-to-center pitch. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,
to vary the coupling. The LC matching circuit method achieves which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

1420 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 58, No. 6, June 2016 DOI 10.1002/mop