Lab Report Assessment Rubrics

Faculty: FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Programme: BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WITH HONOURS
Course/Code: FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY/ BFC20601
Experiment
DISCHARGE OVER WEIRS
Title:
Assessed by: ENCIK WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN MOHAMED @ WAN ABD GHANI
Section: 6
Student 1. MOHAMMAD FAIZ BIN FAIZOL KAMAR (AF170071)
names: 2. SITI KHADIJAH BINTI SALIHIN (AF170157)
3. IZZATUL SYAHIRA BINTI ZAKARIA (AF170184)
4. NURUL SYAZWANI BINTI MAIZATULLAH
(AF170157)
5. NURAIN NAJWA BINTI MOHD YUSOF (AF170166)

Excellent
V.Poor

Good
Poor

Fair
CLO 1: Explain the results of hydraulics and mechanics materials experiments based on relevant standard and theories. [PLO4, C2]
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Lab work aim/purposes Identify the lab purpose C1 1
and materials used List and include all lab materials C1 1
Report Use appropriate List and include all lab procedures C1 1
methodology and results
to interpret procedures Answer and discuss relevant questions,
C2 1
used equations and techniques
Development of Interpret proper results C2 0.5
Presentation methodology and
assumptions in study Discuss the use of materials and equations C2 0.5
Total 5
CLO 2: Display high quality of technical and interpretation skills in solving the assign problems. [PLO2, P4]
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Descriptions of the lab work needs P1 0.5
Perform on-site lab work Correct use of measurement technique
P2 1.5
and equipments
Report Discussion on the Describe correct and precise data
applications of the lab P2 1.5
collection
work with measurement
techniques and Analyse and discuss the data trends and
P3 1.5
equations patterns using correct graphs
Solve the applications of equations with
P3 1
Use/adapt appropriate correct and accurate analyses
measurement 3 sets data measurement for accuracy P4 0.7
Presentation
technique/concept and
results Investigate, discuss and relate the use of
P4 0.8
lab work with real site situation
Total 7.5
CLO 3: Describe the laboratory testing procedures among group members throughout the experiments. [PLO5, A2]
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Format of report follows given format A1 1.5
Convey information in
Report Team work: contribution from all members A1 1.5
group
Follows the field work instructions A2 1.5
Demonstrate importance of lab works,
A2 2
able to answers open ended questions
Convey spoken ideas in
Presentation
group Organisation of group presentation A2 0.7

Support members in Q&A session A2 0.3

Total 7.5

Total (%)
FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 20601

Experiment Code MMB – 05

Experiment Title DISCHARGE OVER WEIRS

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : Izzatul Syahira Zakaria

MATRIC NO : AF170184
DATE : 23th of September 2018

*This SEC sheet/student is compulsory compiles in this report

 FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL
PAGE NO : 1
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL EDITION : 1
ENGINEERING REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 5/3/2018
TITLE : DISCHARGE OVER WEIRS AMENDMENT DATE :

PART B: DISCHARGE OVER WEIRS

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To study the relation between flowrate and total head above the cress level of the rectangular notch
and V notch.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this experiment, students are able to:
 Calculate the flowrate in difference notch.
 Identify the relationship between flowrate and total head.
 Identify the velocity and the magnitude of the flowrate in notch.

3.0 THEORY

THEORY OF RECTANGULAR NOTCH AND V NOTCH

The notch is similar to that observed at a sharp edged orifice, and has the same effect of reducing the
discharge rate. Therefore rewrite the equation from sharp edged weirs as :

 2 
Q  C d B 2 g  3
 3  H2
Where,
Cd  Flowrate Coefficient
B  Breadth of notch
H  Head or depth of the point below the undisturbed surface level.


5
8
Q  Cd 2 g tan H 2
15 2
Where,
Cd = Flowrate Cofficient

= Half angle of the V notch
2
H = Head or depth of the point below the undisturbed surface level
4.0 EQUIPMENT
i) Hydraulic Bench
ii) Rectangular and V-
Notch
iii) Stop Watch

Figure 1: Rectangular Notch in Hydraulic Bench

Figure 2: V Notch in Hydraulic Bench

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1 PROCEDURE OF RECTANGULAR NOTCH

1. The apparatus were connected to the supply and then levelled. The water were admitted from the
bench supply until the level approximately correct.
2. The point gauge were set to zero when it is exactly at the level of the crest of the notch.
3. The point gauge is also brought exactly to the water surface, and the calibrated dial is read when
the correct level has been obtained
4. The reading of level at the gauge is taken. (h1 = 18.5 x10-3 m).
5. The bench hole were closed and time is taken refer to the volume. (V = 5 liter, s1 =140 )
6. The bench hole were closed at the hydraulic bench.
7. Step 4 to 6 is repeated for different water level, hs ( h2 = h1 –s )

5.2 PROCEDURE OF V NOTCH

1. The apparatus were connected to the supply and then levelled. The water were admitted from the
bench supply until the level is approximately correct.
2. The point gauge were set to zero when it is exactly at the level of the crest of the notch.
3. The point gauge is also brought exactly to the water surface, and calibrated dial is read when the
correct level has been obtained.
4. The reading of level at the gauge is taken.
5. The bench hole were closed and time is taken refer to the volume. (V = 5 liter, s1 = 112)
6. The bench hole were opened at the hydraulic bench.
7. Step 4 to 6 is repeated for different water level, hs ( h2 = h1 – s)
6.0 RESULT & ANALYSIS

6.1 Rectangular Notch

1. The breadth of weir noted (B = 33 mm)

2. The volume (V), time (T) and head (H) wrote in table 1.

3. The flowrate Q,h3/2,Cd and QTheory calculated in table1.

4. Graph Q versus h3/2 plotted and the Cd value calculated from slope of the graph.

5. The value of QTheory compared using the Cd value from the table.

Table 1
H 3 Theory
V Q
m
T
m  m s 
Q
m s
2

−3
3
s  3 H
m
Cd
3
(x10 )
H1  18.5 0.005 140 0.357 x 10-4 2.52 x 10-3 0.147 1.351 x 10-5

H 2  27.3 0.005 25 2.000 x 10-4 4.51 x 10-3 0.455 2.417 x 10-5

H 3  36.6 0.005 15 3.333 x 10-4 7.00 x 10-3 0.488 3.752 x 10-5

H 4  43.9 0.005 11 4.545 x 10-4 9.20 x 10-3 0.508 4.931 x 10-5

H 5  53.2 0.005 8 6.250 x 10-4 12.27 x 10-3 0.523 6.576 x 10-5

6.2 V Notch

The breadth of notch wrote.

1. The value of h noted and data was refer to the volume in table 2.

2. Graph Q versus H5/2 plotted and the Cd value calculated from slope of the graph.

3. The value in the table 2 calculated.

4. The value of QTheory calculated using Cd value from table 2.

Table 2
5 Theory
H V T Q
m  m s 
Q
m s
2
m (x10−3) 3
s  3 H
m
Cd
3

H1  13.7 0.005 112 4.464 x 10-5 2.197 x 10-5 2.081 1.821 x 10-5

H 2  18.5 0.005 102 4.902 x 10-5 4.655 x 10-5 1.074 3.875 x 10-5

H 3  24.9 0.005 78 6.410 x 10-5 9.784 x 10-5 0.669 8.134 x 10-5

H 4  27.9 0.005 45 11.111 x 10-5 13.00 x 10-5 0.873 10.812 x 10-5

H 5  34.1 0.005 18 27.778 x 10-5 21.473 x 10-5 1.322 17.857 x 10-5

Calculation
Rectangular Notch

3 3 3 3 3
𝐻12 +𝐻22 +𝐻32 +𝐻42 +𝐻52 𝑄1 +𝑄2 +𝑄3 +𝑄4 +𝑄5
Centroid point = ( , )
𝑛 𝑛

(2.52+4.51+7.00+9.20+12.27)𝑥10−3 (0.36+2.00+3.33+4.55+6.25)𝑥10−4
=( , )
5 5

=(7.10 𝑥10−3 , 3.35 𝑥10−4 )

𝑦2− 𝑦1
Gradient, 𝐶𝑑 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1

(6.25 𝑥10−4 )−(3.33 𝑥10−4 )

=
(12.27 𝑥10−3 )−(7.00 𝑥10−3 )

=0.055
𝐶𝑑 value

3 1
𝐶𝑑 = 𝑄 ( 3)
2
𝐵 √2𝑔𝐻 2

3 1
𝐶𝑑1 = (0.36 𝑥10−4 ) ( )
2 (0.033) (√2(9.81)) (2.52 𝑥10−3 )

= 0.147

3 1
𝐶𝑑2 = (2.00 𝑥10−4 ) ( )
2 (0.033) (√2(9.81)) (4.51 𝑥10−3 )

= 0.455

3 1
𝐶𝑑3 = (3.33 𝑥10−4 ) ( )
2 (0.033) (√2(9.81)) (7.00 𝑥10−3 )

= 0.488

Theory Q
2 3
𝑄 = [ 𝐶𝑑 𝐵 √2𝑔] 𝐻 2
3

2
𝑄1 = [ (0.055) ( ) (0.033) (√2(9.81))] (2.25 𝑥10−3 )
3
−5
= 1.351 𝑥10 𝑚3 /𝑠
2
𝑄2 = [ (0.055) ( ) (0.033) (√2(9.81))] (4.51 𝑥10−3 )
3
−5
= 2.417 𝑥10 𝑚3 /𝑠
2
𝑄3 = [ (0.055) ( ) (0.033) (√2(9.81))] (7.00 𝑥10−3 )
3

= 3.752 𝑥10−5 𝑚3 /𝑠
V notch

5 5 5 5 5
𝐻12 +𝐻22 +𝐻32 +𝐻42 +𝐻52 𝑄1 +𝑄2 +𝑄3 +𝑄4 +𝑄5
Centroid point = ( , )
𝑛 𝑛

(2.19+4.66+9.78+13.00+21.47)𝑥10−5 (4.46+4.90+6.41+11.11+27.78)𝑥10−5
=( , )
5 5

=(10.9 𝑥10−5 , 10.2 𝑥10−5 )

𝑦2− 𝑦1
Gradient, 𝐶𝑑 =
𝑥2 −𝑥1

(6.25 𝑥10−5 )−(3.33 𝑥10−5 )

=
(12.27 𝑥10−5 )−(7.00 𝑥10−5 )

=0.85
𝐶𝑑 value

15 1
𝐶𝑑 = 𝑄 ( )
8 𝜃 5
√2𝑔 tan 2 𝐻 2

15 1
𝐶𝑑1 = (4.46 𝑥10−5 ) ( )
8 45
(√2(9.81)) tan (2.19 𝑥10−5 )
2
= 2.081

15 1
𝐶𝑑2 = (4.90 𝑥10−5 ) ( )
8 45
(√2(9.81)) tan (4.66 𝑥10−5 )
2
= 1.074

15 1
𝐶𝑑3 = (6.41 𝑥10−5 ) ( )
8 45
(√2(9.81)) tan (9.78 𝑥10−5 )
2
= 0.669

Theory Q
8 𝜃 5
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔 tan 𝐻 2
15 2
8 45
𝑄1 = (0.85) ( ) (√2(9.81)) (tan ) (2.19 𝑥10−5 )
15 2
= 1.821 𝑥10−5 𝑚3 /𝑠
8 45
𝑄2 = (0.85) ( ) (√2(9.81)) (tan ) (4.66 𝑥10−5 )
15 2
= 3.875 𝑥10−5 𝑚3 /𝑠
 8 45
𝑄3 = (0.85) ( ) (√2(9.81)) (tan ) (9.78 𝑥10−5 )
15 2
= 8.134 𝑥10−5 𝑚3 /𝑠
7.0 QUESTIONS
1) Compare the differential value of QExperiment with Qtheory for rectangular and show one calculation
of QTeori for rectangular and V notch.
2) Discuss the result for rectangular and V notch in this experiment.
3) As an engineer, what the theory using in this experiment. Conclude clearly about this theory and
the using of notch or weir.

8.0 ANSWER
1) The differential value of QExperiment and Qtheory for rectangular is Qtheory smaller than QExperiment.

Qtheory for rectangular

Cd = 0.055
B = 0.033
H3/2 = 2.52 x 10-3

 2  3
Q= Cd 3 B 2 g  H 2

=
 2
 

0.055 3 0.033 24.81  (2.52x10 )
-3

   
= 1.351 x 10-5 m3/s

Qtheory for V notch

Cd = 0.89
 = 45°
H5/2 = 2.19 x 10-3

8  5

2H
Q = Cd 2 g tan 2
15

= 0.85 8  29.81  tan 45 2.19 x105 

 15   2 
= 1.8215 x 10-5 m3/s

2) The result for rectangular and V notch in this experiment are slightly different form the theoretical
result due to the error occur during the experiment is carry out. For example, there is parallax
error during reading the level of the gauge. Make sure the eyes are perpendicular to the scale
to get the accurate reading. Next, the random error occur during reading the level of the gauge
and during the time taken to achieve the volume. To overcome the error, doing several trials and
finding the average. Take into account zero error of the gauge for more accurate readings.
 FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL
PAGE NO : 1
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL EDITION : 1
ENGINEERING REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 5/3/2018
TITLE : DISCHARGE OVER WEIRS AMENDMENT DATE :

3) The flow rate measurement in a rectangular weir is based on Bernoulli Equation principles and
can be expressed as:
3
 2 
Q  C d B 2 g  H 2
 3 
Where,
Cd  Flowrate Coefficient
B  Breadth of notch
H  Head or depth of the point below the undisturbed surface level.
The V-notch weir is an accurate flow measuring device particularly suited for small flows. The
flow rate can be expressed as:

5
8 
Q  Cd 2 g tan H 2
15 2

Where,
Cd = Flowrate Coefficient

= Half angle of the V notch
2
H = Head or depth of the point below the undisturbed surface level.

( The coefficient Cd is required to show the effects of the simplifying assumptions in the theory).
Weir is barrier placed in an open channel to permit measurement of water discharge. The weir
structure will increase the water level and will be measured. Rectangular weir and V-notch weir
are often used to dam up a stream or river, wastewater, sewage systems and prevent flooding.
 FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL
PAGE NO : 1
ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL EDITION : 1
ENGINEERING REVIEW NO : 1
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY EFFECTIVE DATE : 5/3/2018
TITLE : DISCHARGE OVER WEIRS AMENDMENT DATE :

Prepared by: Izzatul Syahira Binti Zakaria Approved by:

Signature: Signature:

Date: 23 September 2018 Date: 23 September 2018