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Grounding (Slide) PDF
Grounding (Slide) PDF
By ELASSAD Hakam
Microelettrica Scientifica
MS RESISTANCES
ELECTRICITY
The Electricity is produced & generated
outside cities at high voltage
On Nuclear plant
On diesel ,or steam generateur
On wind or photovoltaique
On hydro plant
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Diesel Generation plant
Steam power process
Steam generator
Photovoltaic plant
WIND POWER PLANT
Transmission & Distribution
Electricity should be transported & distributed
The transportation is made through Cables (
High voltage head over lines Transmission )
63 , 132,220 , 330 , 400 or 750 kV the voltage
vary from countries , distance , total power to be
transported Etc.
Head over lines
Transmission & distribution
process
Sub-Station
Types of Neutral Grounding in Power
Distribution
In industrial high voltage network , ground
or earth is the reference point from which
voltages are measured , a common return
path for electrical current or direct physical
connection to the earth
Method of grounding (Earthing)
To determine the Earthing mode a
compromise between three requirements
– Damp over voltages
– Limit damage & disturbances cause by
the earth fault
– Provide simple selective protection
devices
Criteria to Choose
Connect grounding
resistor to neutral
of transformer
Where Do We Ground?
Single generator
feeding bus
Generator Y
connected
Connect grounding
resistor to neutral
of generator
Where Do We Ground?
Multiple sources
feeding bus
Sources Y or
connected
Derive neutral with Y-
or zig-zag
transformer
Connect grounding
resistor to this
derived neutral
Where Do We Ground?
Double-ended
substation with
normally open tie
Transformers Y
connected
Temperature coefficient =
indicate the variation of resistivity of resistance
material with temperature
Resistance material used for NGR should have a
high variation of resistivity to limit the fault
current & keep the voltage constant
The Stainless Steel AISI 430 is mostly used for
NGR
Protection Degree
Type Tests