REFERENCES

-CHAPTER * I.

1. Sen, Sukumar, Bangla Sahityer Itihas, Fol-I, P.368.

(Third edition). He considers that the book,-was bitten in
’ ' < V \

between 1578 and 1604. .

2*^, Travels of Fray Sbbastian Manrique (1629-1643)
(Trans by Luard & Hasten), Vol - IX.
SI tab Khan (Mirza Fa than),. /kharistan-i-Ghalbf

(Tr'ans by Dr. Borah), Fo.l - I & II '

Shlabuddin Ahmed Talish,- ;Fathiyya-i-ibriyya -

/^(Extracts trans. by J./ R.. Sarkar in J. A.S.B. 1906 & 1907).

3. Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique, Vol - II, P.53

fanned, Hicolao? Storia do Mogor. (1656-1712), Vol - II,P.451
4. Sarkar, J.F., History of Bengal Fol - II, P.375
5. Habib, Irfan, Agrarian causes of fall of Mughals.
Fide "Enquiry", Sept., 1959, P.97
» i
6. - Habib, Irfan, The Agrarian system of Mughal
India, P.337. \

7. "Kedayet-ul-qawaiG"
(A manual book of the officials), vide, Sarkar, J.F.,
Mughal Administration, P. 201.
8. Sri Ramsharma, MughalGovernment & Administration,P.144
The Mughal Government "could not expect quick movement or
hearty exertion by Its long unpaid starving soldiers". Fide, *"
Sarkar, J.F. Mughal Administration, P.207
 322

9. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Bengal Vol - II, P.403

10. Sarkar, J.I'T. Mughal Administration Pp. 905-6
11. Bernier, Voyage of the East Indies, (Cal, 1909)
Part II, Pp.130-131.
12. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Bengal Vol - II, P.332.
13. Ray, A.C., The Mughal Havy and its weakness, vide
Journal of Letters, Vol - I, 1957.
Towards the close of the seventeenth century the Mughal
Governor Ibrahim Khan in order to suppress a local rebellion
likeAShobha Singh had to ask the Dutch East India Company
for immediate help. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Aurangzeb) Vol-V,

P.372.
14. J.A.S.B. June, 1906; Moreland, Prom Akbar to
Aurangzeb, Pp. 146-47; Sarkar, Jagadish Naraysn,
’’Monopolies and Monopolistic controls in Mughal India”, Vide,
The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, Vol-IV, no.d
(1964*65), Pp. 192-93.
15. In addition to leading a life of luxury and idleness
Shuja Khan in Bengal set himself to accumulation treasured
He wanted to prepare himself for the future war of succession.
Sarkar, J.N., Hist, of Bengal Vol-II, P.335. The same policy
was pursued by Prince Azim-ush-Shan who was Governor of
Bengal at the turn of the eighteenth century.
16. Orrae, Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire,
P. 343.
17. Saran, Provincial Government of the Mughals P.202.
Also, Sarkar, J.N., History of Aurangzeb', Vol-V,Section.9; P.452
 223

18. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Bengal Vol-II, P.334

19. Travels of Pray Sebastian Manrique Pol-II, P.53

Also see, Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire (1656-58)

(London, 1916) P. 205.

20. Sarkar, J.H., Hist, of Bengal Vol-II, P.314

21. Ascoli, Early Revenue History of Bengal and the

Fifth Report. Pp. 13-15

22. Ibid;
Sarkar, J.H., Mughal Administration P.53.
23. Baharistan-i-Ghaibi (Tr.5, Vol-I, P.419

24. Ibid, Vol-I, P.224.

25. Sri Ramsharma, Mughal Government and Administration,
P.240. ^
u3
26. Bojdrey, Thomas, Countries Round the Bay of Bengal
(1669-79), P.145.

27. Gladwin, Farrative of the Transaction in Bengal, P.17

28. £ Memo ire; Vol-III, Pp. 50 & 60
Martin, ¥,,

29. Historical Indroduction of J.h.Sarkar to Bankim

Chandra Chattopadhya's Bengali novel "Sitaram", P.10

SO. For Shobha Singh’s Rebellion, See, Sarkar, J.P.

Hist, of Aurangzeb, Vol*V, Pp. 371-375; v

Sarkar, J.N., Hist, of Bengal, Vol-II, Pp. 393-96.

Gularn Hussain Saliip, Riyaz-us-Salatin,

Pp. 231-43; Gladwin, Farrative of the Transaction in Bengal,

Pp. 5-18 (Edition, Cal-1788),
31. Sarkar, l.F. Hist, of Auran^eb^ Vol-V, P.373

Stewart, Hist, of Bengal, P.365.

32. Kaeppelin, Los Origines de L' I)|de Francaise
(In French), P.339
33. Letter from Fort St. George (1696 A, D.), date i
not given, Records of Fort St. George
34. Kaeppelin, Les Origines de L' I^de Francaise
(in French), P. 340
 225

CHAPTER II.

1. Irvine, Later Mughals, Vol-I, Pp.3-4.

2. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Aurangzeb, Vol-7, Pp.374-76

Sarkar, J.H. Hist, of Bengal, Vol-II, P.402.

3. Wilson, C.R. Early Annals of the English in T-engal

Vol-I, P.150

Wilson, C.R., Old Fort William in Bengal, Pp.3-4

4. Culara Hussain Sa&ira, Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.247.

The practising of Sanda-i-khas by the Subahdars of Bengal

has been discussedHDy J.N. Sarkar in an article entitled

"Monopolies and Monopolistic controls in Mughal India", the

quarterly Review of Historical Studies, Vol-IV

No.4 C1964-65), Pp. 191-92

5. Billimoria, Letters of Aurangzeb, Letter Ho.LXXXVTII.

6. As to the "Sair" duties, Grant in his "Political

Survey of the northern Circass, 1786" mentioned seven types

of imposts as being current in Bengal under Mughal rule.

Also, Ain-i-Akbari ( Tr. by Elochmanr), Pp.57,58,65.

7. Letter of Aurangzeb has been quoted in History of

Bengal Vol-II, Sarkar, J.M. P.403.

8. Khafi khan, vide Elliot & Downson1 s History of India

etc., Vo1-VII, Pp. 392-93.

Azira-ush-Shan joined his father with 20,000 horses from Bengal.

 226

9. Holwell, Interesting Historical Events, Part I,

P.220.
10. Bruce, Annals of the East India Company Vol-III,P.247.
11. Ascoli, Early Revenue History of Bengal, P.15
12. “......there he a change in this Govt. by a new
Subahs arrivall the new people will have all their work to
do over again”.
Chutanutte, 7th &arch, 1699/1700, Records of Port

St. George.
13. General Letter from Bengal to the Court, January, 8,
1702. Vide Old Fort Wiliam in Bengal, - ’Wilson, C.H.
14. Sarkar, J.W. Wist, of Bengal, Vol-II, P.399.
15. Riyaz-us-Salatin, Pp. 248-49.
16. Ibid, P.249.
17. Ahkain-i-Alamgiri - Inayetullah; 221b;
The name the rebel Zemindar Aaghunath Sing of ^handrokona
appears in the forman granted to Kirti C-hand Hal (1736) of
Burdwan. (Vide Sinha, N.K. Economic Hist of Bengal Vol-II,P.11)
18. Inayetullah; 220b
19. Ibid; 219 b
20. Riyaa-us-Salatin, P.249.
21. Hunter, Orissa, Vol-II, Pp. 28-29
' Oraalley, Cuttack (Bengal District Gazetters)
P.30.
22. Inayetullah, 115b
23. Fo.296, Farm an, (Mss & Documents; - Patna University
Persian Section)
24. Inayetullah, 114b.
25. Ibid, 219a
26. Ibid, 219a, 220b.
27. Ibid, 221a.
28. Ibid, 116a.
29. Ibid, 220b.
30. Gulam Sarfuddin ^adri, ftshraf-ul—Musawaddat, 7a.
31. Inayetullah, 213b.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid, 118b.
34. Ibid, 117b.
35. Ibid,221b
36. Latter from Fort VJilliars, January, 3, 1702;
Records of - Fort. St. George.
37. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.249,
38. Ibid.
39. Inayetullah, 218b.
40. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.250.
41. Ibid.
42. Sarkar, J.E. Hist of Bengal, Vol-II, Pp.402-405.
Biyaz-us-Salatin, P.250.
43. Gladwin, Narrative of the transaction in Bengal, P.21?
Hiyaz-us-S ala tin, P.250.
44. Gladwin, P.23.
45. It is not unlikely that the report sent to the Emperor
was signed by some leaders of the mutiny either under duress
or under pursuasive methods. Riyaz-us-Salatin* P.251.
46. The incident should have taken place sometime/ before

the 29th July, 1703. Because on that da te'Aziro-ush-Shan was

transferred by the order of Aurangzeb way of punishement
for his treachery against Murshid Quli Khan.
Vide, History of Bengal, Vol-II, P.404.
47. Gladwin, P.23.
48. Riyaz-us-Salatin, 251; Gladwin, P.22
Hajundar, P.C., Musnud of Murshiddbad, Pp. 2-6.
49* Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.251; Musnu-i of Mufshid/abad, P.7.
■ i

50. Riyaz-us-3alatin, P*251; •

Walsh, Hist of Murshidabad, P.132.
51. Pd yaz-us-3a la tin, P.252; Gladwin, P.8.
52. Hlyaz-us-Galatin, P.252; Gladwin, P.23
Inayetullah, 116b.
63. Garkar, J.N. Hist of Bengal Vol-II, P.405;
Irvine, Later Mughal s, Vol-I, P.198.
54. Later Mughals, Vol-I, P.25.
55. Ibid, Vo1-1, P.36.
56. Ibid, Vol-I, P.198.
57. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Bengal Vol-II, P.399
58. Consultat ions, 1st. Dec., 1709.
59. Farrukh—Siyar* s temporary supereession should not be
wondered at. According to Irvine he was in the bad book of
his father and grandfather and was without authority or wealtrT
during their life time.
 !

229

, Later Hugh fils, Vol-I, P.199.

,!For personal appearance and for intelligence he
was not held in the sane esteem by his father as his elder
/ 1 brother Muhammad Bakht". Xhafi Khan, Vide. Elliot & Oow/son,
Vol-VII, P.438.
60. J.A.S.B. 1896, Pa it I, P.166.
Hadicjut-ul-aqalim, P.131, Vide later Mughnls, afol-I,
’..200.

61. Consultations, 26th January, 1710.

Riyaz-us-Salatin,P.254; Sarkar,J.K.Hist of Bengal,
Vol-II, P.399.
62. Sarkar, J.M. Hist of Bengal, Vol-II, Pp,399 1 406.
Also, Consultations, 31st March, 1710.
63. Sarkar, J.P., Hist of Bengal, Vol-II, P.4C6.
%

64. Hha.fi Khan, vide, Eliot & Dowj/son, Vol-VII, P.,438.

Syed Qholam Hussain Khan, Siyar-ul-Mutak.herin

(Trans), Vol-I, P.45.
65. Later Mughals, Vol-1, P.198.
Khafi Khan, Vide Eliot & Qowpson, Vol-VII, ?p.438-39.
66. Later Mughals, .Vol-I, Pp. 198-99.
67. , 1896, P.172,
A

68. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.268.

69. Later Mughals, Vol-I, P.199.
70. Consultations,March 25th, 1712.
But actually Azira-ush-Shan did not occupy the throne.
Tie occupied only the Imperial treasury at Lahore in 1124 A.H.
and by virtue of this occupation it was presume^ in all
 230

knowledgeable circles that 'Azim-ush-Shan would surely be

victorious in fche fratricidal warfare. The\Tnglish thought

likewise " ..... his second son Aaeemoshawn Bahadur Possess’t

hims&lf of his °arap Treasure Buns etc. and is at Present
Judged to be likeliest Person to 'get the Crown" Consultations,
12th March, 1712.
71. Stewart, Hist of Bengal, P.416.
72. Letter from ?©rt William j Records of ^ort St. George.

73. Ibid.
74. Hiyas-us-Salatin, P.270; Hist of Bengal 7ol-II, P.406'
75. "The Prince who :Ls Patna has his \rray Consisting ob
about 6000 horse & foot Arrived near Muxodavad where the
Duan. is with his Army which is greater is Humber.Letter
from Tort William, 25th July, 1712 j Records of Tort St.
George.
76. " Tarruckseer sent officers to demand of Mussud Cooley
Cawn the Bengali Treasure, ... .'the'19th May the Duans forces'
routed said officers". Fort William Cteneral, Dated 10th Dec.,
1712. Para 63 (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court);
Rlyaauus-Salatin, P.27-1.
77. Consaltations, 13th June, 1712.
78. Consultations, 16th September, 1712.
79. -C 1/1 *
I * .4

80. Later Mughals, Vol-I, P.212.

81. Consultations, May 13, 1712.
82. Consultations, 23rd June, 1712.
 231

//
/,
/
33^ • Consultations, 13th June, 1712.
,i
8V Letter from Fort William, 11th June, 1712 :
7
i.
- Records of Fort St. George.
A*
*'85. • Letter' from Fort William, 11th June, 1712 :
Records of fort 3t. George.
Letter from Port William, 25th July, 1712 :
86 .
Records of Fort St. George.
87. Consultations, 25th May, 1710.
Early Annals of the English in Bengal, 7ol-II,
88 .
Introduction, P,XXXI5 Consultations, 27th February, .

1710.
Early Annals of theSnglish in Bengal, 7ol-II, PiXXI
83 .
90. Consultations, 17th August, 1711,
91. Consultations, 28th May, 1711§ A

.92. Letter from Fort St. George, 11th February, 1709/10

Records of Fort St. George.
” ..... Our Frend £oody Cat® is turned out and Wughly
Government and severall other places being under the Duan’s
direction ..... ,f Consultations, 13th October, 1711;
n "We are sencible he'was our good Friend and are very

sorry for what has happend” *

Letter from Fbrt St. George, 1711. Wo date is given.
Records of Fort St. George.
94. Early Annals of the English in ^engal Vol-II, P.'OCII.

95. Wheeler, Madras, P.289.

36. Stewart, Hist of Bengal, P.407.
97 Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.263.
 232

98,. Fort William, General dated 10th. December, 1712.

Para 66 (Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).
Riyaz-us-Salatin, P. 263.
99. Letter from Fort William, 1712, Date was not given :
Records of Fort St. George.
100. Fort William General dated 10th December. Para, 66.
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
101. Consultations. 11th August, 1712; Consultations.
14th July, 1712.
102. Consultations 11th August, 1712.
103. Bengal, 19th November, 1712 s Records of Fort St.
George.
104. Ibid} Consultations, 10th November, 1712; Consultations,
19th November, 1712.
105. The whole Camp was virtually on a breaking point by
the forces of Ziauddin Khan during the absence of Mir Abu
Turab. According to a letter from Fort William, the incident
occured on Monday but the date was not mentioned. Fort
William, 19th November, 1712; Records of Fort St. George.
106. Early Annals of the English in Bengal Vol-II, P.XXXII.
107. Riyaz-us-Salatin, Pp. 264-65.
108. Stewart, Hist of Bengal, P.408.
109. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.263.
110. The struggle continued more than one and half yearc
from the 11th September, 1711 till Ziauddin khan left
Hughly in the end of 1713.
111. Consultations, 14th July, 1712; Consultations 16th
August, 1712.
 23?

112. Port William General dated 7th & 8th February,

1712/13, Para-31. (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

113. J.A.S.R. Vol-LXVII, Pp. 156-57.

114. Walsh, Hist of Murshidabad, P.133.

115. "Farrukhsiyar had no will of his own"
Khafi Khan, Vide, Elliot & Dow/son Vol-VII, P.422

Also see. Later Mughals, Vol-I, Chapter 17.

116. J.A.S.B. Vol-LXm, P. 157. Hiyaz-us-Salatin, P.773;

Port William General Dated 13th May, 1715, Para 9.

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court). Later

Mughals - Vol-I, P.262.

117. Later Mughals, Vol-1, Pp. 404 & 420.

12B. Ibid, Vol-II, P.102. Riyaa-us-Salatin, P.275.
119. r
Fort William General Dated 24th August, 1727, Para-15.
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

120. We have noted already what a fatal step was taken by

Azim-ush-Shan in removing Murshid Qull Khan from Bengal in

1708. Within two years the Prince had to sectify his mistake'
by recalling Murshid Quli Khan to Bengal $$ Diivan once again

after the sad death of Ziaullah Khan.

But the English records would suggest otherwise. It

was not the unflinching loyalty or the regularity in sending

revenue to t#e Delhi but the offering of large sums as bribes

believed to have been the Chief reason of his secured position.

fy *

Fort William General dated 18th January, 1722/3, Para-73

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
 234

121* Akhbarat, quoted in Hist of Bengal Vol-Il, Sarkar,

J.N., P.407.
122. Balraukund-Kama, Pp. 63-73.
123. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.274; Walsh, Hist of Murshidabad,
P.135.
124. 3almukund-Wama, P.39.
125. ’A 2513 Yw»v4 Uli. V*A«.'
126. Ahaul-i-Alivardi Khan,’
2. a ’Tide Datta,* K.K. Aiivardl
Khan & his times, P.4.
127. Siyar-ul-Mutakherin (Trans), Vol-I, P.275
(Edition, 1926).
128. Ibid, P.275.
129. Muhammad Ali Khan A^sari, Tarikh-i-Mu2affari, 214a
130. Bengal Past & Present, Vol-XX, 1920, P.157." oW|

131. Hiyaz-us-Salatin, P.285.

 §35

7 CHAPTER III.

/ ) REFERENCES

1. Sarkar, J.N. Studies in Mughal India, P.203.

2., Inayetullah, Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, 114. : For the detail-*^-

history of Kuar Dhir. See Tarikh-i-Ujjania, Vide Indian

Historical Record Commission, drivendrum Session, Article

by S.H. Askari.

3. Inayetullah, Ahkara-i-Alamgiri, 220b.

4. Ibid, 221b; Also Ch.II (ante).
5. Purnia - O’malley, B.S.S. (Bengal District Gazetteers)
Calcutta, 1911, Pp. 35-36.

6. The history given by Gulam Hussain Salim (Riyaz-us-

Salatin) and Stewart (History of Bengal) is simply perverse y

of truth. In his historical introduction to Bankim Chandra

Chattgpadhaya’s Bengali novel "Sitaram” J.F. Sarkar has
Ti/
given a comraedable and authoritative account of the life and
A
career of Sitarara Ray. (Vide Sitaram; Bangiya Sahitya
Parishad Edition) Satish bhandra Mitra* s account of Sitssaro

in Jasor-Khulnar Itihas (Vol-II) is remarkable for topography.

7. Sarkar, J.F., Historical Introduction, "Sitaram"

(Bangiya Sahitya Parishad) P.7.
8. Ibid, P.8; Mltra, S.C. Jasor-khulnar Itihas, (in

Bengali) Vol-II, P.564.

9. A Report on the District of Jessore - Westland, J. P.32.
Mitra, S.C. .Jasor - khulnar Itihas (Vol-II), Pp.563-64.
lO, Westland who personally visited Muhamraadpur and made a
 236

‘ ' \

through study on Sitaram Ray tells that Sitaram did not

refuse to pay his revenue# He merely claimed to pay the

revenue directly to the Emperor. Westland, A Report on the

District of Jessore. P.34.

11. Sarkar, J.N. Historical Introduction, "Sitaram”

(Bangiya Sahitya Parishad), P.85 Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.266;
Faridpur (Bengal District Gazetteers) - ’Oraalley, L.S.S.,

Pi 27.

12. Sarkar, J.N., Historical Introduction, Sitaram

(Bangiya Sahitya Parishad), P.8.

13. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.267; MItra, S.C. Jasor - Khulnar

Itihas (Vol-II), P. 599; Faridpur (Bengal District Gazetteers),

•Omalley, P.27. „ _

14. A detailed aeemmt^ of ^physical position of Muhamm&dpur

has been given in Bengal Past & Present, Vol-2, Pt.2, 1908,

See Section "Leaves from the Editor’s Note Book". Pp.511-518;

According to Riyaz-us-Salatin Sitaram "being sheltered by

forests and rivers, had placed the hat of revolt on the head

of vanity". Pp.265-266.
15. Sarkar, J.N., Historical Introduction, Sitaram,
(Bangiya Sahitya Parishad), P.9.

16. Westland, A Report on the District of Jessore, P.48;

" 'I kjL "
Calcutta Review, Vol-LVI, 1873, P.7; Faridpur (Bengal
A
District Gazetteers), P.27, Wilson, Early Annals of the

English in Bengal Vol-II, Pp. 166-68. •

17. Salimullah, Tarikh-i-Bangala, 42a;

Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.259; Calcutta Review,Vo1-LVI,1873,P.6.
 •237

18. Tarikh-i-Bangala; Saliraullah, 42a

19. Ibid, 42a; Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.259.
20. Stewart, Hist of Bengal, P.411
21. , Calcutta Review,* Vo1-LVI, 1873, P.6, Article entitled
^jThe^RaJas.ioi*'.Sa^shahi". Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.259.
22. Ray, Nikhilnath, Murshidabad Kahini, P.22.
23i Sarkar, J.H. Hist of Bengal Vol-II, P.414.
24. , Grant* s Analysis, Vide Firminger* s Fifth Report,
Vol-II, P.196.
25. Ibid, Pp. 196-97. :
26. Firminger, Fifth Report,. Vol-II, P.198.

27. Ibid, Pp. 194-198.

28. Bogra (Bengal District Gazetteers), Pp.112-113.
29. Westland, A Report on the District of Jessore,
P.33; J.N. Sarkar writes that many adventurers and fo rune seekers
joined Sitaram, Vide, Sarkar, J.N. Hist of Bengal Vol-II,
P.416.
30. Mynensingh (Bengal District Gazetteers), P.159.
31. Ibid, 155.
32. The history of the Nator Raj affords a signal illus­
tration. Although some members of 1he family were dispossessed
fyT, their management and others were vested with the chief-
ship of the Zemindari, yet the property was never given away
to outsiders. Vide, Calcutta Review, Vol-LVI, 1873, P.13.

33. Firminger, Historical Introduction to the Bengal

Portion of the Fifth Report (Published by Indian Studies,
Calcutta), P.39. , r '
 238

34. Rajshahi (Bengal District Gazetteers) Pp.161 & 189.

35. Ibid, P.159.

36. Hymensingh (Bengal District Gazetteers) P.142;

Calcutta Review, Vol-L7I, 1873, Pp. 7-8.

37. Hymensingh, (Bengal District Gazetteers) P.155.

 239

REFERENCES

CHAPTER IV.

1. Though Tippers was conquered during the reign of

Shahjahan and directed to pay tribute yet actually for all
practical purposes remained independent*
Hunter, Statistical Account of Bengal, 7ol-FI
P.359*
2. Tippers (Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers), P.14.
3. Bhuyan, S.K., Tripura Buranji (in Assamese)
Historical Introduction, Pp. XI - XII.
4. Ibid, P.XVI.
5. Ibid, P.XVII•
6. Firminger, FifthReport,Fol-II, P.198.
7. Cooch Bihar (Census Report, 1951) Govt, of West Bengal,
P.F.
8. Mir Jumla conqured Cooch Bihar on 13th Dec., 1661 and
the Raja of Cooch Bihar regained his territory d&ring the
rainy season of 1662, Sarkar, Jagadish Harayan, Life of Mir
Jumla, Pp. 227-30.
9. Ahmed Araanatullah, History ofcooch Bihar, Pp.177-78.
10. Cooch Bihar (Census Reprt, 1951), P.XXXI.
Ahmed Amanattullah, Pp.177-78.
11. Mercer and Charavet's Report on Kuch Bihar, Fol-II,
P.96, Fide, Ahmad Araanatullah, P.178.
 240

12. . Hunter, Statistical Account of Bengal Vol-X, Pi410;

Cooch Bihar (Census Report, 1951), P.V.
13. Ahmed, Amanatullah, P.179,
14. The kingdom yielded a revenue of 12 lakhs of rupeesi
Akhbharat-i-Darbar-i-Muala quoted in Sarkar, J.N*, Hist of *
Bengal Vol-II, P.377.
15* Ahaed, Amanatullah, P.179.
16, Ibid, P.180.
17, Ibid, 183; Cooch. Bihar (Census Report, 1951), P.XXXI*
IB. Ahmed, Amanatullah, P.183.
19. Gait, A History of Assam, P.172 (Third Edition)
Bhuyan, S.K., Tungkhungla Buranji,
Historical Introduction, P.XX.
20. Gait, Hist of .Assam, Pp*- 147-49.
21. Ibid, P. 152.
22. Stewart, Hist of Bengal, P.420 (Ed, 1903)
23. Bhuyan, S.K. Tungkhungla Buranji,
Historical Introduction, P.XX.
24. Bhuyan, S.K. Tripura Buranji,
Historical Introduction, P.XI,
25. Gait, Hist of Assam, Pp. 174-75.
*

26v Tungkhungla Buranji, P.38.

27. Tripura Buranji, P.l.
28. Ibid, HistoricalIntroduction of S.K.Bhuyan, P.XI.
29. Ibid, Historical Introduction,Pp.VIII-XVII.
30. Bhuyan,S.K. Tungkhungla Buranji.Histrocial Introduction,
P.XX.
31. Ibid., P.XXI.
 241

REFERENCES.
CHAPTER 7.

1. Wilson, Early Annals of the English in Bengal,

Vo 1-1, Pp. 147-50.

2. Sarkar, J.N., Mughal Administration, P.49.

3. Ibid, P.53.

4. Inayetullah, Ahkam~i~Alamgiri, 22lb;

5. Ibid, 219b.
6. Ibid, 198.

7. Ibid, 198.
8. Raehoudhury, ?, Bengal under Akbar and Jahangir,

Pp.6-7.
9. Manned, Storia do Mo^gor, 7ol-II, P.450.

10. Persian documents entitled !,Sanads & Farmans" preserved

in the State Archive of the Government of West Bengal, 7ol-7II;

1211.
11. Grant, An Historical & Comparative Analysis of the
Finances of Bengal, Tide Firminger, Fifth Report, Vol-II,

P.202.
12. Sarkar, J.N. Mughal Administration, P.12^; also see,P.48.

13. Salimullah, ^arikh-i-Bangala, 44a,45,45a ♦

Omalley, Purnea (Bengal District Gazetteers),P.36.

14. Salim, Gulam Hussain, Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.284.

15. Manucci, Storia Do Mogor, 7ol-II, P.421.

16. Salim, Gulam Hussain, Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.28.
17. Sarkar, J.H.Mughal Administration, Pp.48-48.

V
 242

/ •

/'

/
,/
/; 18. Sanads given to the Choudhuries of Pargana Silbarsa,
/ dated 1668 A.D. & 1696 A. D. vide Bogra (Bengal District
, ; Gazetteers). A summary version of the abovementioned
Sanads has been given. Pp. 111-13.
19. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P. 27(8^
20. Mughal Administration, P.48.
21. In the middle of the sixteenth century, Mukundaram
Chakravorty, the author of ”Ghandiman gala" had to leave his
native village Damunya in the district of Burdwan due to the
oppression of the local government officials. (Kavikankan
Chaindi (Mukundaram Ghakraborty), Edited by Mukher jee,A.C.
P.6)
Poet Rameswar Bhattacharya was driven away by Memmat
h
Sing, the younger brother of °ho^ha Singh from the village
of Jadupur in the pargana of Rarada under present day
Subdivision of Ghafcal in Midnapore District. (Raraeswar
Rachanavali, edited by Panchanan Chakraborty, P.102)
Bharatchandra and his parents were forcibly uprooted by
the Burdwan king Klrtichand from their original home in
Bhursut Pargana sometime in 1713 (Bhattacharya, Asutosh,
Dangla Mangal Kavyer Itihas, P.432).
23. Mughal Government, P.12.
Trie pattern of life in a Bengali village did not
change its character even for centuries long.'Phis could be
better understood by going through the pages of Mangal Kavyas
written by different writers in different centuries. Compare
 243

life of a village as depicted by Mukundaram (written in

be#tween 1574-1604) in Chandimangala with the life as
depicted in Baines war Bhattacharya's Sivayan (written in
between 1710-11)*
23. Sarkar, J.F. Mughal Administration, P.61.
■Insha-i-Ajib (compiled by Muhammad Zafar), P.9
quoted in Historical Introduction of Jadunath Sarkar, Vide
Sitaram, Bankim Chandra Chattapadhya (Bangiya Sahitya
Parishad), P.14.
For Secret Beporters, see Mughal Administration,
Sarkar, J.ft. Pp.61-64.
24. Riyaz-us-Salatin, Pp. 251-52.
25. Inayetullah, Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, 117b.
26. Ibid, 114b.
27. Ibid.
28. Grant, An Historical and Comparative Analysis of the
Finances' ofri'Bengal, Vide. Fifth Report, Vol-II, P.273.

29. Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, 217.

30. Ibid, 115b.
31. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.281.
32. Grant, An Historical and Comparative Analysis of the
Finances of Bengal, Vide Fifth Report, Vol-II, P.203. The
number of troops has been given as 8, 112.
33. Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, 115; 115b.'
34. Balmukund-Mama (compiled by Munshi Dayaram), P.40.
35. Riyaz-us-Salatin, Pp.283-84.
 244

36. Ibid, P.284.

37. Ibid, P.282; Gladwin, Narrative of the transaction in

Bengal, P« 63.

38. Salimullah, Tarikh-i-Sangala, 40a.

39* Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.241.

40. Inayetullah, Ahkara-i~Alamgiri, 219a; 219b.

’’You/ have informed me that in order to meet the

expenses of the departments of Ammunition and Elephants you

have made Fulbaria and some other parganas as Khas lands”.

41. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.262.

42* Firrainger, Fifth Report, Yol-II, Pp.194-98.

43. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.262.

'44. Bengal Past & Present, Yol~XX, 1920, P.120.

’’The House of Jagat Seth" compiled by J.H.Little.

45. Salimullah, Tarikh-i-Bangala, 42.

46. Sinha, N.K., Economic History of Bengal, Yol-II,P.21.

47. Riyaz-us-Salatin, Pp.443-44.

48. ’Omalley, History of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa under

British rule, P..43. These nomadic bands of robbers may be

wandering "Sannyasis" and Banjara bands. See, Rameswar

Hachanavali, Edited by, Panchanan Chakraborty, P.192.

49. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.278.

50. Ibid,

51. Ibid, P.279.

52. Ibid, P.256; Tarikh-i-Bangala, 35a.

53 . Habib, Irfan, The Agrarian system of Mughal India,

Pp.178-79.
 245

54. Ibid, P.229.

55. Shore’s minute of June, 1789, par. 226, Vide
Firminger, Fifth Report, (Madras 1883) Vo 1-1,P.140.
56. The Agrarian system of Mughal India, P.229.
57. - Brant’ s Analysis of the Finances of Bengal, Vide
Firminger, Fifth Report, Vol-II, P.188.
58. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.256; Boughton - Rouse, Landed
property of Bengal, P.97.
59. Boughton - Rouse, Landed property of Bengal, P.99.
60. For ftrlparam Sinha’s evidence, See, Sinha, N.K.
Economic History of Bengal,Vol-II, Pp.4-5.
After the suppression of the revolt of Sitaram,’ his
Zemindar! of Bhusna was taken over by the government and was
given over to Murshid Quli Khan’s favourite Raghunandan.
Firminger, Introduction to Fifth Report, Vol-I, P.XXVII.
61. Francis Mss. EJur C7, Vide Sinha, N.K. Economic Hist.
of Bengal from 1582-to 1763, Vide, Fifth Report, Vol-II,P.208.
62. Progressive Account of the settlement of Bengal from
1582 to 1763, Vide, Fifth Report Vol-II, P.208.
63. Shore’s Minute, 18 June, 1789, P.8, Vide Firminger,
Fifth Report Vol-II.
64. Shore’s Minute, 18 June, 1789, P.11, Vide, Fifth
. Report Vol-II.
65. Salimuilah, Tarikh-i-Bangala, 40a;
Habib, Irfan, The Arrarian system of Mughal India,
P.228.
Tarikh-i-Bangala, 40; Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.255. •
66.
 246

67* Tarikh-i-Bangala, 4.0a; For the function of the

Qanungoes, See Sarkar, J. N. Mughal.Administration* P.75;
According to Risala-i-Zira* at (C.1750) the Nazims of I^engal
did not appoint the natives of Bengal to the p§sts of
Mutasaddiyan for most of them \*ere related to the Zemindars.
Vide, Habib, Irfan, The Agrarian system of Mughal India,
P • 287)%,
68. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.252.
63. Calcutta Review, Vol-LVI, 1873; Article entitled
"The Rajas of Rajshahi", P.5.
70. Salimullah, Tarikh-i-Bangala, 42a.
71. Bengal Past <3: Present, Vol-XX, 1920, Article erititled
nThe House of Jagat Seth” - J.H. Little, P.119.
72. Inayetullah, Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, 118.
73. Salimullah, Tarikh-i-Bangala, 42a,43.
74. Gladwin, Narrative of the transaction in Bengal,Pp.38-39.
75. BaImukund-Nama, P.40'.
76. Inayetullah, 118.
77. Bengal Past & Present, Vol-XX, 1920, P.121.
78. Inayetullah, Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, 118.
79. Ibid, 222a.
80. Ibid, 218b.
81. Ghulara Hussain, SiyarAul-Mutakherin (Edition of 1789),
Vol-II, P.569 et seq.
82. Firminger, Introduction to the Fifth Report, P.XXXVIII.
83. Cambridge History of India, Tol-IV, P.473.
84 Itlhas, Second *Xear, No.2. Article by Sinha, N.K.,
 247

"Origin of the middle class" (in Bengali), Pp. 94-95.

85. Sinha, N.K., Economic History of Bengal Vol-II,P.17.
According to H.K. Sinha, "Murshid Quli Khan perhaps
felt that it was easier to compel a few big 2eminiars to
observe the regulations of the ruling power". Ibid, P.14*
86. Unpublished Persian Sanads & Documents; State Archive
of the Govt. of West 3enga|.; Vo 1-TIII, Folio 1217-18.
87. Inayetullah, Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, 217a; 219b,
88* Sarkar, J.M. History of Bengal, Vol-II, P.413.
89. Riyaz-us-Salatin, P.28.
90. The amount of annual revenue.according to Salimullah
would be one crore and three lakhs and at times it would have
been increased even up to one crore and fifty lakhs.
Tarikh-i-Bangala, 48 & 42a.
91. Sarkar, J.F. Hist of Bengal, Vol-II, P.417.
92. Commenting upon the drain of eight crorss and twelve
lakhs of rupees in specie to Delhi during Shuja Khan's
Governorship, in a period of ten years and a half, in
addition to annual revenue of one crore of rupees, Shore
argues that "these enormous drains must have been replenished
by very large returns and the fact itself proves an extensive
commerce as the means of providing those returns". Minute,
Mr. Shore, dt., 18th June, 1789, Vide, Pirminger, Fifth
Report, Vol-II, P.32.
93. Sinha, U.K., Economic History of Bengal, Vol-I,P.222.
 248

REFERENCES

CRAMPTER VI.

1. Stewart, History of Bengal, P.356.

2. Crawford, Hooghly, P.19*. The English had received
such Mandates before but of late found them of ..little use.
Vide, Wilson,■ C.R., Early Annals of the English in Bengal,
Vol-I, P.243.
3. The English sentiment about the native government
runs like thus : "............Wee have found the Moors Aovernours
so perfidious in all their treaties hitherto that you must
be very cautiojfs how you trust them upon any Oaths or promi­

ses, notwithstanding any plausible character they pass under".

London, 30th May, 1690; Bengal & Madras Papers Vol-II
(1688-1757).
4. Hedges' Diary (Edited by STule), Vol-II, Pp.206-8.
5. Bruce, John, Annals of the East India Company, Vol-III,
Pp.514-15; Hedges' Diary, Vol-II, Pp.208-9.
6. Das-Gupta, J.N; India in the 17th Century, P.224.
7. Ihe English record describes the account of fortifica­
tion in this manners "............to defend themselves against a
rebellions Rajah and under this pretence they intend to build
a wall ws. round their factory to mount guns on". 22nd August,
1696, Vide, Wilson, C.R., Old Fort William (Indian Record
Series) Vol-I.
8. • "Fort William strong enough to resist any attempts of
 /
249

the natives; the inhabitants increase, ............*" 11 August,

1701, Vide, Ibid.
9. Letters from Fort St. George for 1696; date has not
been mentioned; Records of ^'ort St. George*
10. London, 30th September, 1696; Records of Fort St.
George.
11. Fort St. George, 9th April, 1698; Records of Fort St.
George.
12. Hedges1 Diary, Vol-II, Pp. 106-7.
13. Letter to Fort St. George; Records of Fort St. George.
14. Patna, 21st September, 1703; Records of Fort St.
George.
15. Fort William, 21st August, 1703; Records of Fort St.
George.
16. Fort William General Dated, 15th December, 1703,
Para-3 (Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).
17. Wilson, C.R. Early Annals of the English in Bengal,
Vol-I, P.161.
18. Consultations, 23rd, March, 1704.
19. Consultations, 6th June, 1704.
20. Consultations, 30th October, 1704.
21. Fort William, 24th November, 1704; Records of Fort St..
George; Winder was a store keeper and Redshaw was a Bakhshi,
Early Annals of the English in Bengal 7b 1. I, P.162.
22. Stewart, P.427.
23. Gladwin, Narrative of the Transaction in Bengal, P.81
(Ed. 1788).
 iso

24. Early Annals of the English in Bengal, Vol.I, P.252.

25. Consultations, 6thA$tae, 1704.
26. Bruce, Vol. Ill, P.461.
27. Consultations, 14th. June, 1704.
28. Early Annals of the English in Bengal 7oi. I,Pp.252-53.
29. Consultations, 14th August, 1704.
30. Consultations 27th October, 1704.
31. Bengal General Dated, 10th Jan, 1704/5 Para-37,
(Abstract of Bengal Letters "to the Court).
.32. The question of having a mint at Calcutta as in Madras
was a burning problem to the Company since 1687. The royal
mint at Rajmahal in view of its long distance both frdm Hughly
and Calcutta and " the danger great in carrying our (the
Company’s) treasure thi^er - which arrive not in time” proved

inconvenient and unsuitable.

3-3. In February, 1702 the factory at Kasimbazar along with
Patsia and Rajmahal were seized with at the order of the Emperor
Aurangzeb who suspected them of piracies on the Muslim pilgrims
from Surat to Mecca, Hedges’ Diary Vol. II. P.105; Fort
William General dated 15th Dec, 1703: " ^he English Reputation

at a low Ebb Glad the Company resolve to retrieve it the

Factors and Effects in Cassimbuzar, Rajahmaul Pattana and
Dacca seized and 111 treated fear they will attempt the like
on the Forts and to sa. turn the English out of the Country".
Bara-2 (Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court),

34. Bengal- General dated, 30th Nov, 1705.

v •# (Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court),
 /
251

35. Ibid.
36. In fact the English also admits that ” The Revenues of
Fort William increases yearly ,Fort William General
Dated 20th January, 1703. Para-7. (Abstract of Bengal
letters to the Court).
37. Bengal General dated, 30th November, 1705 Dara-35
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Gourt).
38. For William, 31st Dec. 1706..
Para-47. (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
39. Consultations? 17th Jan, 1707.
40. Bengal General dated, 24 Jan, 1706, Para-8 (Abstract of
Bengal letters to the Court).
41. Bnngal General dated, 13th October, 1707. Para-9
(Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).
Consultations 3rd April, 1707.
42. Bengal General Dated, 24th. Dec, 1707 Para-12 (Abstract
of Bengal letters to the Court).
43. Consultations, 28th April, 1707.
44. Consultations 1st Nov, 1707.
45. TSarly Annals of the English in Bengal, Vol. I. P.290.
46. Consultations 3rd June, 1707.
47. Consultations, 27th October,1704.
48. Early Annals of the English in Bengal 7ol-I. P.167.
49. Ibid, P.161.
50. Consultations, 28th April, 1707. *
51. Fori William General Dated, 17th Dec, 1709. Para-23.
 /

252

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

Consultations 1st June, 1709.

52. O'Malley, Santal Pargana (Bengal District Gazetteers)P.32;

Letter from Pat tie dt. 10 th August 1709 vide Early

Annals of the English in Bengal, 7ol.I, P.320.

53. Fort William General dated 15th Dec, 1703 Para-2

(Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).

54. Fort William General Dated 7th Jan,1711. Para-45.

(Abstract of Bengal letters’# to the Court).

55. Bengal General Dated August, 1711. Para-11. (Abstract

of Bengal letters to the Court).

56. Fort William General Dated, 17th Dec, 1709 Para-20.

(Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).

57. Bengal General Dated, August 1711.

Para-11. (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

58. Ibid; Early Annals of the English in Bengal, Vol-II,P.23.

59. Consultations get, 13th 1711.

60. Bengal General Dated, 7th Jen, 1711, Para-47

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
61. Early Annals of the English in Bengal, Fol-II, P.45.

62. Bengal General Dated, 7th & 8th Feb,1712/13. Para-31.

(Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).
63. ” The principal idea behind sending" an embassy to Dehly
to complain to the Emperor of the Fawab (i.e. Murshid

Quli Khan) conduct." - Stewart, P.427.

64. Bengal General Dated ’3rd Dec. 1713.

Bara.110 (Abstract .of B«ngal letters to the Court).
 /
253

65. Consultations 4th Jan, 1714; Bengal General Dated 17th

Feb. 1713/1714, Para. 15. (Abstract of Bengal letters to
the Court).
Early Annals of the English in Bengal Vol.II, P.220.
m
67. Bengal General Dated 11th Dec, 1714. Para.147.
(Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).

68. Bengal General Dated 3rd. Dec, 1715, Para.70 (Abstract

of Bengal Letters to the Court).
69. Consultations 5th liarch, 1716.
70. Bengal General Dated 13th Sept.,1716. Para33.(Abstract
of Bengal Letters to the Court).
71. Early Annals of the English in Bengal.Vol.il, P.242.
72. Fort’'William General Dated 28th. Dec, 1716. Para.7.
(Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).
73. Consultations, Dec, 10th 1716.
74. Bolts, Considerations, P.61.
75. Consultations, May 13th 1714.
76. Stewart, P.431.
77. Early Annals of the English in Bengal Vol.II, Part.II,
P.XLIX.
78. Photastat Copy of Farrukh Siyar’s farman vide Bhattacharya,
The East India Company etc. ^Appendices.
c=r:''i

79. Holan, History of British Empire, Vol.II,Part-I,P.171

Early Annals of the English in Bengal, Vol.II,Part I.
P.XLVI.
80. "Whether it will be improper to keep all this good news
a secret from the Government of Bengali and Surrat till
 1254

We have secured the Grants here. Your Honour & C a will

be the best judges. We mention this for fear if it
should be blazed about, it might Egg Jaffer Cawdor Hyara

Cooly Cawh to impede it* when we have the Grants it will

be too late for them”.
Letter from Delhi, Oct,7th 1716 vide Wilson 7ol.II*
Part II,P.138.
Stewart writes, "the agents of the Nawab of Bmgal
exerted themselves to thwart this measure as much as
possible". Mm* VV^ 0^ ?. 432. .

81. Early Annals of the English in Bengal* Vol.XI, Part II,

P.X LIX.
82. Nolan, 7ol.II, Pt.I, P.171.
83. Early Annals of the English in Bengal 7ol.II, Part II*
P.245.
Letter to Fort William From Raipara dt.23 Oct, 1717 by
Surman & Stephenson.
84. Nolan, P.172.
85. Third Report from the Secret Comdiittee of the House
of Commons of the State of the East India Company in
1773, P.73 vide Mill & Wilson, History of British India,
7ol.HI. P.18.
86. Consultations July 22nd 1717.
87. Mill & Wilson, 7ol-III, P.26.
The misuse of dastaks had been admitted by the Company
"Have had great trouble with the Hughly Government about
the Dusticks passing, occasioned by the Private Traders.
 /
255

mismanaging them at Hughly, by making such allowances

to the Merchants they buy of as enables them to pay
custom to the Moors to the prejudice of the Companies
priviledge as being Custom free". Vide.
Para. 107, Fort William General Dated 18th Jan,1722/3.
88. J.A.S.B. 1898, Part I, Wilson, "An unrecorded Governor
©f Bengal".
89. Mill & Wilson, Vol-III, P.25.
90. Fort William May 13th. 1714| Instruction for Mr. John.
Surman. Vide Early Annals, VI.11. Part 11. P.270.
91. Bengal General Letter 18th Jan, 1717; Para 36 vide
Ear£Ly Annals of the English in Bengal Vol.II,P-art 1,
P.LIIt.
92. Consultations 17th Oct. ,1709.
93. Early Annals of the English in Bengal Vol.II,Part 1,
P.LI7.
94. "Mr. Deane is first to insistjon the free use of the
Mint which would be a great advantage;" Bengal General
Dated, 6th Dec, 1718, Para-61, (Abstract ©f Bengal
Letters to the Court,)
95. Bengal General Dated, 27th Ifov, 1716. Para-52
(Abstract ©f Bengal Letters to the Court)
96. Bengal General Dated, 18th J&n, 1717. Para-10 "
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
97. Bhattacharya. S;
98. Bengal General Dated, 6th Dec, 1718. Para-71
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
 1 256

99. Consultations 1st July, 1717.

100. Consultations 18th July, 1717.

101* Consultations 30th July, 1717.

The English admitted that " the Grant of the Mint” was
defective. %ey contended* " the allowance of 3 days .in

a week provided it is not against the Kings Interest

makes Jaffer Caun not allow it". Fort William General

Dated 6th Dec, 1718. Para-71.

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

For William General Dated 29th Nov, 1719. Para-71

102.
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

103. In Bengal many believed inlcuding the Company that

Murshid QuliKhan would suffer the fate as his master,

the Emperor Farrukh-Siyar,. for Syed Abdullah Khan,

Muhammad Shah’s Vazir was Murshid ^uli Khan’s "declared

enemy". Bengal Past & Present, Vol.XX, 1920, P.142.

However the English Observed " ....... the Bengal
Nabob (i.e. Murshid Quli Khan) is under apprehensions

but being so rich will bribe all the Court rather than
be turned out." Bengal General Dated, 25th Jan, 1720/1,
Para-16. (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

104. Bengal General Dated the 31st Jan, 1721/2. Para-75.

(Abstractof Bengal Letters to the Court).-

105. Ibid.

106. Ibid; Bengal Past & Present, Vol-XX,1920. P.143.

107. Bengal General Dated the 31st Jan, 1721/2, Para-77,
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
108 . B^gal General Dated the 18th Jan, 1722/3, Para-68,
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

109. Bengal General dated the 1st Jan, 1723/4, Para-62,

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court)

110. Ibid.
111. Consultations 9th Jan, 1723/24.

112. Bengal General Dated the 16th August, 1726, Para-13,

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
113. Bengal General Dated the 28th Jan, 1727/8, Para-80,

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

114. Consultations 13th Feb, 1727.

115. Consultations 15th-May, 1727j Bengal General Dated the

28th Jan, 1727/8, Para-80.

(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
 »
258

CHAPTER VII

REFERENCES a

1. Datta, K.K. The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar (1740-1825),P.2.

2. Maepherson, Hist, of European Commerce with India,P.45.

3. Ibid, P.64.
The Dutch procured a fresh charter " on paying a large

sum of money which they could very well afford, as their

trade had been upon the whole exceedingly prosperous for'

many years by past”. The renewal of grants costs the

Company considerable sums of money.

Grose, Voyages to the East Indies, Vol.I, P.304.

4. The Diaries ........ 1675-80.

- S'treynsham Master, Vol. II, P.92.

5. Stavorinus, Voyages in the EastIndies, Vol.I,P.512.

6. Bengal Past &Present, Vol. L.VI, 1939.Balkrishna* s

article. "The Rise and Fall of the Dutch in India.” P.103.

7. Indian Historical Records Commission, Vol.XXIII, Dec,

1946. P.22.
8. Musoum MS Additional 29095 vide Bengal Past & Present

Vol. LVI, 1939, P.103.

9. Kristof Glamann’s article,” Bengal and the World Trade —

about 1700." vide Bengal Past & Present (Jubilee

Number), 1957.

10. Ibid.
11. Bowrey. T.Countries Round the Bay of ^engal, P.164.
 659

The Dutch were accustomed to the exactions of the

Subahdars since the day of Shaista Khan". But the

trade was. so profitable that it was considered prefera-

7Y
ble to yield to his demands rather that to relinquish

the business, "Report on the Records relating to the

East in the State Arclives in the Hague, 7ol.II, P.37.

(Copy of Rational Library, Calcutta).

Letter from Fort St. George, 5th Jan,1708 , 7ide Diary

12 .
and consultation Book, 1709-12; Records of Fort St.

George.

13. Fort William, 15th Feb, 1702/3; Records of Fort St.George.

14. Bengal General Dated, 10th Jan, 1704/5,

Para-37 (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

15. Wilson, Early Annals of the English in Bengal 7ol.I,

P.258.

16. Consultations, 11th March, 1706.

17. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Aurangzeb, 7ol.7, Cp.LX; P.357.

Bengal General Dated 31st. Dec. 1706. .

18 . Para.54. (Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).

19. Ibid.

Bengal General Dated, 24th Jan,.- 1707.

20 . Para-11 (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).

Hamilton, A Hew Account of the East Indies. 7ol.II,P.ll.

21.
22. Lovett, India, P.58.

23. Bengal General Dated, 24th Dec, 1707,

Para-31. (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the. Court).

tC*
24. Stapel, F.W. Corpus Diplomaticum etc, Vol~$^,Pp,298-305.
 $60

25. Bengal General Dated 22nd. Feb, 1710.

Para-7 (Abstract of fengal Letters to the Court).

26. Bengal Past & Present, Vol.LVI, 1939, P.104.

27. Irvine, Later Mughals, T/ol.I, P.147.
23. Surat, March 15,1712, Letter to Fort St. George;Records
of Fort St.George, Irvine, Later Mughals, 7ol-I,Pp. 147-50.
29. Fort William March 20th 1711/12, Records of Fort St.
George.
30. Consultations, 25th March, 1712.
31. Consultations, 17th March, 1712.
rFort William March 2oth 1711/12,Records of Fort St.
George.
32. Consultations, 30th. Oct, 1712.
J.A.S.B. Vol-liXV, Pt.I, Wo.2, 1896, P.183.
33. Consultations 11th August, 1712.
34. Early Annals of the English in Bengal, Vol.II,Pt.II,P.299.
35. Ibid, 7ol.II, Appendix, Pp.293-97.
36. Ibid, P.294.
37. Ibid, P.295.
38. Ibid, P.296.
39. Corpus Diplomatieum etc. 7ol-IV, Pp. 616-18.
40. Fort William General Dated 29th TTov, 1719.
Part-97 (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
41. Datta, K.K. The Dutch in Bengai and Bihar, P.176.
42. Consultations, 13th. March, 1721. „
43. Consultations, 28th August, 1721.
 '261

44 . Consultations 30th August, 1722 Vide Bengal Past &

Present Vol.XX, 1920. P.145.

45. Bhattacharya, S.East India.Company and the Economy of

Bengal, P.80.
46. Macpherson, P.64.

47. Mill & Wilson, History of British India, III, P.18.

48. Third Report from the Secret Committee of the House of

Commons on the State of the east India Compay in 1773,

P.73, Vide Hist, of Br. India, III, P.26.
49. Datta, K.X.,The Dutch in Bengal and Bihar, P.8.

50. Stavorinus, Vol.I, P.479.

51. Consultations, 15th. Dec, 1721.

52. Khan, S.A. The East India trade .etc. P.251.
53. Bengal Past & Present (Jubilee Number).. P.,34.

54. Sinha, J.C. Economic Annals \of Bengal, P.22.

According to Third Report of the Committee of Secrecy,.

on the Sta.te of the East IndiavCompany (House of Commons,

V\
1773) the Dutch East India Company from 1730 to 1736

divided twenty five percent per annua upon the capital

stock; in 1736, twenty percent; for the next three years,

fifteen percent £er annum; for the next four, twelve and
a half per annum; and in 1744, as much as fifteen per cent.
Quoting the above figure of profit In "Hist, of British
India" (Vol.Ill,P.35) Mill observes" the grand advantage

of the English East India Company, in the peculiar *

privilege of having their trade exempted from duties in

Bengal and in other concessions obtained by their
embassy to the Court of the Mogul, had thus produced

no improvement in the final result, the ultimate pro­

fits of the trade"
(Hist, of Br. India, III, P.35).

Bengal General Dated, 29th. Jan, 1725/6, Para-13,

«
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
 263

CHAPTER VIII.

REFERENCES.

1. Calcutta Review, Vol.CIX, No.218. P.279.

2. Prior to 1708-9 the Dutch used to pay as custom # •

for cloth, silk and opium. (Wilson, Early Annals of

the English in Bengal, Vol.IIJ Appendix, Pp. 293-9?)

For the translation of the farman see Indian Historical

Records Commission, Vol.XXIIII, Dec, 1946, P.22.

3. Letter quoted in Cambridge History of India, Vol. V. P.73.
4. Kaeppelin, P., Les Origines de Ljflnde Francaise, P.524

(in French.)

5. Ibid.
In fact the Dutch, although refused at the initial stage

actually paid 30,000 rupees for the liberty of trade in

Bengal. Bengal General Dated, 10th January,1704/5,Para.37.

(Abstract of Bengal letters to the Court).

6. Kaeppelin, P.,Les Origines de L* Inde Rrancaise, Pp.527-28..

7. Ibid, P.528.

8. Kaeppelin, P.528.
9. Ibid, P.530.
10. Indian Historical Records Commission,Vo 1-XXIII, P.23.

11. Kaeppelin, P.635.

12. Malleson, G.B., Hist, of the French in India, P.39.

13. Milburn, William, Oriental Commerce, Vol. I, P.384, vide,*

Martin, The History of the Indian Empire, Vol.I, P.234.
 '• 264

14. Kaeppelin, Pi, P.636.

15. Ibid, P.637.
16. Martineay, Lettres et Conventions P.19.
17. Ibid, P.20.
18. The parwanna of Murshid Quli Khan has been given in. •
"Letters et Conventions" on page 19. There Mufshid Quli
Khan has been referred to as Jafar Khan Nasiri, Nawab
of Bengal. The date has been wrongly mentioned as 21st.
of the month of Rabi-ul-Awal of the 3rd Year of the
reign of Emperor Muhammad Shah. In the body of the
parwanna it has been clearly stated that the said parwa-
nna was given to DtArdan Court. D* Ardancourt died in Nov,
1717. Therefor© the parwanna must have been given earlier.
We know from Kaeppelin that a parwanna was given by
Murshid Quli Khan in 1714 (Kaeppelin, P.637); Vide Indian
Historical Records Commission, Yol.XXIII, P.23.
19. Kaeppelin, P.637.
20. Ibid, P.15.
21. Lettres et. Conventions, P.15.
22. Kaeppelin, P.639.
23. Ibid, P.640.
24. Consultations, 17th. July, 1729. _
25. Martineau,Correspondence du Conseil Superieur de
Pondichery (Tome 1) (1726-1730), P.,35. (\>wT

26. Ibid.
27. Ibid. 36
 265

CHAPTER IX.

REFERENCES:

1. Roberts, A Historical Geography of the British

Dependencies; Vo 1-VII, P.63.

2. The importance of the Os tend Company Considered,

1726, P.33 Vide A Historical Geography of the

British Dependencies; Vo 1-VII, P.64.

3. Mill & Wilson, History of British India,Vol-3,P.19.

Macpherson, History of European Commerce with India,P.298.

3. Letter from Vizagapatam, dt.Feb, the 4th, 1717/8;

Records of Fort St. George.

4. Ibid; Feeling in Holland had been so bitter that the

States General threatened the penalty of death against

any Dutchman concerned in the Ostend trade.

Bobers. P.66.

5. General letter to Fort Marlborough,' London, the 14th

March, 1717; (Public despatches from England, Vol-22,

Pp.45-79, Records of Fort St. George.

6. Cambridge Modern History, Vol-VI, P.49.

7. . Letter to Fort St.George; Anjengo, 17th, April,

1719: Records of Fort St, George.

8. Consultations ,13th June, 1719. ■*

9. . Consultations 3rd October, 1720.

10. India Office Record Deptt., Bengal Letters Received,

Vol-I, dated, 24 Dec, 1718.

11. Letter to Fort St. George; Anjengo, 17th April,1719:
Records of Fort. St. George.
 266

12. Fort William, 26th Dee, 1720: Records of Fort St;

George.
13. General Letter to Fort St. George, dt,Feh, 16*1721
(Public despatches from England Vol-23, Pp*43-67)
Records of Fort St. George*
14* Macpherson, P. 298*
15* Fort William General Letter, dated 9th Jan, 1724/5
Para-17 (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
16. Ibid.
17* Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Fort William General Letter Dated, 29th January,
1725/6, Para-12 (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court)*
20. Bengal General Dated, 16th August, 1726, Para-11
(Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
21. HClL^HvlocrA , Uvdf ^ Vo GUI
T# <*L

22. Fort William General'Letter Dated 28th January, 1727/8;

Para-81 (Abstract of Bengal Letters to the Court).
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid, Para-82.
25. Ibid; Consultations5th June, 1727.
26. Consultations, 12th June, 1727.
27. Cambridge Modern History, Vbl-VI, P.59.

/
 * 267

REFERENCES.

CHAPTER- X.

1. Sarkar, J.F. History of Aurangzeb, Vol-V, P.451.

2. The revolt of Shobha Singh and Rahim Khan was not an

QjL
isolated phenomena that could be witness^ only in Bengal. In
fact through-out India during this period disturbances

broke out in the form of revolts. Jats in Agra, Mexvatis in

Delhi, Bais in Qudh and ITjjainias In South Bihar - all rose

in rebellion in defiance of the Mughal authority. Vide,

SaJ^rkar, J.N. Hist, of Aurangzeb, Vol-V, P.452.

3. Sarkar, J.N., Historical Introduction to Banklm Chandra

Chattopadhaya' s Bengali novel "Sitaram" (Bangiya Sahitya

Parishad) Pp. 10 - 11.

4. The internal condition of the country has been descri­

bed by the poet through BIshnusharma’s narration.

"Satyanarayan Brata Katha11 (Text) P.514, Vide Rameswar -
Rachanavali, Edited by ^ndal, Panchanan.

5. Firminger, Fifth Report, Introduction, Vol-I, P.XLV.

6. Habib, Irfan, The Agrarian system of Mughal India,

P.118.
7. Bengal Administration Report, 1872-73, P.23
"Shivayan" (Text), P.447. Vide Rameswar Rachanavali,

Ed. by Mandol, Panchanan.

eXl •
8. Shobha Singh undertook many amlfeorative measures for

improving the lot of the peasants. Vide, Introduction to

/
 * 268

Rameswar - Rachanavali. '{’he writer Panchanan M^ndol has

made an on the spot stu<iy of the regions once ruled by

Shobha Singh. Raja Sitaram Ray was also known for the kind
treatment of his subjects in his early life.
9. Kavikankan Chandi (Text), Chakravarti, Mukundaram, •
Edited b/, Mukherjee, A.C. P.106.
10. Bharatchandra - Cranthavali (Bangiya Sahitya Parishad,
Second Edition), P.73.
11. Sinha, N.K. Economic History of Bengal,
Vol-I, P.136; In Mukundaram1s Chandimangala, we come
across the Shylock type character of Murari Sil who taking
advantage of Kalketu’s ignorance wanted to cheat him
unsuccessfully.
12. Sarkar, J.N. History of Bengal, Vol-II, P.413.
13. Kavlranjaner Kavyasangraha, P.193.
14. "Shivayan" (Text), Pp. 399-400, Vide, Rameswar
Rachanavali, Edited by Mondal, Panchanan.
15. Ibid, P.400.
16. Cormack, Margaret, The Hindu Women, P.189.
17. "Shivayan” (Text), P.397, Vide, Rameswar Rachanavali;
Edited, Mondal, P.
18. Bharatchandra - Granthavali, (Bangiya Sahitya Parishad)
Second Edition, P.202.
19. Irvine, Later Mughals, Vol-I, Pp.205-206.
20. Sarkar, J.N. History of Bengal Vol-II, P.469.
21. Kavikankan Chandi, Edited by, Mukherjee, A.C.; P.143.
 ojr
It is better a girl should be married tactile age of seven

years.
22. Kshitishavansavali Charitam, P.145;
At least we come across one case towards the end of the
seventeenth century where widow re-marriage^heId. Rajaram,
a son of Mathuresh;who belonged to Kulin Bandjrigrapadhaya
family of Gayagharah in Fulia Mel married the widow daughter
of Ramjiban.) Kula-panji of Pundit Dinesh Chandra Bhattacharya,
Quoted In "Vidyasagar O’ Bangali Samaj" (in Bengali), Ghosh,
Binoy, (Bengal Publishers), Vol-I, P.97.
23. "Shivayan" (Text), Rameswar - Rachanavali, Edited by
Mondal, P.; P.476.
24. "Satyanarayan Brata Katha", Vide Rameswar - Rachanavalij-
P.524; In "Shivayana" we read after the death of Kamdeva,
Rati as devoted wife decided to perform Sati. P.379.
Rameswar - Rachanavali, Edited by, Mondol, P.
25. Bharatcharidra - Granthavali; Pp.179 &*398
(Bangiya Sahitya Parishad; 2nd Edition)
"In Calcutta and its neighbourhood alone there were
253,289 and 441 cases of Sati respectively in 1815, 1816 and
1817". Mafumdar, R.C., Glimpses of Bengal in the nineteenth
Century" P.15.
26. Holwell, Interesting Historical Events,
Pp. 75-77.
27. Sarkar, J.H. History of Bengal, Vol-II, P.469.
 270

28. Sarkar, J.N. Mughal Administration, P.156.

29. Inayetullah, Ahkam-i-Alamgiri, 220a.

30. Ibid, 222a.

31. Sen, Sukumar, Tichitra - Sahitya, P.134;

Also see Panehanan Mandol* s introduction to Rameswar -

Rachanavali, Pp. 187-88.

32. Bhattacharya, Sivaprasad, Bharatchandra O' Ramprasad,

Pp. 8-9.

33. Bharatchandra _ Granthavaliy P.171.

34. Ibid, P.262.

35. "Shivayan” (Text), P.408; Rameswar Rachanavali, Ed.by

Mondol, P.

36. Chakravarty, Ghanaram; ”Sri Dharmamangal", P. 35,

:p
Edited by Mahapatra, Ryjush Kanti, (Calcutta University)
*

Also, Chakravarty, Mukundarara, "Kabikankan Chandi", Ed. by,

Mukherjee, A.C., P.107.

37. Chakravarty, Mukundaram, "Kavikankan Ghandi"

Ed. by, Mukherjee, A.C; Pp. 105-106.

38. Ibid, P.107.

39. Bharatchandra - Granthavali; Pp.194.

40. Ibid, Pp. 194-95.

41. For Uorottom Thakur, see, Banerjee, Asit,

"Bangla Sahityer Itibritya” Vol-III, P.514.

42. For Syamananda; See, Ibid, P.519; „

Even inter - caste marriages were not altogether

/
 • 271

VbrfVYV
absent in the Society. The best example was set up by
A
Nityananda Das, the author of "Premabilas" whose daughter

Gangs Devi, being a Hariri-, married: tq’iMadhavacharya who

belonged to Barendra community. According to Nityananda Das

there were many such instances only in different names.

For Nityananda Das's comment. See, Baner^ee, Asit,

"Bangla Sahityer Itibritya" Tol-III, P.665.
43. "Shivayan", Bhattacharya, Rameswar, (Text); P.514;

In "Shivayan" we also see that Brahmin Shiva had taken to

cultivation due to poverty which was supposed to be done

only by the lower class people, (Text), P.446;

Rameswar - Rachanavali, Ed. by, Mon do 1, P.

44. Das, Nityananda, "Prema-Bilas" (19th Bilasa); Vide,

Banerjee, A.; "Bangla Sahityer Itibritya" Tol-III, P.514,nf

Seven Names s- GovLnda Banerjee, Lalit Ghosal, Kali das

Chatto, Nibaran Chakravarti, Ramjoy Chakravarty, Harinath

Ganguli and Shib Chakrabarty.

45. Bharatchandra - Granthavali; P.292. •

46. Ibid.
vWX-
47. Ghosh, Binoy; Vidyasagar O' Bangali Samaj;AP.99.

48i Majumdar, R.C., Glimpses of Bengal in the Nineteenth

Century, P.5,

49. Sarkar, J.N. Mughal Administration, P.236.

50. Ibid.
51. Riyaz-us-Salatin (Translated); P.246. „

52. Sarkar, J.N., Mughal Administration, Pp.236-37.

i
 • *272

53. "Satyanarayan Brata Katha” (Text); P* 523.

Rameswar - Rachanavali, Ed. by, Mon do 1, P.

54. Banerjee, Asit; Bangla Sahityer Itibritya, Vol-III,

P.357.
55. Sarkar, J.N. Historical Introduction to Sitaram;
(Bangiya Sahitya Paris.had), P.12.

56., Ibid, P.14.

57. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Bengal, Vol-II, P.454* •

58. Rameswar - Rachanvali, P.188.

Edited by, Mondol, P.

59. Riyaz-us-3alatin (Tr.), P.280.

60. Stewart, Hist, of Bengal, Pp.264 & 439.

In fact even to-day this festival is held yearly in

the district of Murshidabad.

61. Farman No. 296.

(Persian Manuscript preserved at Patna University;

Manuscript Section).
62. Riyaz-us-Salatin (Tr.),P.281.

63. Sarkar, J.N. Hist, of Bengal (Vol-II), P.419.

64. Gulam Hussain Tabatabai, Siyar-ul-Mutakherin, Vol-II,

n P.614.
65. Dwarakanath Tagore who. could not be called an orthodox —
Hindu thus complained in a letter to the “Englishman,93 dated

6 Dec, 1833s "The Mohomedans introduced in this country all

the vices of an ignorant, intolerant and licentious

solfliery. The utter destruction of learning and science was
/
an invariableAof their system and the conquered, no longer
able to protest their lives by arms and independence, fell
into opposite extremes of submission, deceit and fraud”.
Vide, Majumdar, R.C. Bengal in the Nineteenth Century,P.20.
66. Chopra, P.N. Society and Culture in Mughal, Age, P*140
We know both Mukundaram Chakravarty and Rameswar
Bhattahharya were patronised by Raghunath Ray (Brahfmin
Zemindar/ of Arhra village in Midnapore District) and Raja
Ram Singh (Zemindar of Karnagarh in the district of Midnapore)
respectively.
Ou
67. Reports of William Adam on the State of Education in
Bengal (Edited by Basu, Anathnath) Quoted in Majumdar, R.C,
"Bengal in the Nineteenth Century", P.13.
68. "Shivayan" (Text), Bhattacharya, Rameswar, P.397,
Rameswar - Rachanavali, Ed. by Mondol, P.
69. Riyaz-us-Salatin (Translated) P.281.