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Akh Pol by Arghya 2014
Akh Pol by Arghya 2014
Akh Pol by Arghya 2014
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PHYSICS OF PLASMAS 21, 112104 (2014)
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4901194]
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112104-2 A. Mukherjee and S. Sengupta Phys. Plasmas 21, 112104 (2014)
charge embedded in a cold immobile positive ion back- positions, this spatial dependency of x causes the neighbour-
ground.22 Evolution of any coherent mode can be studied in ing electron sheets to gradually go out of phase with time.
terms of oscillating motion of these sheets about their equi- This eventually leads to crossing of electron sheet trajectories
librium positions. Let xeq and n(xeq, s), respectively, be the resulting in singularities in the electron density profile. This is
equilibrium position and displacement from the equilibrium the phenomenon of phase mixing leading to wave breaking.
position of an electron sheet. In terms of xeq and n(xeq, s), the For a sinusoidal initial density profile and for wave like initial
associated fluid quantities, viz., number density, velocity, conditions, the phenomenon of phase mixing leading to wave
and self-consistent electric field can, respectively, be written breaking is convincingly demonstrated in Refs. 15–17, and 24.
_ and
as nðxeq ; sÞ ¼ n0 =ð1 þ @nðxeq ; sÞ=@xeq Þ; vðxeq ; sÞ ¼ n, As stated in the Introduction, in Ref. 20, it is shown that
Es ðxeq ; sÞ ¼ 4pen0 nðxeq ; sÞ, where e is the charge of an it is possible to choose a special set of initial conditions which
electron and n0 is the equilibrium density of electrons. Here, excites a propagating solution with phase velocity b, which
dot represents differentiation w.r.t Lagrange time s. These does not phase mix and break. This propagating solution is
expressions can further be represented in terms of Euler nothing but a longitudinal Akhiezer-Polovin wave. Absence
coordinates (x,t) using the transformations x ¼ xeq þ of phase mixing implies, from Eq. (5), that “a” (energy of an
nðxeq ; sÞ and t ¼ s. Thus, with the knowledge of n(xeq, s), the oscillating sheet) should be independent of “xeq.”
problem of space-time evolution of a coherent mode is Furthermore, propagation with a fixed phase velocity b deter-
essentially solved. n(xeq, s) can be obtained by solving the mines the functional form of Uðxeq Þ as Uðxeq Þ ¼ xeq =b. This
relativistic equation of motion of a sheet which may be writ- form of Uðxeq Þ is obtained by choosing n (hence a) to be
ten as entirely a function of w ¼ x(t x/b). Thus, the initial condi-
:: tions for exciting a longitudinal Akhiezer-Polovin wave are
n
3=2 þ n ¼ 0: (1) 2r
2 nap ðxeq ; 0Þ ¼ sin a; (6)
1 n_ r0
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 2
Here, we have used Gauss’s law and the following normal- _n ap ðxeq ; 0Þ ¼ 2r cos a 1 r sin a ; (7)
x n _
ization: s ! xp s; n ! cp ; n_ ! nc , Es ! mx
eEs
, where xp is r02 1 þ 2r 2
r02 cos a
2
pc
the nonrelativistic plasma frequency. The rest of the paper is
_ we get
in normalized units. Multiplying Eq. (1) by n, along with aðxeq ; 0Þ implicitly given by
n2 2 xeq
1 Eða; r Þ r 0 Fða; rÞ ¼ : (8)
1=2 þ ¼ aðxeq Þ: (2) r0 b
2 2
1 n_
Following Akhiezer-Polovin’s work,1 we now choose
Here, “a(xeq)” corresponds to the total energy of a sheet. um(maximum fluid velocity) and b as independent parame-
Substituting ters instead of a(or r) and b. a and um are relatedffi to each
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi other through Eqs. (1) and (2) as a ¼ 1= 1 um 2 . In Sec.
n ¼ 2ða 1Þ sin a (3) III, we add a small perturbation to nap ðxeq ; 0Þ and n_ ap ðxeq ; 0Þ
which leads to phase mixing and subsequent breaking of lon-
in Eq. (2), solution of Eq. (1) becomes gitudinal Akhiezer-Polovin wave.
2
s¼ Eða; rÞ r0 Fða; rÞ þ Uðxeq Þ: (4) III. ESTIMATION OF PHASE MIXING TIME
r0
Adding a small amplitude sinusoidal perturbation with
This gives a as an implicit function offfi s and xeq, where r ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi velocity amplitude d and wavelength kap (same as the longi-
½ða 1Þ=ða þ 1Þ1=2 and r0 ¼ 1 r2 . E(a, r) and F(a, r) tudinal Akhiezer-Polovin wave) to nap and n_ ap , we get
are incomplete elliptic integrals of second and first kind,23
respectively, and Uðxeq Þ is an integration constant. Equation d
nper ¼ nap sinðkap xeq Þ; (9)
(3) along with Eq. (4) describes the motion of an electron xap
sheet about its equilibrium position for a given set of initial
conditions Uðxeq Þ and r(xeq). Frequency x of an electron n_ per ¼ n_ ap þ d cosðkap xeq Þ: (10)
sheet is obtained by integrating Eq. (2) between two turning
points (n_ ¼ 0Þ and is given by Here, nap and n_ ap are the required initial conditions for excit-
ing a longitudinal Akhiezer-Polovin wave20 and nper, n_ per are
p r0 the perturbed initial conditions. Here, xap is the frequency
x¼ : (5)
2 2Eðr Þ r 02 K ðr Þ (normalized to nonrelativistic plasma frequency xp) of the
Akhiezer-Polovin wave. The perturbed initial conditions are
Here, E(r) and K(r) are complete elliptic integrals of second equivalent to adding a small amplitude sinusoidal density
and first kind,23 respectively. It is evident from Eq. (5) that for perturbation propagating with phase velocity b, to longitudi-
arbitrary set of initial conditions, “x” is in general a function nal Akhiezer-Polovin wave. In the weakly relativistic limit,
of “xeq.” Since any coherent mode is made up of a large num- keeping terms linear in d, the energy associated with an elec-
ber of electron sheets oscillating about their equilibrium tron sheet becomes
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112104-3 A. Mukherjee and S. Sengupta Phys. Plasmas 21, 112104 (2014)
" #
nap d 2pb 1 1
aper aþ sinðkap xeq Þ þ dn_ ap cosðkap xeq Þ ; (11) smix : (16)
xap 3d u2m 4
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112104-4 A. Mukherjee and S. Sengupta Phys. Plasmas 21, 112104 (2014)
FIG. 2. Fourier spectrum of an Akhiezer-Polovin wave with velocity amplitude um ¼ 0.55, with perturbation amplitude d ¼ 0.1 and phase velocity b ¼ 0.9995
at different time steps.
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112104-5 A. Mukherjee and S. Sengupta Phys. Plasmas 21, 112104 (2014)
the primary mode eventually distributes over higher modes. time is approximate in d and um, but exact in b. Therefore,
Interaction of these high “k” modes with the particles the numerical results in Fig. 4 (variation of smix with d) for
(sheets) accelerates the particles, causing the initial delta- small values of d (upto 0.12) and in Fig. 6 (variation of
function momentum distribution to spread. Fig. 3 shows that smix with b) fit the analytical expression quite well, whereas
as time progresses, the momentum distribution function the numerical result in Fig. 5 matches the analytical expres-
gradually spreads generating multi-stream flow; a clear indi- sion reasonably upto um 0.4. Hence in all the cases, the an-
cation of phase mixing leading to breaking. Figures 4–6, alytical expression (Eq. (16)) shows a reasonably good fit to
respectively, show the variation of phase mixing time with the observed numerical results, thus vindicating our weakly
respect to d, um, and b for fixed values of the other two pa- relativistic calculation.
rameters. In all the cases, points represent the simulation
results and the solid line represents our scaling obtained
V. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
from Eq. (16). We note here that our analytical expression
for phase mixing time has been derived in the limit of weak The phenomenon of phase mixing is a manifestation of
relativistic effects. As a result, we have kept terms which are spatially dependent plasma frequency.17 It is well known
linear in d and in addition have neglected terms which are of that a large amplitude longitudinal Akhiezer-Polovin wave
order higher than u2m . Thus, the expression for phase mixing breaks via the process of phase mixing at an amplitude well
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112104-6 A. Mukherjee and S. Sengupta Phys. Plasmas 21, 112104 (2014)
7
below the breaking amplitude for Akhiezer-Polovin wave H. Schwoerer, S. Pfotenhauer, O. J€ackel, K. U. Amthor, B. Liesfeld, W.
pffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Ziegler, R. Sauerberg, K. W. D. Ledingham, and T. Esirkepov et al.,
ð 2 cph 1Þ, when subjected to an arbitrarily small longi-
Nature 439, 445 (2006).
tudinal perturbation.21 We have derived an expression for 8
J. Faure, C. Rechatin, A. Norlin, A. Lifschitz, Y. Glinec, and V. Malka,
phase mixing time which brings out its dependence on um, b, Nature (London) 444, 737 (2006).
9
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Matsouka, P. Rousseau, V. Yanovsky, A. Maksimchuk, S. kalmykov, G.
phase mixing time scales linearly with b, inversely with d
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and has 1=u2m dependence on um. We have verified this scal- 10
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2 12
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