Research Practice [EE-366] Report

on

“Power System Stability & Control – Power System Stabilizer and

Wide Area Damping Controller”

Submitted by

Pradeep Muppana (116EE0332)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Bidyadhar Subudhi

Department of Electrical Engineering

National Institute of Technology, Rourkela.

I. POWER SYSTEM STABILITY & CONTROL – AN INTRODUCTION:
 At present, the demand for electricity is rising phenomenally especially in
developing country like India.
 The need for reliable, stable and quality power is on the rise due to electric power
sensitive industries like information technology, communication, electronics etc.
In this scenario, meeting the electric power demand is not the only criteria but
also it is the responsibility of the power system engineers to provide a stable and
quality power to the consumers.
 Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial
operating condition, to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being
subjected to a physical disturbance. The disturbances mentioned in the definition
could be faults, load changes, generator outages, line outages, voltage collapse or
some combination of these.

Fig-1: Power system stability classification

 A properly designed and operated power system should meet the following
fundamental requirements
• Must be able to meet the continually changing load demand for
active and reactive power
 • Should supply energy at minimum cost and with minimum
ecological impact
• “Quality” of power supply must meet certain minimum standards
with regard to the following factors
 Constancy of frequency
 Constancy of voltage
 Level of reliability
 Several levels of controls involving a complex array of devices are used to meet the
above requirements.
Ex: Prime mover and Excitation controls, System Generation Control,
Transmission Control etc.
 The control objectives are dependent on the operating state of the power system
(Normal, Alert, Emergency, in Extremis & Restorative states).

II. POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER (PSS):

 PSS is generator control equipment, which is used in feedback to enhance the
damping of rotor oscillation (caused due to small signal disturbance) by
controlling its excitation using auxiliary stabilizing signals.
 Even small change in the reference voltage of the automatic voltage regulator
(constant field voltage)/exciter results in ever-increasing rotor oscillations.
 Though generator output power is decided by a turbine’s mechanical torque, it
can be changed by transiently changing the excitation value. A PSS detects the
change in generator output power, controls the excitation value, and reduces the
rapid power fluctuation.
 Position of the power system stabilizer (PSS) in the system is shown in the below
figure.
 Fig-2: Position of local measurement based PSS (LPSS) in the system

 The type of PSS is distinguished by its detection signal. The simplest and most
typical type is the ΔP input type unit; however, Δω and Δf input type units have
been introduced to improve the stability of the intra-system oscillation mode (i.e.,
long-term or interface mode) in view of the large increase in power systems and
power re-routing in recent years. Each of the features is outlined below.

Fig-3: Different modes of power oscillation

n
sTW  1 + sT 
1
 ∆ω K PSS  ∆VPSS
1 + sTW  1 + sT 
 2

Fig-4: Block Diagram of PSS

The above is a block diagram of a PSS. Input to the power system stabilizer is
change in speed. The output is a voltage signal introduced in the excitation
system to control the output of the exciter. TW is the washout filter (makes a
transition caused by changes in the input source more smooth) time constant. T1,
T2 are the lead-lag network time constants. n is the number of lead-lag network
blocks.
III. WIDE AREA DAMPING CONTROLLER:

 Wide Area Monitoring Systems (WAMS) help power system operators

continuously analyze all the features of a large power network in real time. Utilizing
Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), information can be recorded and
monitored to detect disturbances and improve knowledge of network behaviour
under dynamic conditions, enabling system operators to maximize power flow and
network stability.
 The accuracy of such data motivates to be used as feedback for controllers, which
can have better performance. The placement of such controllers and the signals to
be considered as feedback with the redundancy, such that action will be effective is
an interesting idea to deal.
 PSSs are used over decades to control the oscillations but as PSSs use the local
signal as feedback (LPSS), which have low observability of the inter-area
oscillations so it performs poorly with Interarea modes.
 Wide-area damping controller (WADC) is a very effective tool to damp out the
low-frequency oscillation in wide area power systems.

Fig-5: Adaptive wide-area damping control scheme with consideration of signal time
delay
  The trend of using FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices in power
systems both transmission and distribution levels is increasing. If FACTS and
WAMS technologies are used together, they can help improve the stability
performance of power systems. The Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
(TCSC), which is a series type of FACTS devices, is used to control the tie-line
power flow between two areas of a study power system.
 The wide-area power system equipped with the WADCs is a typical networked
control system (NCS) because of the communication networks employed to link
the remote control center and the controlled system. Hence, the network-
induced delay and packet dropout are inevitably introduced in the control-loop of
the WADC. These time delays can typically range from tens to several hundred
milliseconds. Ignoring the time delay and packet dropout would deteriorate the
damping performance or even cause the whole system instability.
 Robust H∞ control method can be used to design a WADC for wide area power
systems with random delay and packet dropout.
IV. REFERENCES:
 P.Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. McGraw Hill Education
(India) Private Limited, 2006.
 Various IEEE papers
 https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106026/6
 https://www.slideshare.net/sumansourabh1/power-system-
stabilizer?from_action=save
 http://www.meppi.com/Products/GeneratorExcitationProducts/Static%20Excit
ation%20System/Power%20System%20Stabilizer.pdf
 https://new.abb.com/substation-automation/systems/wide-area-monitoring-
system
 https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/6/9/4841