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Introduction To Computers PDF
Introduction To Computers PDF
Topic Outline
Computer Evolution: A Brief History
Understanding Computer: Basic definition
Basic Computer Operations (hands-on)
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A Brief History
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Abacus
a simple counting aid
make computations
using a system of
sliding beads arranged
on a rack
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Pascaline
Invented by Blaise Pascal
in 1642
Numerical wheel
calculator adding
machine
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Difference Engine
an automatic,
mechanical calculator
designed in 1822 to
tabulate polynomial
functions
designed by Charles
Babbage who is regarded
by many as the father of
Based on Babbage's original plans,
computers the London Science Museum
constructed a working Difference
Engine No. 2 from 1989 to 1991
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Analytical Engine
conceived by Babbage in
1834
designed to evaluate any
mathematical formula
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First-Generation Computers
(1940-1956)
characterized by the use
of vacuum tubes
expensive and bulky
used machine language
for computing and could
solve just one problem at
a time
does not support
multitasking
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Second Generation Computers
(1956-1963)
transistor based computers
replaced vacuum tubes
transistors made computers
smaller, cheaper and energy
efficient
but transistors were
responsible for the emission
of large amounts of heat from
the computer
FORTRAN, ALGOL, and
COBOL are first standardized
programming languages
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Third Generation Computers
(1964-1971)
use of Integrated Circuits (IC)
increase in speed and
efficiency of computers
Operating systems were the
human interface to computing
operations and keyboards and
monitors became the input-
output device
BASIC (Beginners All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code)
became the dominant
programming language
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Fourth Generation Computers
(1971-Present)
introduction of microprocessors
first workstation introduced in
1974
first personal computer
introduced in 1975
first portable computer
introduced in 1981
IBM Personal Computer (PC)
introduced in 1981
first personal digital assistant Apple® Macintosh
Osborne 1
(PDA)introduced in 1983 Intel 4004 microprocessor
Apple Computer's Macintosh Casio PF-3000
AltoMITS
IBM®Altair
PC 5150
workstation
personal computer introduced
in 1984
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Fifth Generation Computers
(Present and Beyond)
new computers are under development to be based on
principles of artificial intelligence and natural
language recognition
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Computer
A machine that performs
the four basic operations
of the information-
processing cycle:
Input
Processing
Output
Storage
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Computer System
A collection of related
components that are
designed to work
together
A system includes
hardware and software.
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Computer Hardware
The physical parts of a
computer and related
devices.
The internal hardware
parts of a computer are
often referred to as
components, while
external hardware
devices are usually called
peripherals.
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Software
All the programs that A list of instructions that
give the computer its tell the computer how to
instructions perform the four basic
operations to accomplish
a task
Two categories of
software:
System software
Application software
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System Software
commonly known as
Operating system
provides the
infrastructure over
which programs can
operate
manages and controls
computer hardware
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Application Software
any tool that functions
and is operated by means
of a computer
employs the capabilities
of a computer directly and
thoroughly to a task that
the user wishes to
perform
examples are word
processors, spreadsheets,
and media players
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Hands-on
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