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MECH215 Lecture 5 2018 - Strength Under Varying Load - 2 Slides Per Page
MECH215 Lecture 5 2018 - Strength Under Varying Load - 2 Slides Per Page
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DESIGN 1
LECTURE 5
‘Strength under variable
loading’-
[Fatigue Failure Resulting from Variable Loading]
Richard Dwight
Tutorial Questions
Budynas, R.G, and Nisbett, J.K., Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design (in SI units).
10th Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
Questions to be confirmed.
Recap
• Theories of failure relate known failure
data to a specific situation: esp. stress at
failure of a test specimen under uniaxial
tension to the stress state existing at a
specific point within a structure.
v 3. Loads on X-section
T
1. External loads M V
M
+y
T
RAx A
+x
50°
72.97°
B
Loads >>Loads on Sections
RAy
9.2m 3.2m
W= 1471.5N
4. Stress by each load
Deflection x y
x
z
x
xy x
z
z
5. Combine stresses
y
7. Compare to
material strength
x
2
6. Find principal stresses x
2 1 xy
Ne
Y
1
w
Syc (y,yx)
x FA
Sy
z
CE
X
3 1
+ve (x,xy) 7 of 42
max
Coulomb-Mohr is
conservative in 4th quadrant
Modified Mohr criteria
adjusts to better fit the data
in the 4th quadrant
Fig. 5−19
General
Fluctuating
Repeated
Completely
Reversed
Semi-Random loading
Commercial Aircraft
Fig. 6–1
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
W
FBD
W/2 W/2 W/2 W/2
Fig. 6–10
Fig. 6–17
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 6–17
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Plot Eq. (6–10) for the fatigue strength fraction f of Sut at 103
cycles
Use f from plot for S'f = f Sut at 103 cycles on S-N diagram
Assumes Se = S'e= 0.5Sut at 106 cycles
Fig. 6–18
Surface Factor ka
Stresses tend to be high at the surface
Surface finish has an impact on initiation of cracks at localized
stress concentrations
Surface factor is a function of ultimate strength. Higher strengths
are more sensitive to rough surfaces.
Loading Factor kc
Reliability Factor ke
Table 6–5
Increase radius
Reduce disruption
Allow “dead zones” to shape flowlines more gradually
Stress Concentration
Nature of fatigue
Analysis is imprecise. A significant take-
home lesson is what features of a design
and an as-built component actually impact
on fatigue life.
Realise the nature of fatigue
analysis….don’t be surprised when things
fail anyway….
Fatigue failure
initiating at
mismatched
grease holes
Sharp corners (at
arrows) provided
stress
concentrations
Fig. 6–4
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering
Design
Fatigue failure of
forged connecting rod
Crack initiated at
flash line of the
forging at the left
edge of picture
Beach marks show
crack propagation
halfway around the
hole before ultimate
fracture Fig. 6–5
Fatigue failure of a
200-mm diameter
piston rod of an alloy
steel steam hammer
Loaded axially
Crack initiated at a
forging flake internal
to the part
Internal crack grew
outward
symmetrically
Fig. 6–6
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering
Design
Questions to be confirmed.