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Hilti Webinar - Anchor Design Influencing Factors PDF
Hilti Webinar - Anchor Design Influencing Factors PDF
Influencing factors
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2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
Anchor Steel
• Steel failure in tension, shear and
bending
Concrete structure
• Cone failure in tension
• Pull out (bond failure) or pull through Concrete
• Edge failure in shear
• Pry out failure
• Splitting due to installation and/or loading
When selecting and designing anchors it is important to consider the ways that
they can fail
• Most concrete members have certain geometric limits (edges and material thickness).
Dependent on the anchor location, this may affect the resistance.
N V
• It’s almost certain that in a concrete member you’ll find reinforcement bars – “rebar”.
Concrete’s main asset is the compressive strength and so typically the tensile resistance
is left to the rebar.
• However the fact that the positioning of the rebar is virtually unknown after the pouring of
the concrete we cannot make a definite assumption of any positive contribution from
them.
• For certain load combinations concrete will crack in the tension zones. Concrete
members are designed for 0.3mm maximum crack width as per most codes (e.g.
Eurocode.) for quasi permanent loads (dead loads plus fraction of live loads).
Crack plane
• Non-cracked concrete consideration must be shown by calculation for the different load
combinations.
What is reasonably easy for a simple …can be fairly complex for real
beam or cantilever… structure load scenarios.
Single
Distributed loads
load
• Earthquake shaking leads tension and compression in the concrete members to change
compared to static loads.
For all cases, the designer is always responsible to define if the anchor is set in cracked or
non-cracked concrete!
• It’s very common to find HKD anchors used in false ceiling and pipe hanging systems.
These anchors are applied in the bottom of beams or slabs, locations which are
expected to develop cracks, so how is it a non-cracked concrete anchor can be used in
tension zones?
For all cases, the designer is always responsible to define if the anchor is set in cracked or
non-cracked concrete!
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
• This mode of failure is commonly referred to as “Combined bond and cone failure”
• Other failure modes
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
Concrete breakout area for two anchors Concrete breakout area for two anchors
far away from each other close to each other
• Steel resistance doubled • Steel resistance doubled
• Concrete cone resistance doubled • Concrete cone resistance increased, but
less than doubled
V c
C2,1
Sn-1
S2 S1 h
C2,2
• Using the correct anchor spacing given in the design data for the anchor allows the
anchor to achieve its full capacity.
• If the anchor spacing is reduced then it must be noted that the anchor efficiency will
be reduced.
• The same process should be applied when looking at anchor edge distances.
Insufficient spacing
Edge distance too short
between the anchors
Insufficient Wrong
thickness of the embedment
Ideal case
base material depth
www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 22
Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
static
monotonic
low cycle
fatigue /seismic Earthquakes
101 < N < 104
shock
Explosions, crashes
1 < N < 20
N N
V V
Stud anchor
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
Durability
Freeze/thaw
Temperature T (°C)
1000°C
500°C
Tensile load [kN]
• Hot dipped
Galvanised Galvanised A2 Steel A4 Steel HCR
5-20µ
• Sherardised
• Inside rooms • Damp inside rooms • Inside rooms • Inside rooms • Highly corrosive
without humidity with heavy with heavy surroundings
• Slightly corrosive condensation condensation like road tunnels,
• Outside only for outside atmosphere indoor
temporary • Outside without • Outside with
applications • Occasional exposure to chlorides moderate
swimming pools
condensation chlorides
Installation
Brush x 2
Blow x 2
Install
Concrete HIT-Z
HY200
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
• Disadvantages
• In case of water filled holes corrosion and freeze/thaw
cycles can be an issue
• Embedment depths are fixed for most mechanical
anchors
• Bigger spacing and edge distances compared to
chemical anchors
• Disadvantages
• Impossible to immediately load the fixture
• Limited time of storage (expire date)
• Health legal restrictions in some countries
Expansion anchors
Concrete screws
Bonded anchors (or HDA type undercut
anchors)
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
Friction Friction
Keying
Keying & Friction
Adhesive Anchors
● Mechanical Anchors
● Adhesive Anchors
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
● The shape of the cone and sleeve (tapered in the direction of the applied load) allows
follow up expansion.
● A loosening of the element shows that the anchor has been overloaded.
Edge
failure
section
Combined tensile
and shear load
Sleeve anchor,
HSL-3
7mm ~0mm
HSL-3 HSL-3
M16 M16
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
Action Resistance
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
GB & IE
Tel: 0800886100
Email: gbtas@hilti.com
Web: www.hilti.co.uk/engineering
Finland
Tel: 0207 999 350
Email: tekninenosasto@hilti.com
Web: www.hilti.fi/engineering
Sweden
Tel: 020-555 999
E-post: tc@hilti.com
Web: www.hilti.se
www.hilti.co.uk/engineering 57