Module2 Stiffness S PDF

Structural Analysis - III
Stiffness Method
Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Associate Professor in Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur
1
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN
Module II
Stiffness method
• Development of stiffness matrices by physical approach –

stiffness matrices for truss,beam and frame elements –
displacement transformation matrix – development of total
stiffness matrix - analysis of simple structures – plane
truss beam and plane frame- nodal loads and element
loads – lack of fit and temperature effects.
2
FUNDAMENTALS OF STIFFNESS METHOD
Introduction
• Displacement components are the primary unknowns
• Number of unknowns is equal to the kinematic indeterminacy
• Redundants are the joint displacements, which are

automatically specified
• Choice of redundants is unique
• Conducive to computer programming
3
• Stiffness method (displacements of the joints are the primary
unknowns): kinematic indeterminacy
• kinematic indeterminacy
• joints: a) where members meet, b) supports, c) free ends

• joints undergo translations or rotations
• in some cases joint displacements will be known, from the

restraint conditions
• the unknown joint displacements are the kinematically

indeterminate quantities
o degree of kinematic indeterminacy: number of degrees

of freedom
4
• in a truss, the joint rotation is not regarded as a degree
of freedom. joint rotations do not have any physical
significance as they have no effects in the members of the
truss
• in a frame, degrees of freedom due to axial

deformations can be neglected
5
Stiffness coefficients
•Example 1: Stiffness and flexibility coefficients of a beam
Unit action
Unit displacement
F11, F21, F12 , F22

S11 , S21 , S12 , S22 Forces due to unit dispts Dispts due to unit forces
– stiffness coefficients – flexibility coefficients
6
•Example 2: Action-displacement equations for a beam subjected to
several loads
A1 = A11 + A12 + A13
A1 = S11 D1 + S12 D2 + S13 D3
A2 = S21 D1 + S22 D2 + S23 D3
A3 = S31D1 + S32 D2 + S33 D3

7
Stiffness matrix A1 = S11 D1 + S12 D2 + S13 D3 + ... + S1n Dn
A2 = S21 D1 + S22 D2 + S23 D3 + ... + S2 n Dn
............................................................
An = S n1 D1 + S n 2 D2 + S n 3 D3 + ... + S nn Dn
oIn matrix form, ⎧⎪ 1 ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ 11 12

A S S ... S1n ⎫ ⎧ D1 ⎫
⎪ A2 ⎪ ⎪ S21 S22 ... S2 n ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ D2 ⎪⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎨ ⎬⎨ ⎬
⎪... ⎪ ⎪ ... ... ... ... ⎪ ⎪ ... ⎪
⎪⎩ An ⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ Sn1 Sn 2 ... Snn ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ Dn ⎪⎭
n×1 n×n n×1
A = SD { A} = [ S ]{D}
•Action matrix, Stiffness matrix, Displacement matrix
•Stiffness coefficient Sij
{ A} = [ F ] {D} ⇒ [ S ] = [ F ]
−1 −1
[F ] = [S ]
−1
8
Stiffness method (Direct approach: Explanation using principle
of superposition)
Example: Propped cantilever (Kinematically indeterminate to
first degree)
• Required to get θ B
•degrees of freedom: one
• Kinematically determinate structure is obtained by restraining

all displacements (all displacement components made zero -
restrained structure)
9
Restraint at B causes a reaction of MB as shown.
wL2
MB = −
12
(Note the sign convention:
anticlockwise positive)
The actual rotation at B is θ B
Hence it is required to induce a rotation of θ B
•Apply unit rotation corresponding to θ B
Let the moment required for this unit rotation be mB

4 EI
mB = anticlockwise
L 10
• Moment required to induce a rotation of θ B is mBθ B
M B + mBθ B = 0 (Joint equilibrium equation)
wL2 4 EI MB wL3
− + θB = 0 ∴θ B = − =
12 L mB 48EI
mB (Moment required for unit rotation) is the stiffness

coefficient here.

Stiffnesses of prismatic members
Stiffness coefficients of a structure are calculated from the

contributions of individual members
Hence member stiffness matrices are to be developed.
12
Member stiffness matrix for prismatic beam member with
rotations at the ends as degrees of freedom
A
B
2 EI ⎡2 1⎤
[ SMi ] = ⎢1 2⎥
L ⎣ ⎦
Verification:
−1
⎡ L −L ⎤ −1
⎢ 3EI 6 EI ⎥ ⎛ L ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎞ 6 EI ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ 2 EI ⎡ 2 1 ⎤
[ S Mi ] = [ FMi ] = ⎢
−1
⎥ = ⎜ ⎢ −1 2 ⎥ ⎟ = ⎢ ⎥ =
L ⎢⎣ 1 2 ⎥⎦
⎢ −L L ⎥ ⎝ 6 EI ⎣ ⎦⎠ L(3) ⎣ 1 2 ⎦
⎢⎣ 6 EI 3EI ⎥⎦
13
Member stiffness matrix for prismatic beam member with
deflection and rotation at one end as degrees of freedom
⎡ S M 11 S M 12 ⎤
[ SMi ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ M 21
S S M 22 ⎦
⎡ 12 EI 6 EI ⎤
⎢ L3 − 2 ⎥
L
=⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 6 EI 4 EI ⎥
⎢⎣ L2 L ⎥⎦
14
Verification:
−1 ⎡ 12 EI 6 EI ⎤
⎡ L3 L2 ⎤ −
⎢ 3EI
−1 6 EI ⎡ 6 −3L ⎤ ⎢ L3 L2 ⎥
2 EI ⎥ ⎛ L ⎡ 2 L2 3L ⎤ ⎞ = 2 ⎢ 2 ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
[ S Mi ] = [ FMi ] = ⎢ 2 L ( 3L ) ⎣
−1
⎥ =⎜ ⎢ ⎥⎟ −
⎢ L L ⎥ ⎜ 6 EI
⎣ 3L 6 ⎦ ⎟⎠
3 L 2 L ⎦ ⎢ − 6 EI 4 EI ⎥
⎝
⎢⎣ 2 EI EI ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ L2 L ⎦⎥
•Truss member
EA
[ S Mi ] =
L

•Problem 1
Find the member stiffness matrix of the beam shown in figure,
with reference to the co-ordinates shown.
1
2
L,E,I
Unit displacement (vertical Unit displacement (rotation)

translation) w.r.t. DOF 1 w.r.t. DOF 2
(downward, according to the (clockwise, according to the
given co-ordinate) given co-ordinate)
16
4EI
12EI
L
L3
6EI
L2
6EI
L2
⎡ 12 EI −6 EI ⎤
⎢ L3 L2 ⎥
∴ [ SM ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −6 EI 4 EI ⎥
⎢⎣ L2 L ⎥⎦
17
•Problem 2
Find the member stiffness matrix of the beam shown in figure,

with reference to the co-ordinates shown.
1
L,E,I
2
Unit displacement (vertical

Unit displacement (rotation) translation) w.r.t. DOF 2
w.r.t. DOF 1 (upward, according to the
(clockwise, according to the given co-ordinate)
given co-ordinate)
18
4EI 6EI
L L2
6EI 12EI
L2 L3
⎡ 4 EI 6 EI ⎤
⎢ L L2 ⎥
∴ [ SM ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 6 EI 12 EI ⎥
⎢⎣ L2 L3 ⎥⎦
19
Member stiffness matrices for a few other cases
•Plane frame member
⎡ S M 11 S M 12 S M 13 ⎤
[ S Mi ] = ⎢⎢ S M 21 S M 22 S M 23 ⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ S M 31 S M 32 S M 33 ⎥⎦
⎡ EA ⎤
⎢ L 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
12 EI 6 EI ⎥
=⎢ 0 − 2
⎢ L3 L ⎥
⎢ 6 EI 4 EI ⎥
⎢ 0 − 2 ⎥
⎣ L L ⎦
20
•Grid member
⎡ 12 EI 6 EI ⎤
⎢ L3 0 −
L2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
GJ
[ S Mi ] = ⎢⎢ 0 0 ⎥
⎥
L
⎢ 6 EI 4 EI ⎥
⎢− 2 0 ⎥
⎣ L L ⎦
21
•Space frame member
⎡ EA ⎤
⎢ L 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 12 EI Z 6 EI Z ⎥
0 0 0 − 2
⎢ L3 L ⎥
⎢ 12 EI Y 6 EI Y ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥
L3 L2
[ S Mi ] = ⎢⎢ ⎥
⎥
GJ
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ L ⎥
⎢ 0 0
6 EI Y
0
4 EI Y
0 ⎥⎥
⎢ L2 L
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 6 EI Z 4 EI Z ⎥
− 0 0 0
⎣⎢ L2 L ⎦⎥
22
Formalization of the Stiffness method
(Explanation using principle of complimentary virtual work)
{ AMi } = [ S Mi ]{DMi }
Here {DMi } contains relative displacements of the k end with respect
to j end of the i-th member
If there are m members in the structure,

⎧ { AM 1 } ⎫ ⎡[ S M 1 ] [0 ] [0] [0 ] [0 ] ⎤ ⎧ {D M 1 } ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪{ A M 2 } ⎪ ⎢ [0 ] [SM 2 ] [0] [0] [0 ] ⎥⎪ { D M 2 } ⎪
⎪{ AM 3 }⎪ ⎢ [0 ] [0 ] [ S M 3 ] [0 ] [0 ] ⎥ ⎪{D M 3 } ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎨ ⎬= ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪ {A } ⎪ ⎢ [0 ] [0 ] [0] [ S Mi ] [0 ] ⎥ ⎪⎪ {DMi } ⎪⎪
⎪ Mi ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪{ A }⎪
⎩ Mm ⎭
⎢ [0 ]
⎣ [0 ] [0] [0 ] [ S Mm ]⎥⎦ ⎪⎩{DMm }⎪⎭
AM = SM DM
23
{ AM } = [ S M ]{DM }
[S M ] is the unassembled stiffness matrix of the entire structure
24
• Relative end-displacements in {DM } will be related to a vector of joint
displacements for the whole structure, {DJ }
{DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ }
[CMJ ] displacement transformation matrix (compatibility matrix)
free (unknown) joint displacements {DF }

{D J } consists of:
and restraint displacements {DR }
• If there are no support displacements specified,
{ DR } will be a null matrix
⎧{DF }⎫
• Hence, {DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ } = ⎡⎣[C MF ] [C MR ]⎤⎦ ⎨ ⎬
{ D
⎩ R ⎭}
25
• Elements in displacement transformation matrix,
(compatibility matrix) [CMJ ] are found from compatibility conditions.
[CMF ] {DF }
and relate {DM } to and respectively
[CMR ] { DR }
• Each column in the submatrix [CMF ] consists of member

displacements caused by a unit value of an unknown displacement
applied to the restrained structure.
•Each column in the submatrix [CMR ] consists of member

displacements caused by a unit value of a support displacement
26
• Suppose an arbitrary set of virtual displacements {δ DM }
is applied on the structure.
⎧{δ D F }⎫
{δ DM } = [C MJ ]{δ D J } = ⎣⎡[C MF ] [ MR ]⎤⎦ ⎨
C ⎬
⎩{ R } ⎭
δ D
• External virtual work produced by the virtual displacements {δ DJ }
and real loads { AJ } is

δD
δ W = { AJ }
T
{δ DJ } = ⎡⎣{ AF }
T
{ AR }
T
⎤ ⎧⎨ F ⎫⎬
⎦ ⎩δ DR ⎭
27
• Internal virtual work produced by the virtual (relative) end
displacements {δ DM } and actual member end actions { AM } is
δ U = { AM } {δ DM }
T
• Equating the above two (principle of virtual work),
{ AJ } {δ DJ } = { AM } {δ DM }
T T
But {DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ } and { AM } = [ S M ]{DM }

Also, {δ DM } = [C MJ ]{δ D J }
Hence, { AJ } {δ DJ } = {DJ } [CMJ ] [ S M ] [CMJ ]{δ DJ }

T T T T
{ AJ } = [ S J ]{DJ }
28
Where, [ S J ] = [CMJ ] [ S M ][CMJ ] , the assembled stiffness matrix for the
T
entire structure.
• It is useful to partition [ SJ ] into submatrices pertaining to free
(unknown) joint displacements{DF }and restraint displacements {DR }
⎧{ AF }⎫ ⎡[ S FF ] [ S FR ]⎤ ⎧{DF }⎫
{ AJ } = [ S J ]{DJ } ⇒ ⎨ ⎬=⎢
⎩{ AR }⎭ ⎣[ S RF ] [ S RR ]⎥⎦ ⎩⎨{DR }⎭⎬
Where, [ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ] [ S FR ] = [C MF ]T [ S M ][CMR ]

T
[ S RF ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMF ] [ S RR ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMR ]
29
{ AF } = [ S FF ]{DF } + [ S FR ]{DR } { AR } = [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }
⇒ {DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1
Joint displacements
• Support reactions
If actual or equivalent joint loads are applied directly to the supports,
{ AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }

represents combined joint loads (actual and equivalent) applied
{ ARC } directly to the supports.
30
• Member end actions are obtained adding member end actions
calculated as above and initial fixed-end actions
i.e., { AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MJ ]{D J }
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })
where { AML } represents fixed end actions
31
Important formulae:
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎦⎤

−1
Joint displacements:
Support reactions: { AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }
Member end actions:
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([CMF ]{DF } + [CMR ]{DR })
32
Relationship between force transformation matrix and
displacement transformation matrix
{δ AS } {DS } = {δ AM } {DM }
T T
{ AM } = [ BMS ]{ AS }
{δ AM } = [ BMS ]{δ AS }
{δ AM } = {δ AS } [ BMS ]
T T T
{DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ }
{D J } = {D S }
{ S } { S } ({δ AS } [ BMS ] ) ([CMJ ]{DS })
δ =
T T T
A D
Hence, [ BMS ] [CMJ ] = [ I ]

T

•Problem 1
Kinematic indeterminacy = 2 (Rotations at B and C)
2 EI ⎡2 1⎤
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ S Mi ] = ⎢1 2⎥
L ⎣ ⎦
⎡4 2 0 0⎤
⎢ 0⎥
2 EI ⎢ 2 4 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = ⎥
L ⎢0 0 2 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦
34
Fixed end actions
Equivalent joint loads
35
Joint displacements
Free (unknown) joint displacements {DF } Restraint displacements {DR }
•Each column in the submatrix [CMF ] consists of member

displacements caused by a unit value of an unknown displacement
•Each column in the submatrix [CMR ] consists of member

displacements caused by a unit value of a support displacement
0 1 1 0 DF1 DF2
=1 =1
⎡0 0⎤
⎢1 0⎥
[C M F ]= ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1⎦
0 0 0 1

1L 1L 0 0 1 0 0 0
−1 L −1 L 1L 1L 0 0 −1 L −1 L

DR1 DR2 DR3 DR4
=1 =1 =1 =1
⎡1 L 1 −1 L 0 ⎤
⎢1 L 0 −1 L 0 ⎥
[CMR ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 L −1 L⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 1 L −1 L⎦
DF1 DF2 DR1 DR2 DR3 DR4

=1 =1 =1 =1 =1 =1
⎡0 0 1 L −1 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
[CMJ ] = ⎣⎡[CMF ] [CMR ]⎦⎤ = 1 ⎢ L 0 1 0 −1 0⎥
L ⎢L 0 0 0 1 − 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 L0 0 1 − 1⎦
39
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1
{DR} is a null matrix, since there are no support

displacements
∴{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
−1
⎡4 2 0 0⎤ ⎡0 0⎤
⎢ 4 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0⎥
⎡ 0 1 1 0⎤ 2 EI ⎢ 2
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
=⎢ ⎥ L ⎢0
⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 1 ⎦ 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
2 EI ⎡6 1 ⎤
= ⎢1 2 ⎥
L ⎣ ⎦
40
−1
Free (unknown) joint displacements {D

⎛ 2 EI ⎡6 1 ⎤ ⎞ PL ⎧1 ⎫
F}= ⎜ ⎢1 2 ⎥ ⎟ 9 ⎨ 2 ⎬
⎝ L ⎣ ⎦⎠ ⎩ ⎭
PL2 1 ⎧ 0 ⎫ PL2 ⎧0 ⎫
= . ⎨ ⎬= ⎨ ⎬
18 EI 11 ⎩11⎭ 18 EI ⎩1 ⎭

Support reactions { AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }
{DR} is a null matrix.
∴{ AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF }
[ S RF ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMF ]
T
⎡1 L −1 0⎤ ⎡4 2 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 0⎤
⎢ 0 −1 0 ⎥ 2 EI ⎢ 2 4 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0⎥
1 ⎢1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
=
L ⎢0 0 1 −1⎥ L ⎢ 0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 −1⎦ ⎣0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
⎡6 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
2 EI ⎢2 L 0 ⎥
= 2
L ⎢ −3 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −3 −3⎦
∴{ AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF }
⎧ −2 P ⎫
⎪ − PL ⎪ ⎡6 0⎤
⎪ ⎪ 2 EI ⎢2 L 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ PL2
⎧0 ⎫
= −⎨ 3 ⎬+ 2 ⎨ ⎬
⎪ −3P ⎪ L ⎢ −3 3 ⎥ 18 EI ⎩1 ⎭
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ − 3 − 3⎦
⎩ −P ⎭
⎧ 2P ⎫
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎪ PL ⎪
⎧ −2 P ⎫ ⎧ 2P ⎫ ⎪
⎪ − PL ⎪ ⎧0⎫ ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ PL2 2 EI ⎪⎪ 0 ⎪⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ P ⎪
PL ⎪⎪ 3 ⎪⎪
⎪
= −⎨ 3 ⎬+ 2 ⎨ ⎬= ⎨ 3 ⎬+⎨ ⎬ = ⎨10 P ⎬
⎪ −3P ⎪ 18 EI L 3
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 3P ⎪ ⎪ 3 ⎪ ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎩ −3⎪⎭ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ P ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ −P ⎭ ⎩ P ⎭ ⎪− ⎪ ⎪ 2 P ⎪
⎩ 3⎭
⎩⎪ 3 ⎭⎪
Member end actions
{DR} is a null matrix ∴ { AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎧3⎫ ⎡4 2 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 0⎤
⎪ ⎪ ⎢2 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 ⎥ PL2
PL ⎪ −3 ⎪ 2 EI 4 0 ⎧0 ⎫
{ AM } = ⎨ ⎬ + ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
9 ⎪2⎪ L ⎢0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢1 0 ⎥ 18 EI ⎩1 ⎭
⎪⎩ −2 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
⎧3⎫ ⎡4 2 0 0 ⎤ ⎧0 ⎫ ⎧3⎫ ⎧0 ⎫ ⎧1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ −3 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ PL ⎪ − ⎪
PL ⎪ −3 ⎪ 2 EI PL2 ⎢ 2 4 0 0 ⎪ 0 ⎪ PL ⎪ ⎪ PL ⎪ ⎪ = ⎪ ⎪ 1
= ⎨ ⎬+ ⎥⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬+ ⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
9 ⎪2⎪ L 18 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎪0 ⎪ 9 ⎪ 2 ⎪ 9 ⎪1 ⎪ 3 ⎪1 ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ −2 ⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎭⎪
⎪⎩ −2 ⎭⎪ ⎣0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 2 ⎭⎪ 44
Alternatively, if the entire [SJ] matrix is assembled at a time,
⎡0 L L 0⎤
⎢0 0 0 L⎥ 0⎤ ⎡ 0 L −1 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡4 2 0 01
⎢2 ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢ 1 1 0 0 ⎥ 2 EI 4 0 0⎥ 1 ⎢ L 01 0 −1 0 ⎥
[ S J ] = [CMJ ]T [ SM ][CMJ ] = ⎢
L⎢L 0 0 0⎥ L
⎥ ⎢
⎢0 0 2
⎥
1⎥ L ⎢ L 00 0 1 −1⎥
⎢ −1 −1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣ 0 L0 0 1 −1⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 −1⎦
⎡0 L L 0⎤
⎢0 0 0 L⎥ 6 4 L −6
⎢ ⎥ ⎡2 L 0 0⎤
⎢ 1 1 0 0 ⎥ 2 EI ⎢4 L 0 6 2 L −6 0 ⎥
=⎢ ⎥ 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ L 0 0 0 ⎥ L ⎢2 L L 0 0 3 −3⎥
⎢ −1 −1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ L 2L 0 0 3 −3⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 −1⎦
⎡ 6L2 L2 6L 2L2 −3L −3L⎤

⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢L 2L2 0 0 3L −3L⎥
2EI ⎢ 6L 0 12 6L −12 0 ⎥ ⎡[ SFF ] [ SFR ]⎤
= 3 ⎢ 2 ⎥=⎢
L ⎢ 2L 0 6L 4L −6L 0 ⎥ ⎣[ SRF ] [ SRR ]⎥⎦
⎢−3L 3L −12 −6L 18 −6 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣−3L −3L 0 0 −6 6 ⎦ 45
•Problem 2:
10 kN/m 40 kN 100 kN
B C D
A 2m
4m 4m 2m
Kinematic indeterminacy = 3 (Rotations at A, B, C)(Not

considering joint D in the overhanging portion)
DF1 DF2 DF3

B C D
A
Degrees of freedom
46
2 EI ⎡2 1 ⎤
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ S Mi ] = ⎢1 2 ⎥
4 ⎣ ⎦
⎡2 1 0 0⎤
⎢ 0⎥
2 EI ⎢ 1 2 0
Unassembled stiffness matrix [SM ] = ⎥
4 ⎢0 0 2 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦
47
13.33 kNm 13.33
20 20
B
A C
B
20 kN
20 kN 20 kN
20 kN
Fixed end actions
13.33 kNm 6.67 2x100 – 20 = 180 kNm

B
A
20 kN 20 +20 = 40 kN 20 +100 = 120 kN
Equivalent joint loads + actual joint loads

48
DF1 =1
1 0 0 0
DF2 =1
0 1 1 0

DF3 =1
0 0 0 1
DF1 DF2 DF3

=1 =1 =1
⎡1 0 0⎤
⎢0 1 0⎥
[C M F ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1⎦
50
Joint displacements
∴{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
−1
∵{DR} is a null matrix.
T
⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎡2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤
⎢0 0 ⎥ 2 EI ⎢1 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0⎥
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
=⎢
1
⎥ ⎢
2 0
⎥⎢
1
⎥
⎢0 1 0⎥ 4 ⎢0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 0 1⎦
⎡ 1 0.5 0 ⎤
= EI ⎢0.5 2 0.5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0.5 1 ⎥⎦
51
−1
⎛ ⎡ 1 0.5 0 ⎤ ⎞ ⎧ −13.33⎫
Joint displacements {DF } =
1 ⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎟ ⎪ −6.67 ⎪
⎥⎟ ⎨ ⎬
0.5 2 0.5
EI ⎜⎜ ⎢ ⎟ ⎪ −180 ⎪
⎝ ⎢
⎣ 0 0.5 1 ⎥
⎦ ⎠ ⎩ ⎭
⎧ −43.435 ⎫
1 ⎪ ⎪
= ⎨ 60.33 ⎬
EI ⎪ ⎪
⎩ −210.6 ⎭

Member end actions
{DR} is a null matrix ∴ { AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎧ 13.33 ⎫ ⎡2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤
⎪ −13.33 ⎪ ⎢1 ⎧ −43.435 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ 2 EI 2 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0⎥ 1 ⎪ ⎪
{ AM } = ⎨ ⎬+ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 60.33 ⎬
⎪ 20 ⎪ 4 ⎢0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 ⎥ EI ⎪ −210.6 ⎪
⎪⎩ −20 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎩ ⎭
⎣0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 0 1⎦
⎧ 0 ⎫
⎪ 25 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
=⎨ ⎬kNm
⎪ −25 ⎪
⎪⎩−200⎪⎭
53
•Problem 3:
24 kN 12 kN
5m B 5m C
A
10 m 10 m
Kinematic indeterminacy = 1 (Rotation at B)
DF1
B C
A
Degrees of freedom
54
2 EI ⎡2 1 ⎤
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ Mi ]
S = ⎢1 2 ⎥
10 ⎣ ⎦
⎡2 1 0 0⎤
⎢ 0⎥
EI ⎢ 1 2 0
5 ⎢0 0 2 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦
55
30 kNm 30 15 15
B C
A B
12 kN 6 kN
12 kN 6 kN
Fixed end actions
15
30kNm 15
B
A
12 kN 18 kN 6kN

56
DF1 =1
DF1
=1
⎡0 ⎤
0 ⎢1 ⎥
0 1 1
[C MF ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 ⎦

Joint displacements
∴{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
−1
∴{DR} is a null matrix.
T
⎡ ⎤
0 ⎡2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 ⎤
⎢1 ⎥ ⎢1 2 0 ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥ ⎡ 4 EI ⎤
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
=⎢ ⎥
EI ⎢
0
⎥⎢ ⎥ =
⎢⎣ 5 ⎥⎦
⎢1 ⎥ 5 ⎢ 0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
0 ⎣0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 ⎦
5 18.75
Joint displacements {DF } = {15} =
4 EI EI
58
Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎧ 30 ⎫ ⎡2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 ⎤
⎪ −30 ⎪ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ 18.75
⎪ ⎪ EI ⎢ 1 2 0
{ AM } = ⎨ ⎬ + ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎪ 15 ⎪ 5 ⎢ 0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ EI
⎪⎩ −15 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 ⎦
⎧ 30 ⎫ ⎧ 1 ⎫ ⎧ 33.75 ⎫
⎪ −3 0 ⎪ ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪ −22.5 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
=⎨ ⎬ + 3.75 ⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬
⎪ 15 ⎪ 2
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 22 .5 ⎪
⎪⎩ −15 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ −11.25 ⎪⎭
59
• Problem 3a 20 kN
9 kN/m 40 kNm
A 4m B 4m C
2EI EI
Kinematic indeterminacy = 2 (Rotation and deflection at B)
(Considering B as a NODE)
2 EI ⎡2 1⎤
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ Mi ]
S = ⎢1 2⎥
L ⎣ ⎦
⎡4 2 0⎤
0
⎢ 4 0 0⎥
2 EI ⎢ 2
4 ⎢0 0 2 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦
0 0
12 kNm 12
B
A B C
0 0
18 kN
18 kN
Fixed end actions
12 kNm 12+40=52 kNm 0

B
A
C
18+20 = 38 kN 0
18 kN
Equivalent joint loads + actual joint loads

• [CMF ] consists of member displacements due to unit displacements on
the restrained structure.
DF1 =1
0 1 1 0
DF1 DF2
=1 =1
DF2 =1
⎡ 0 −1⎤
⎢ 4 −1⎥
1⎢
[CMF ] = ⎥
4 ⎢4 1 ⎥
−1 4 −1 4 14 14 ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 ⎦
DR1 DR2 DR3 DR4
=1 =1 =1 =1
⎡1 4 1 0 0⎤
⎢1 4 0 0 0⎥
[CMR ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 −1 4 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 4 1⎦

{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦
−1
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
−1
since there are no support displacements.
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
⎡4 2 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 −1⎤
⎢ 4 0 0 ⎥ 1 ⎢ 4 −1⎥
1 ⎡ 0 4 4 0 ⎤ 2 EI ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢
4 ⎣ −1 −1 1 1 ⎥⎦ 4 ⎢ 0 0 2 1⎥ 4 ⎢4 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣0 1 ⎦
⎡ 8 −6 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
EI ⎡ 0 4 4 0 ⎤ ⎢16 −6 ⎥ EI ⎡ 96 −12 ⎤
= =
32 ⎣ −1 −1 1 1 ⎦ ⎢ 8 3 ⎥ 32 ⎢⎣ −12 18 ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur
⎣ 4 3 ⎦ Dr.RajeshKN
32 1 ⎡18 12 ⎤ ⎧ 52 ⎫ 1 ⎧ 9.70 ⎫
∴ {DF } = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬= ⎨ ⎬
EI 1584 ⎣12 96 ⎦ ⎩ −38 ⎭ EI ⎩ −61.09 ⎭

Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR }) {DR} is a null matrix
∴ { AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎧ 12 ⎫ ⎡4 2 0 0⎤ ⎡0 −1⎤
⎪ − 12 ⎪ ⎢ 0⎥ 1 ⎢4 −1⎥ 1
⎪ ⎪ 2 EI ⎢ 2 4 0
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎧ 9.70 ⎫
=⎨ ⎬+ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ 0 ⎪ 4 ⎢0 0 2 1⎥ 4 ⎢4 1 ⎥ EI ⎩ − 61.09 ⎭
⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
⎧ 12 ⎫ ⎡4 2 0 0⎤ ⎧ 61.09 ⎫ ⎧ 12 ⎫ ⎧ 444.14 ⎫ ⎧ 67.52 ⎫

⎪−12⎪ ⎢2 4 0 0⎥ ⎪⎪ 99.89 ⎪⎪ ⎪ − 12 ⎪ ⎪ 521.74 ⎪ ⎪ 53.22 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
=⎨ ⎬+ ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬ + ⎨ ⎬= ⎨ ⎬
⎪ 0 ⎪ 8 ⎢0 0 2 1⎥ ⎪−22.29⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ 8 ⎪ −105.67 ⎪ ⎪ − 13.21 ⎪
⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 2⎦ ⎪⎩−61.09⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ −144.47 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ −18.06 ⎭⎪
Support reactions { AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }
{DR} is a null matrix.
∴{ AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF }
[ S RF ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMF ]
⎡1 4 1 4 0 0 ⎤ ⎡4 2 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 −1⎤
⎢ 1 0 0 0 ⎥ 2 EI ⎢2 4 0 0 ⎥ 1 ⎢ 4 −1⎥
=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 −1 4 − 1 4 ⎥ 4 ⎢0 0 2 1⎥ 4 ⎢4 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 1 ⎦ ⎣0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣0 1 ⎦
⎡1 4 1 4 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 8 −6 ⎤ ⎡6 −3 ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢8 − ⎥
EI ⎢ 0 0 0 16 −6 = EI ⎢
6
⎥
= ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
8 ⎢ 0 0 −1 4 −1 4 ⎥ ⎢ 8 3 ⎥ 8 ⎢ −3 −1.5⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 1 ⎦⎣ 4 3 ⎦ ⎣ 4 3 ⎦
∴{ AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF }
⎧ −18 ⎫ ⎡6 −3 ⎤
⎪ −12 ⎪ ⎢8 − ⎥
⎪ ⎪ EI ⎢
6
⎥ 1 ⎧ 9.70 ⎫
= −⎨ ⎬+ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ 0 ⎪ 8 ⎢ −3 −1.5⎥ EI ⎩ −61.09 ⎭
⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 3 ⎦
⎧18 ⎫ ⎧ 241.47 ⎫ ⎧ 48.18 ⎫

⎪12 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 1 ⎪ 444.14 ⎪ ⎪ 67.52 ⎪
= ⎨ ⎬+ ⎨ ⎬=⎨ ⎬
⎪ 0 ⎪ 8 ⎪ 62.535 ⎪ ⎪ 7.82 ⎪
⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ −144.47 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ −18.06 ⎪⎭

•Problem 4
Analyse the beam. Support B has a downward settlement
of 30mm. EI=5.6×103 kNm2
Kinematic indeterminacy = 3 (Rotations at B, C, D)
2 EI ⎡2 1 ⎤
Member stiffness matrix of beam member [ S Mi ] = ⎢1 2 ⎥
L ⎣ ⎦
⎡4 2 0 0 0 0⎤
⎢2 4 0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
2 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0⎥
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = ⎢ ⎥
6 ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 4 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 2 4⎦
25 25
Fixed end moments

25 25
DF1 DF2 DF3
Free (unknown) joint displacements {D F }
A 30mm DR1 D
C
B
Support settlements (Restraint displacements) {DR }
[CMF ]and [CMR ] consist of member displacements due to unit
displacements on the restrained structure.
DF 1 = 1
A B C D
0 1 1 0 0 0
71
A DR1 = 1 D
C
B
−1 3 −1 3 16 16 0 0
DF 1 DF 2 DF 3 DR1
=1 =1 =1 =1
⎡0 0 0 −1 3⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 0 −1 3⎥
[CMJ ] = ⎣⎡[CMF ] [CMR ]⎦⎤ = ⎢1 0 0 16⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0 16⎥
⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 ⎥⎦
72
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦
−1
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
T
⎡0 0 0⎤ ⎡4 2 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡0 0 0⎤
⎢1 0 0⎥ ⎢2 4 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎡6 1 0⎤
⎢1 0 0 ⎥ EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 ⎥ = EI ⎢1 6 2 ⎥
=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0⎥ 3 ⎢ 0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 2 4 ⎥⎦
⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0 4 2 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 2 4 ⎦ ⎣0 0 1⎦
73
[ S FR ] = [CMF ] [ S M ][CMR ]
T
T
⎡0 0 0⎤ ⎡4 2 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ −1 3⎤
⎢1 0 0⎥ ⎢2 4 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ −1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎧ −3 2 ⎫
⎢1 0 0 ⎥ EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 1 6 ⎥ = EI ⎪ 1 2 ⎪
=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
3 ⎪ ⎪
⎢0 1 0⎥ 3 ⎢ 0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢ 1 6 ⎥
⎩ 0 ⎭
⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0 4 2 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 2 4⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦

{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦
−1
−1
⎛ ⎡6 1 0⎤ ⎞ ⎡ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎡− 3 2⎤ ⎤
⎜ EI
=⎜ ⎢ 1 6 2 ⎥ ⎟ ⎢ ⎪ −25 ⎪ − EI ⎢ 1 2 ⎥ {−0.03}⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎟ ⎢⎨ ⎬ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎜ 3 ⎪ ⎪
⎢⎣ 0 2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎩ 25 ⎭
3
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎦
⎝
⎡ 20 −4 2 ⎤ ⎡⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ 0.045 ⎫ ⎤
3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎪ ⎪ 5600 ⎪ ⎪⎥
= −4 24 −12 ⎢ ⎨ −25 ⎬ − ⎨ −0.015 ⎬ ⎥
116 EI ⎢ ⎥
⎪ ⎪ 3 ⎪ ⎪
⎢⎣ 2 −12 35 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎩ 25 ⎭ ⎩ 0 ⎭ ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 −4 2 ⎤ ⎡ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ 84 ⎫ ⎤
3 ⎢ ⎢⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎥
= −4 24 −12 ⎥ ⎢ ⎨ −25 ⎬ − ⎨ −28 ⎬ ⎥
116 EI ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −12 35 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎩⎪ 25 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪ ⎥⎦
⎧ −1642 ⎫ ⎧ −0.007583⎫
3 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
= ⎨ 108 =
⎬ ⎨ 0.0005 ⎬
116 × 5.6 × 103 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ 671 ⎭ ⎩ 0.0031 ⎭
Support reactions
{ AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }
[ S RF ] = [CMR ] [ S M ][CMF ]
T
⎡4 2 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡0 0 0⎤
⎢2 4 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0⎥
= [ − 1 3 −1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 ] ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
3 ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 4 2⎥ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 2 4⎦ ⎣0 0 1⎦
EI
= [ −3 2 1 2 0 ]
3
76
[ S RR ] = [CMR ] [ S M ][CMR ]
T
⎡4 2 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ −1 3⎤
⎢2 4 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ −1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0⎥ ⎢ 1 6 ⎥
= [ −1 3 −1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 ] ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
3 ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢ 1 6 ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 4 2⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎡ EI ⎤ ⎣0 0 0 0 2 4⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎧ −0.007583⎫
⎪ ⎪ EI
{ AR } = −{0} + [ −3 2 1 2 0] ⎨ 0.0005 ⎬ + ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ {−0.03}
EI
3 ⎪ 0.0031 ⎪ ⎣ 2 ⎦
⎩ ⎭
EI EI
= ( 0.0116 − 0.045) = −0.0334 = −62.35
3 3
(Support reaction corresponding to DR . i.e., reaction at B)

Member end actions
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎡4 2 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎛ ⎡0 0 0⎤ ⎡ − 1 3⎤ ⎞
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢2 ⎜ ⎟
4 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎜ ⎢1 0 0⎥ ⎢ − 1 3⎥
⎟
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎧ −0.007583 ⎫ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ 0 ⎪ 2 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎜ ⎢1 0 0⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢16⎥ ⎟
{ AM } = ⎨ ⎬ + ⎢ ⎥⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 0.0005 ⎬ + ⎢ ⎥ {−0.03} ⎟
⎪ 0 ⎪ 6 ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0 ⎥ ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎪ 1 6 ⎟
⎩ 0.0031 ⎪⎭ ⎢ ⎥
⎪ 25 ⎪ ⎢0 0 0 0 4 2 ⎥ ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎟
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎟⎟
⎩ − 25 ⎭ ⎣0 0 0 0 2 4 ⎦ ⎝⎜ ⎣ 0 0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦ ⎠
⎧ 83.7 ⎫
⎪ 55.4 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −55.4 ⎪
=⎨ ⎬
⎪ −40.3 ⎪
⎪ 40.3 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ 0 ⎭ 78
Alternatively, if the entire [SJ] matrix is assembled at a time,
[ S J ] = [CMJ ]T [ SM ][CMJ ]
⎡4 2 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡0 0 0 −1 3⎤
⎢2 ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 0 1 1 0 0 0⎤ 4 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 −1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥
1 1 0 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 16⎥
=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 1⎥ 3 ⎢ 0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0 16⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ − 1 3 −1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 ⎦ ⎢0 0 0 0 4 2⎥ ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 2 4 ⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 0 ⎦⎥
⎡2 0 0 −2 ⎤
⎡ 0 1 1 0 0 0⎤ ⎢ 4 0 0 −2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
0 ⎢2 0 1 2⎥
EI ⎢ 0 0 0 1 1
⎥⎢
1
= ⎥
3 ⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 1⎥ ⎢1 2 0 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 3 −1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0⎦ ⎢ 0 4 2 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 2 4 0 ⎦
⎡ 6 1 0 −3 2⎤
⎢ 1 2 ⎥
=
EI ⎢ 1 6 2
⎥ ⎡[ S ] [ S FR ]⎤
= ⎢ FF
3 ⎢ 0
⎢
2 4 0 ⎥
⎥ ⎣[ S RF ] [ S RR ]⎥⎦
⎣−3 2 1 2 0 3 2 ⎦
79
Alternatively, if ALL possible support settlements are accounted for,
⎡0 0 0 1 3 1 −1 3 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 0 1 3 0 −1 3 0 0 ⎥
⎢1 −1 6 0 ⎥
[CMJ ] = ⎣⎡[CMF ] [CMR ]⎦⎤ = ⎢0
0 0 0 0 16
⎥
⎢ 1 0 0 0 16 −1 6 0 ⎥
⎢0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 −1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 −1 3⎥⎦
[ S J ] = [CMJ ] [ SM ][CMJ ]
T
T
⎡0 0 01 3 1 −1 3 0 0 ⎤ ⎡4 2 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡0 0 01 3 1 −1 3 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 01 3 0 −1 3 0 0 ⎥ 4 0 0 0 0⎥ ⎢1 0 01 3 0 −1 3 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 0 0 0 16 −1 6 0 ⎥ EI ⎢0 0 2 1 0 0⎥ ⎢1 0 0 0 0 16 −1 6 0 ⎥
=⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0 0 0 16 −1 6 0 ⎥ 3 ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0 0 0 16 −1 6 0 ⎥
⎢0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 −1 3⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0 4 2⎥ ⎢0 1 0 0 0 0 1 3 −1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 −1 3⎥⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 2 4⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 −1 3⎥⎦
80
⎡ 0 1 1 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 0 1 1 0 ⎥ ⎡2 0 0 2 4 −2 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢4 0 0 2 2 −2 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
EI ⎢ 1 3 13 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢2 1 0 0 0 1 2 −1 2 0 ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥
3 ⎢ 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 2 0 0 0 1 2 −1 2 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 1 3 − 1 3 1 6 1 6 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 4 2 0 0 0 2 −2 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎢ ⎥
0 −1 6 −1 6 1 3 1 3 ⎥ ⎣0 2 4 0 0 0 2 −2 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 − 1 3 − 1 3 ⎦
⎡ 6 1 0 2 2 − 3 2 −1 2 0 ⎤
⎢ 1 6 2 0 0 12 32 −2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 −2 ⎥
⎢
EI ⎢ 2 0 0 4 3 2 −4 3 0 0 ⎥
⎥ ⎡[ S FF ] [ SFR ]⎤
= =⎢ ⎥
3 ⎢ 2
⎢
0 0 2 4 −2 0 0 ⎥
⎥
⎣[ S RF ] [ RR ]⎦
S
⎢ − 3 2 1 2 0 − 4 3 −2 3 2 − 1 6 0 ⎥
⎢ −1 2 3 2 2 0 0 −1 6 3 2 − 4 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 − 2 −2 0 0 0 − 4 3 4 3 ⎦
81
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1
⎡ ⎧ 0 ⎫⎤
−1 ⎢ ⎪ ⎪⎥
⎛ ⎡6 1 0⎤ ⎞ ⎢ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎡ 2 2 −3 2 −1 2 0 ⎤ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎥
⎜ EI ⎢1 6 ⎟ ⎪ ⎪ EI ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
=⎜ 2 ⎥ ⎟ ⎢ ⎨ −25 ⎬ − 0 0 12 3 2 −2 ⎥ ⎨ −0.03⎬ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎜ 3 ⎢⎣ 0 2 ⎟ ⎪
4 ⎥⎦ ⎠ ⎢ ⎩ 25 ⎭ ⎪ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 2 −2 ⎥⎦ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎥
⎝ ⎪ ⎪
⎢⎣ ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪ ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 −4 2 ⎤ ⎡⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ 0.045 ⎫ ⎤
3 ⎢ ⎢⎪ ⎪ 5600 ⎪ ⎪⎥
= −4 24 −12 ⎥ ⎢ ⎨ −25 ⎬ − ⎨ −0.015 ⎬ ⎥
116 EI ⎢ ⎥ 3 ⎪
−12 35 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎩ 25 ⎭ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢⎣ 2 ⎩ 0 ⎭ ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 −4 2 ⎤ ⎧ −84 ⎫ ⎧ −1642 ⎫ ⎧ −0.007583⎫
3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ = 3 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
= −4 24 −12 ⎨ 3 ⎬ 116 EI ⎨ 108 ⎬ = ⎨ 0.0005 ⎬
116 EI ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ 671 ⎪ ⎪ 0.0031 ⎪
⎢⎣ 2 −12 35 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ 25 ⎪⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
82
Support reactions
{ AR } = − { ARC } + [ SRF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎡ 2 0 0⎤ ⎡43 2 −4 3 0 0 ⎤⎧ 0 ⎫
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢ 2 0 0 ⎥ ⎧ −0.007583⎫ ⎢ 2 4 −2 0 0 ⎥⎪ 0 ⎪
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ EI ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪ EI ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
{ R} ⎨ ⎬
A = − 0 + ⎢ − 3 2 1 2 0 ⎥ ⎨ 0.0005 ⎬ + ⎢ − 4 3 − 2 3 2 − 1 6 0 ⎥ ⎨ − 0.03 ⎬
⎪ −50 ⎪ 3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 2 3 2 2 ⎥ ⎪⎩ 0.0031 ⎪⎭ ⎢ 0 0 −1 6 3 2 − 4 3⎥ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ − 50 ⎭⎪ ⎢
⎣ 0 − 2 − 2 ⎥
⎦ ⎢
⎣ 0 0 0 − 4 3 4 3 ⎥
⎦ ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ −28.373⎫ ⎧74.667 ⎫ ⎧ 46.294 ⎫

⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ −28.373⎪ ⎪ 112 ⎪ ⎪ 83.627 ⎪
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪
{ AR } = − ⎨ 0 ⎬ + ⎨ 21.653 ⎬ + ⎨ −84 ⎬ = ⎨ −62.347 ⎬
⎪ −50 ⎪ ⎪ 19.973 ⎪ ⎪ 9.333 ⎪ ⎪ 79.31 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎩ −50 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ −13.44 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 0 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ 36.56 ⎭⎪
83
Member end actions
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎡4 2 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎛ ⎡0 0 0⎤ ⎡1 3 1 −1 3 0 0 ⎤ ⎞
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢2 ⎜ ⎧ ⎫ ⎟
0 ⎥ ⎜ ⎢1 0 0⎥ ⎢1 3 0 ⎥⎪
0
4 0 0 0 0 −1 3 0 ⎪ ⎟
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎧ −0.007583 ⎫ ⎢ ⎥ 0
⎪ 0 ⎪ 2 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎜ ⎢1 0 0⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 16 −1 6 0 ⎥⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪⎟
{ AM } = ⎨ ⎬ + ⎢ ⎥⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 0.0005 ⎬ + ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ −0.03 ⎬ ⎟
0 ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 16 −1 6 0 ⎥⎪
0 ⎪⎟
⎪ ⎪ 6
⎩ 0.0031 ⎭ ⎢
⎪ 25 ⎪ ⎢0 0 0 0 4 2⎥ ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ 0 0 0 13 − 1 3⎥ ⎪ ⎪⎟
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪ ⎟⎟
⎩ −25 ⎭ ⎣0 0 0 0 2 4 ⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎣ 0 0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 0 13 − 1 3⎦ ⎠
⎧ 83.7 ⎫
⎪ 55.4 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎪ −55.4 ⎪
{ AM } = ⎨ ⎬
⎪ − 40.3 ⎪
⎪ 40.3 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
⎩ 0 ⎭
84
•Problem 5 85.33
1 3
2
KI = 2
(Rotations at A, B)
42.67
⎡2 4 14 0 0 0 ⎤0
⎢1 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Unassembled ⎢ 0 0 6 4.8 3 4.8 0 0 ⎥
stiffness matrix [ S M ] = 2 EI ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 3 4.8 6 4.8 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 4 8 2 8⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 2 8 4 8⎦
DF 1 = 1
DF 2 = 1
DF1 DF2
=1 =1
⎡1 0⎤
⎢0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0⎥
[CMF ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1⎥
⎢0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0⎦ 86
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
−1
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
⎡2 4 1 4 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
⎢1 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎡1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ 0 0 6 4.8 3 4.8 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0⎥
=⎢ ⎥ 2 EI ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 0 1 1 0 ⎦ ⎢ 0 0 3 4.8 6 4.8 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 4 8 2 8 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 2 8 4 8 ⎦ ⎣0 0⎦
87
⎡8 4 ⎤
⎢4 8 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
EI ⎡1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢0 20 ⎥ EI ⎡2 1 ⎤
= = ⎢1 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
8 ⎢⎣0 1 0 1 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢0 10 ⎥ 2 ⎣ ⎦
⎢0 8 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 4 ⎦
−1
⎛ EI ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎞ ⎧ 0 ⎫
∴ {DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } = ⎜ = ⎢
−1
⎥ ⎟ ⎨85.333⎬
⎝ 2 ⎣ 1 9 ⎦⎠ ⎩ ⎭
8 ⎡ 36 −4 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ 1 ⎧ −341.332 ⎫ 1 ⎧ −10.039 ⎫
= =
⎢ −4 8 ⎥ ⎨85.333⎬ 34 EI ⎨ ⎬= ⎨ ⎬
272 EI ⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭ ⎩ 682.664 ⎭ EI ⎩ 20.078 ⎭
88
Member end actions
{DR} is a null matrix
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎡2 4 14 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢1 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎪ 42.667 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 6 4.8 3 4.8 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥ 1 ⎧ −10.039 ⎫
=⎨ ⎬ + 2 EI ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ −85.333 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 3 4.8 6 4.8 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 ⎥ EI ⎩ 20.078 ⎭
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 4 8 2 8 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎩ 0 ⎭ ⎣ 0 0 0 0 2 8 4 8 ⎦ ⎣0 0⎦
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 120.47 ⎪ ⎪ 15.059 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 42.667 ⎪ 1 ⎪ 200.78 ⎪ ⎪ 67.765 ⎪
=⎨ ⎬+ ⎨ ⎬ =⎨ ⎬
⎪ − 85.333 ⎪ 8 ⎪ 401.56 ⎪ ⎪ − 35.138 ⎪
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪160.624 ⎪ ⎪ 20.078 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 89
⎩ of CE,
Dept. ⎭
0 GCE Kannur ⎩ 80.312 ⎭ ⎩ 10.039 ⎭ Dr.RajeshKN
•Homework 2:
80kNm
20kN m
B
C D
6m 3m 3m
2 3
4m
1
90
• Problem 6
60kN
20 kN m B
A C
6m 3m 3m
4m 60 60 − 45 = 15
45
D 1 3

Unassembled stiffness matrix [SM ]
⎡2 6 1 6 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢1 6 2 6 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 2 4 14 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 12 0 0 ⎥
= 2 EI ⎢ ⎥ = EI ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 14 2 4 0 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 2 6 1 6⎥ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 6⎦ ⎣ 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3⎦

DF 1 = 1
DF 2 = 1
1 3
DF1 DF2
=1 =1
⎡1 0⎤
⎢0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0⎥
[CMF ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1⎥
⎢0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0⎦
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
⎡2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
⎢1 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎡1 0 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎢ 0 0 1 12 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0⎥
=⎢ ⎥ EI ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 0 1 1 0 ⎦ ⎢ 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎢ 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3⎦ ⎣ 0 0⎦
⎡2 3 1 3⎤
⎢1 3 2 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 0 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎢ 0 1 2⎥ ⎡ 2 3 1 3 ⎤ EI ⎡ 2 1 ⎤
= EI ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥ = EI ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢1 7⎥
⎣ 0 1 0 1 1 0 ⎦⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎣ 1 3 7 3 ⎦ 3 ⎣ ⎦
⎢ 0 2 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 3⎦
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
−1
−1
⎛ EI ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎞ ⎧ −60 ⎫
=⎜ ⎢ 1 7 ⎥ ⎟ ⎨ 15 ⎬
⎝ 3 ⎣ ⎦⎠ ⎩ ⎭
3 1 ⎡ 7 −1⎤ ⎧ −60 ⎫ 3 ⎧ −435 ⎫ 1 ⎧ −100.385 ⎫

= ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬= ⎨ ⎬
EI 13 ⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎩ 15 ⎭ 13EI ⎩ 90 ⎭ EI ⎩ 20.769 ⎭
95
Member end actions
{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR }) {DR} is a null matrix
⎧ 60 ⎫ ⎡2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
⎪ − 60 ⎪ ⎢1 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 1 12 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 ⎥ 1 ⎧ − 100.385 ⎫
=⎨ ⎬ + E I ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 12 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1 ⎥ E I ⎩ 20.769 ⎭
⎪ 45 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎩ − 45 ⎭ ⎣ 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3⎦ ⎣ 0 0⎦
⎧ 60 ⎫ ⎡ 2 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ − 100.385 ⎫
⎪ − 60 ⎪ ⎢ 1 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 20.769 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 1 12 0 0 ⎥⎪ 0 ⎪
=⎨ ⎬+⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 12 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎪ 20.769 ⎪
⎪ 45 ⎪ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 3 ⎥ ⎪ 20.769 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪ ⎪
⎩ − 45 ⎭ ⎣ 0 0 0 0 1 3 2 3⎦ ⎩ 0 ⎭ 96
⎧ 60 ⎫ ⎧ − 60 ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫
⎪ − 60 ⎪ ⎪ − 19.616 ⎪ ⎪ − 79.616 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 10.385 ⎪ ⎪ 10.385 ⎪
=⎨ ⎬+⎨ ⎬= ⎨ ⎬
⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 20.769 ⎪ ⎪ 20.769 ⎪
⎪ 45 ⎪ ⎪ 13.846 ⎪ ⎪ 58.846 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎩ − 45 ⎭ ⎩ 6.923 ⎭ ⎩ − 38.077 ⎭

•Problem 7
⎡2 1 0 0 0⎤
0
⎢1 2 0 0 0⎥
0
⎢ ⎥
2 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0⎥
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ M ]
S = ⎢ ⎥
L ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 2 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 1 2⎦

2
1 3
DF1 DF2 DF3

=1 =1 =1
⎡0 0 1 L⎤
⎢1 0 1 L⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 0 ⎥
[C MF ] = ⎢ 0 1
⎥
0 ⎥
⎢
⎢0 1 1 L⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 L⎦
99
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
⎡2 1 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡0 0 1 L⎤
⎢1 2 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 1 L⎥
⎡ 0 1 1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 ⎥
= 0
⎥ L ⎢0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
0 0 1 1 0
⎢ 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0 ⎥
⎢⎣1 L 1 L 0 0 1 L 1 L ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎢0 0 0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢0 1 1 L⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣0 0 1 L⎦
⎡1 0 3 L⎤
⎢2 0 3 L⎥
⎡ 0 1 1 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2 EI ⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ ⎡ 4 1 3L ⎤
= 0 ⎥ = 2 EI ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎥ L ⎢1
0 0 1 1 0
⎢ 2 0 ⎥ 4 3 L
⎢⎣1 L 1 L 0 0 1 L 1 L ⎥⎦ ⎢ L ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 2 3 L⎥ ⎢⎣3 L 3 L 12 L ⎥⎦
2
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 3 L⎦
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦
−1
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF } , since there are no support displacements.

−1
−1
⎛ ⎡ 4 1 3 L ⎤⎞ ⎧0 ⎫
⎜ 2 EI ⎢ 1 ⎟ ⎪ ⎪
{ F} ⎜
D = 4 3 L ⎥⎟ ⎨0⎬
⎢ ⎥
⎜ L 2 ⎟ ⎪ ⎪
⎢⎣ 3 L 3 L 12 L ⎥⎦ ⎠ ⎩ P ⎭
⎝
⎡ 13 −3 −3L ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ −3 ⎫
L ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ PL 2
⎪ ⎪
= −3 13 −3L ⎨ 0 ⎬ = ⎨ −3 ⎬
84 EI ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎪ ⎪ 84 EI
⎢⎣ −3L −3L 5L ⎥⎦ ⎩ P ⎭ ⎪5 L ⎪
⎩ ⎭
101
Member end actions
{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎡2 1 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 0 1 L⎤
⎢1 2 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 1 L⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎧ −3 ⎫
2 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 ⎥ PL2 ⎪ ⎪
{ AM } = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎨ −3 ⎬
L ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0 ⎥ 84 EI ⎪ ⎪
⎢0 ⎩5L ⎭
0 0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢0 1 1 L⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 0 1 L⎦
⎡2 1 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎧5⎫ ⎧ 12 ⎫ ⎧4⎫
⎢1 2 0 0 0 0⎥ ⎪2⎪ ⎪9⎪ ⎪3⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
2 EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ PL2 ⎪ −3⎪ 2
⎪ −9 ⎪ PL ⎪ −3 ⎪
= ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬ = 2 EI PL ⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬
L ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0 ⎥ 84 EI ⎪ −3 ⎪ L 84 EI ⎪ −9 ⎪ 14 ⎪ −3 ⎪
⎢0 0 0 0 2 1⎥ ⎪2⎪ ⎪9⎪ ⎪3⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎣0 0 0 0 1 2⎦ ⎩5⎭ ⎩ 12 ⎭ ⎩4⎭
102
•Problem 8 30kN m
B
C
6m
60kN
6m
3m
A D
EI is constant. ⎡2 1 0 0 0 0⎤
⎢1 2 0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = ⎢ ⎥
3 ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 2 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 0 1 2 ⎦
90 90
B
45 C 0
90 90
B 30 C
A 30
D
45 Fixed end actions 0

90 90 DF 2 DF 3
45
B 90 B
30 C DF1 C
D D
A A
Equivalent joint loads DOF
⎧ −45 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
{ F} ⎨ ⎬
A = 90
⎪ 30 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
2
1 3
DF1 DF2 DF3

=1 =1 =1
⎡0 0 1 6⎤
⎢1 0 1 6⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 0 ⎥
[C MF ] = ⎢ 0 1
⎥
0 ⎥
⎢
⎢0 1 1 6⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 1 6⎦
106
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1

−1
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]
T
⎡2 1 0 0 0 0⎤ ⎡0 0 1 6⎤
⎢1 2 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 1 6⎥
⎡ 0 1 1 0 0 0⎤ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ EI ⎢ 0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0⎥
= 0
⎥ 3 ⎢0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
0 0 1 1 0
⎢ 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢⎣1 6 1 6 0 0 1 6 1 6 ⎥⎦ ⎢
⎢0 0 0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢0 1 1 6⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 0 1 6⎦ 107
⎡1 0 3 6⎤
⎢2 0 3 6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 4 1 36 ⎤
⎡0 1 1 0 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥ EI ⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ = EI ⎢ 1 4 36 ⎥
= 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎥ 3 ⎢1 ⎥
0 0 1 1 0
⎢ 2 0 ⎥ 3
⎢⎣3 6 3 6 12 6 ⎥⎦
2
⎢⎣1 6 1 6 0 0 1 6 1 6⎥⎦ ⎢
⎢0 2 3 6⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 3 6⎦
−1
⎛ ⎡ 4 1 3 6 ⎤ ⎞ ⎧ −45 ⎫
⎜ EI ⎢ 1 ⎟ ⎪ ⎪
{ DF } = ⎜ 4 3 6 ⎥ ⎟ ⎨ 90 ⎬
⎢ ⎥
⎜ 3 ⎢⎣ 3 6 3 6 12 6 ⎥⎦ ⎠ ⎩ 30 ⎭⎪
2 ⎟ ⎪
⎝
⎡ 0.93 −0.0703 −1.29 ⎤ ⎧ −45 ⎫ ⎧ −86.9 ⎫

1 ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
= −0.0703 0.93 −1.29 ⎥ ⎨ 90 ⎬ = 1 ⎪⎨ 48.2 ⎪⎬
EI ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1.29 −1.29 12.9 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ 30 ⎭⎪ EI ⎪ ⎪
⎩ 329 ⎭
Member end actions
{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎡2 1 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡0 0 1 6⎤ ⎧ 70.6 ⎫
⎢1 2 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 1 6⎥ ⎪ −48.3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎧−86.9 ⎫ ⎪ ⎪
EI ⎢0 0 2 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 0 0⎥ 1 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 48.3 ⎪
{ AM } = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 48.2 ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬
3 ⎢0 0 1 2 0 0⎥ ⎢0 1 0 ⎥ EI ⎪ 329 ⎪ ⎪ −86.7 ⎪
⎢0 ⎩ ⎭ ⎪ 86.7 ⎪
0 0 0 2 1 ⎥ ⎢0 1 1 6⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎣0 0 0 0 1 2 ⎦ ⎣0 0 1 6⎦ ⎩ 70.6 ⎭
109
•Problem 9:
5m
3m
1
50 kN
3 5m
3m 80 kN
5m 2
4m 4m
⎡ 0.2 0.0 0.0 ⎤

⎢ 0.0 ⎥
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = ⎢ 0.0 0.2
⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0 0.0 0.2 ⎥⎦
110
=0.8
7 .6
1 3 6.8 3=
0
s .1
co 53
0 .6 1 s
co
0. 1
8
53.13
3
2
36.87
DF1 DF2
=1 =1
⎡0.8 -0.6 ⎤
⎢-0.8 0.6⎥
[ MF ] ⎢
C = ⎥
⎢⎣0.8 0.6 ⎥⎦

Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1

−1
[ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ]= ⎡ 0.384
T
⎢ -0.096
-0.096 ⎤
⎣ 0.216 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2.930 1.302 ⎤ ⎧-50 ⎫ ⎧-250.651⎫

{ DF } = ⎢ ⎨ ⎬ =⎨
⎣1.302 5.208 ⎥⎦ ⎩-80 ⎭ ⎩ -481.771
⎬
⎭
112
Member Forces:
= [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎡0.2 0.0 0.0⎤⎡0.8 -0.6 ⎤

⎧−250.651⎫
= ⎢0.0 ⎥⎢
0.0 -0.8 0.6 ⎨⎥
⎥ ⎩−481.771⎬⎭
0.2
⎢ ⎥⎢
⎢⎣0.0 0.0 0.2⎥⎢
⎦⎣0.8 0.6 ⎥⎦
⎧17.708 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
= ⎨ −17.708 ⎬
⎪ −97.917 ⎪
⎩ ⎭

•Problem 10:
2
1 3
⎡ 0.2 0.0 0.0 ⎤

⎢ 0.0 ⎥
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = ⎢ 0.0 0.5
⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0 0.0 0.2 ⎥⎦
114
6
=0.
3
3 .1
s5
cco
oss 3
c o 366.
.887 1
7==0
0..8
8
8
1
0.
0.
m
6
36.870
m
5
5
53.13
53.130
DF1 DF2
=1 =1
⎡0.600 0.800 ⎤
⎢0.000 -1.000 ⎥
[C MF ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣-0.600 0.800⎥⎦

Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1

−1
[ FF ] [ MF ] [ M ][ MF ] =
S = C S
T
C ⎡0.144 0.000⎤
⎢0.000 0.756⎥⎦
⎣
⎡6.944 0.000 ⎤ ⎧15.000 ⎫ ⎧104.167 ⎫

{DF } = ⎢ ⎨ ⎬ =⎨
⎣0.000 1.323 ⎥⎦ ⎩-10.000 ⎭ ⎬
⎩-13.228 ⎭
116
Member Forces:
{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎡0.2 0.0 0.0⎤ ⎡0.600 0.800 ⎤ ⎧10.4 ⎫

⎧ ⎫ ⎪
{ AM } = ⎢⎢0.0 0.0⎥ ⎢0.000 ⎥ 104.167 ⎪
-1.000 ⎨
⎥ ⎩-13.228 ⎭⎬ ⎨
= ⎬
0.5 6.6
⎥⎢
⎢⎣0.0 0.2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣-0.600 0.800⎥⎦ ⎪ -14.6 ⎪
0.0 ⎩ ⎭

•Problem 11 (Homework):
⎡ 0.866 0.000 0.000 ⎤

Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = ⎢⎢ 0.000 1.000 0.000 ⎥
⎥
⎢⎣ 0.000 0.000 0.500 ⎥⎦

1
66
5 0. 8
0. 5
0.
0.8
1
66
DF1 DF2
=1 =1
⎡0.866 0.500 ⎤
⎢1.000 0.000 ⎥
[C MF ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0.500 -0.866 ⎥⎦

Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1

−1
[ SFF ] = [CMF ] [ SM ][CMF ] = ⎡⎢1.774

T 0.158⎤
⎣0.158 0.591⎥⎦
⎡0.577 -0.155 ⎤ ⎧5 ⎫ ⎧2.887 ⎫

{DF } = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬ =⎨ ⎬
⎣-0.155 1.732 ⎦ ⎩0 ⎭ ⎩ -0.773 ⎭
120
Member Forces:
{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎡ 0.866 0.000 0.000⎤⎡0.866 0.500⎤
⎧2.887 ⎫
{ AM } = ⎢⎢ 0.000 1.000 0.000⎥⎢1.000
⎥⎢
⎥
0.000 ⎨
⎥ ⎩-0.773⎭⎬
⎢⎣ 0.000 0.000 0.500⎥⎢
⎦⎣0.500 -0.866⎥⎦
⎧1.830 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
= ⎨ 2.887 ⎬
⎪1.057 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
•Problem 12:
B C D
AE/L is a constant 1 2 3
450
A
450
300
50 kN
⎡1 0 0⎤
AE ⎢ ⎥
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ M]
S = 0 1 0
L ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 ⎥⎦

B C D B C D
1 2 3 1 2 3
0.7
A A 07
45 0
450 1
7 07
0. 1 0.
70
0.
70
7
7
DF1 DF2
=1 =1
⎡0.707 0.707 ⎤
⎢1.000 0.000 ⎥
[C MF ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0.707 -0.707 ⎥⎦

[ SFF ] = [CMF ] [ SM ][CMF ]
T
⎡1 0 0⎤ ⎡0.707 0.707 ⎤
⎡0.707 1 0.707 ⎤ AE ⎢ ⎥⎢ 1 ⎥
=⎢ ⎥ L ⎢ 0 1 0 0
⎣0.707 0 −0.707⎦ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0.707 −0.707⎥⎦
AE ⎡2 0⎤
=
L ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦

Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

−1

−1
L ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎧ 25 ⎫ L ⎧12.5 ⎫
{ DF } = ⎢ 0 2 ⎥ ⎨ 43.308 ⎬ = AE ⎨ 43.308 ⎬
2 AE ⎣ ⎦⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
125
Member Forces:
{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎡1 0 0⎤⎡0.707 0.707 ⎤
AE ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ L ⎧12.5 ⎫
{ AM } = ⎢0 1 0⎥⎢ 1 0
⎥ AE ⎨⎩43.308⎭⎬
L
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0.707 −0.707⎥⎦
⎧ 39.456 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
= ⎨12.5 ⎬
⎪ -21.781⎪
⎩ ⎭
•Problem 13: AE is constant.
A 0. 9
m
B
0.5m
0.8m
C D
0.75m
10 kN
⎡ 1.11 0 0 ⎤
Unassembled stiffness matrix [ S M ] = AE ⎢⎢ 0 1.25 0 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1.33⎥⎦
127
A
0. ∠ ADC = 33.69 0
9m
B
0.5m
DF1 DF2
DF2
=1 =1
0.8m 13.330
⎡0.832 −0.555⎤
D
C 20.360 [CMF ] = ⎢⎢0.938 −0.348⎥⎥
0.75m DF1
⎢⎣ 1 0 ⎥⎦
128
Joint displacements
{DF } = [ S FF ] { AF }
−1
[ SFF ] = [CMF ] [ SM ][CMF ]

T
⎡0.832 −0.555⎤ 0 ⎤ ⎡0.832 −0.555⎤

T
⎡ 1.11 0
= ⎢0.938 −0.348⎥ AE ⎢ 0 1.25 0 ⎥ ⎢0.938 −0.348⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1.33⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 ⎥⎦
−1
1 ⎡ 3.199 −0.921⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫
∴ {D F } = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
AE ⎣ −0.921 0.493 ⎦ ⎩ −10 ⎭
1 1 ⎡0.493 0.921⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ 1 ⎧ −12.634 ⎫

= ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬
AE 0.729 ⎣ 0.921 3.199 ⎦ ⎩ −10 ⎭ AE ⎩ −43.882 ⎭
129
Member Forces:
{ AM } = [ S M ][C MF ]{DF }
⎡ 1.11 0 0 ⎤⎡0.832 −0.555⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎧−12.634⎫
{AM } = AE ⎢ 0 1.25 0 ⎥⎢0.938 −0.348⎥ ⎨ ⎬
AE ⎩−43.882⎭
⎢⎣ 0 0 1.33⎥⎢
⎦⎣ 1 0 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1.11 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ 13.843 ⎫ ⎧15.38 ⎫

⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
= ⎢ 0 1.25 0 ⎥ ⎨ 3.42 ⎬ = ⎨4.275⎬
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1.33⎥⎦ ⎩⎪−12.634⎭⎪ ⎩⎪−16.8⎭⎪
•Homework 4:
AE is constant.
A B C
1 2 3
1m
D 450
600
20 kN
131
Summary
Stiffness method
• Development of stiffness matrices by physical approach –

stiffness matrices for truss, beam and frame elements –
displacement transformation matrix – development of total
stiffness matrix - analysis of simple structures – plane truss
beam and plane frame- nodal loads and element loads – lack of
fit and temperature effects.
132

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Structural Analysis - III

• Development of stiffness matrices by physical approach –

• Number of unknowns is equal to the kinematic indeterminacy

• Redundants are the joint displacements, which are

• Choice of redundants is unique

• Conducive to computer programming

• joints: a) where members meet, b) supports, c) free ends

• in some cases joint displacements will be known, from the

• the unknown joint displacements are the kinematically

o degree of kinematic indeterminacy: number of degrees

• in a frame, degrees of freedom due to axial

F11, F21, F12 , F22

A1 = A11 + A12 + A13

A1 = S11 D1 + S12 D2 + S13 D3

A2 = S21 D1 + S22 D2 + S23 D3

A3 = S31D1 + S32 D2 + S33 D3

oIn matrix form, ⎧⎪ 1 ⎫⎪ ⎧⎪ 11 12

•Stiffness coefficient Sij

• Kinematically determinate structure is obtained by restraining

•Apply unit rotation corresponding to θ B

Let the moment required for this unit rotation be mB

M B + mBθ B = 0 (Joint equilibrium equation)

mB (Moment required for unit rotation) is the stiffness

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Stiffness coefficients of a structure are calculated from the

Hence member stiffness matrices are to be developed.

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur Dr.RajeshKN

Unit displacement (vertical Unit displacement (rotation)

Find the member stiffness matrix of the beam shown in figure,

Unit displacement (vertical

If there are m members in the structure,

displacements for the whole structure, {DJ }

free (unknown) joint displacements {DF }

• If there are no support displacements specified,

{ DR } will be a null matrix

(compatibility matrix) [CMJ ] are found from compatibility conditions.

• Each column in the submatrix [CMF ] consists of member

•Each column in the submatrix [CMR ] consists of member

• External virtual work produced by the virtual displacements {δ DJ }

and real loads { AJ } is

• Equating the above two (principle of virtual work),

But {DM } = [C MJ ]{DJ } and { AM } = [ S M ]{DM }

Hence, { AJ } {δ DJ } = {DJ } [CMJ ] [ S M ] [CMJ ]{δ DJ }

• It is useful to partition [ SJ ] into submatrices pertaining to free

(unknown) joint displacements{DF }and restraint displacements {DR }

Where, [ S FF ] = [C MF ] [ S M ][C MF ] [ S FR ] = [C MF ]T [ S M ][CMR ]

[ S RF ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMF ] [ S RR ] = [CMR ]T [ S M ][CMR ]

⇒ {DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎤⎦

If actual or equivalent joint loads are applied directly to the supports,

{ AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }

i.e., { AM } = { AML } + [ S M ][C MJ ]{D J }

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([C MF ]{DF } + [C MR ]{DR })

where { AML } represents fixed end actions

{DF } = [ S FF ] ⎡⎣{ AF } − [ S FR ]{DR }⎦⎤

Support reactions: { AR } = − { ARC } + [ S RF ]{DF } + [ S RR ]{DR }

Member end actions:

{ AM } = { AML } + [ S M ] ([CMF ]{DF } + [CMR ]{DR })

Hence, [ BMS ] [CMJ ] = [ I ]