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Maggot
Maggot
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Occurs in autotrophs (self-synthesizing)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Occurs in BOTH autotrophs and heterotrophs
(relies on external sources)
- Both processes are linked as based on the
figure above
EQUATIONS
Photosynthesis: The structure of the leaf cell in which
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 +
6O2 photosynthesis occurs.
- The bottom structure is the typical plant
Cellular Respiration cell
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Heat Energy - The magnified box figure at the upper
right of the plant cell is the c
hloroplast
- They are reverse reactions of one another o Outer and Inner membrane
- Note the side which has energy: o Thylakoid Membrane
o For photosynthesis, light energy is the o Granum – a stack of
one that drives process for making the thylakoids
carbon-based materials/products o Stroma – the inner fluid
(Organic Molecules) where carbon fixation occurs
o For cellular respiration, heterotrophs - The black and white image is an
utilize the carbon-based materials electron microgram of an actual
(Glucose – one of the simplest carbon chloroplast
based compound) to derive energy to
promote cellular processes to maintain
life
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- It is often in plants where photosynthesis takes
place
- Occurs in the chloroplasts of plants
- REQUIREMENTS: Carbon Dioxide and Water
- PRODUCTS: Organic Molecules
(Hydrocarbons) and Oxygen
o These products are in turn utilized by
heterotrophs HOWEVER autotrophs
also has cellular respiration occurring in
their mitochondria This images shows that to catch sunlight, light
capturing pigments are needed (example here is
chlorophyll b)
● We see green when chlorophyll is
present in the leaves because
pigments like chlorophyll a and b
reflect the color green
● Chlorophyll a is more light absorbing
in the relative spectrum of visible
light
This left image shows the region which is the main
light capturing portion of the chlorophyll molecule.
● The hydrocarbon tails shown here
are strictly anchorage structures to
the thylakoid membrane
● Porphyrin is the name of the head
region of chlorophyll molecules and
at the very center there is
magnesium where the electrons will
eventually jump out when a photon
of light hits the porphyrin portion of
the molecule. This summarizes part of the light dependent
● The arrangement of the chlorophyll reactions (see HW)
molecules in the thylakoid actually ● The arrow at the extreme left is an
comprises the p hotosystem indication of energy state.
o The higher the point in the arrow, the
higher the energy state. The higher
the position of any parts within the
system, the greater is the energy
state.
P680 Photosystem (Photosystem II)
o The P680 refers to the wavelength of
light
o The naming is based on the
chronological discover and evolution
o The first photosystem where light
interacts with
Electron Transport Chain
● A series of proteins in the thylakoid
membrane which is responsible for
The surrounding molecules are typically chlorophyll pumping hydrogen ions into the thylakoid
b and the one at the center is usually chlorophyll a. space. Hence, the hydrogen ions inside the
It would generate a much higher excited electron. thylakoid space increases (H+ ions
● This photon of light jumps from one increase)
chlorophyll molecule to another until it ● Energy for the transport of ions through
reaches the center (the reaction center) pumps is derived from the movement of
electrons through the electron transport
● The different chlorophyll molecules chain. (Some ATP has been produced)
surrounding the center are called an
antenna complex. It captures a signal
(photon).
● Once center, an excited electron (high
energy) is generated. As it goes down, it
provides the energy. Without material to
capture this fall, this energy will only be lost
as heat BUT in the chloroplast, materials
catch this release of energy as the electron
falls back to the ground state (unexcited
state).
P700 Photosystem (Photosystem I)
The transfer of electrons in another photosystem
● Electron is being passed on to Fd.
o Fd is pyridoxine. The chemical that
catches the excited electron in this
photosystem
● Fd coveys this electron to an enzyme
(NADP+ reductase)
o NADP+ Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate (oxidized
version because it lacks an electron)
o NOTE: If there is an H that means it
has become reduced as it receives
an electron with an accompanying
hydrogen ion.
o NADPH is formed (reduced form of
NADP+)
The equation shown there represents what
happens and what is needed to generate a
The production of ATP carbon-based source for energy utilization.
● The picture above shows a portion of the
thylakoid membrane and the gray area is IT IS NOT DIRECTLY GLUCOSE BUT G3P
the thylakoid space and shown in white is (glyceraldehyde triphosphate) that is formed
the outside is the stroma during the Calvin Cycle.
*It is not needed to memorize the products and
● 4H+ is the proton number of ions reactions of the light reactions and calvin cycle –
contributed by the Electron Transport Chain HOWEVER, take note of the accounting molecules
(ETC) during photophosphorylation of the used and produced in the cycle.
ATP
● A gradient of H+ ions will facilitate the
production of ATP via chemiosmosis as
they pass through the only opening of the
membrane – ATP synthase, an enzyme that
will activate the phosphorylation of ATP
once H+ ions pass through.
CONCLUSION
Two products are formed: ATP and NADPH
THE CALVIN CYCLE
FOUR MAJOR PHASES
1. Glycolysis
2. Conversion of pyruvate (Pyruvate oxidation) These show the gains. (See white box)
to a cofactor Acetyl CoA
3. Kreb’s Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain Phosphorylation
This occurs in the mitochondrial membranes and
each phase generates ATP with the most number
of ATP being generated during oxidative
phosphorylation.
The above diagram is the intermediate step of the
pyruvate going into the mitochondrion. (See HW for
description)
Acetyl CoA
Your carbon based molecule that will later be the
first to react with the Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid
Cycle)
NOTE: Just describe the general cycles involved in
the cycles
There are actually 10 steps involved in the process
of glycolysis. (Take note of the accounting of the
molecules)
(Next slide are the products that came out of
glycolysis – see HW for full answers)
Glycolysis starts with the substrate glucose and
ends with pyruvate.
This diagram shows the energy investment and
energy payoff for glycolysis. (Accounting)
Reactions steps 1 – 5
They invest energy or have to spend ATP.
Reaction steps 6-10
This chart provides an overview of the oxidative
phosphorylation f ollowing the Kreb’s Cycle.
FADH2
● Happens to be another electron carrier
along with NADH (A reduced form)
● Some can come from the Kreb’s Cycle while
others can come from the cytosol.
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
● A series of proteins where electrons are
passed along
● Every time an electron is passed along,
energy is generated to pump protons (H+).
● In this case, the pump’s direction is from the
mitochondrial matrix (interior) going to the
cytosol.
● Every time there is this passage of electrons
through these proteins, the protons are
pumped upward – generating the proton This is simply a comparison of chemiosmosis
gradient for chemiosmosis occurring in the mitochondrion and in the
o Chemiosmosis is the movement of chloroplast. Both require chemiosmosis to operate
ions across a semipermeable their respective ATP synthase.
membrane, down their
electrochemical gradient. An Differences
example of this would be the ● Direction of movement of the proton pump
generation of adenosine ● The difference in outcome of production.
triphosphate (ATP) by the movement
of hydrogen ions across a
membrane during cellular respiration
or photosynthesis.
● ATP Synthase (unlabeled channel protein)
As H+ moves to it, it provides the force for
turning the ATP synthase on for producing
the ATP
Why is there no exact value for the number of ATP
produced during cellular respiration? (see HW)
It’s not a whole number. It can vary from 34 ATP to
38.
FERMENTATION
In fermentation, enables us to produce ATP (but not
as much during aerobic respiration).
The diagram above essentially summarizes two
types of fermentation:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
- Involved in the process of making wine
(yeast)
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Involved in muscle cramps where there
is oxygen debt in fatigued muscles
which is partly explained by a lack of
ATP in muscle contraction
Fermentation involves two or three steps in
regenerating the pyruvates. They can be used up
again if the situation of a lack of oxygen persists
(Watch the video lol)