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Linearity
Linearity
Linearity
Superposition
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Suppose we use variables instead of fixed values for all of the independent
• Linearity Theorem voltage and current sources. We can then use nodal analysis to find all
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition node voltages in terms of the source values.
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Suppose we use variables instead of fixed values for all of the independent
• Linearity Theorem voltage and current sources. We can then use nodal analysis to find all
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition node voltages in terms of the source values.
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
(1) Label all the nodes
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Suppose we use variables instead of fixed values for all of the independent
• Linearity Theorem voltage and current sources. We can then use nodal analysis to find all
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition node voltages in terms of the source values.
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
(1) Label all the nodes
• Single Variable Source (2) KCL equations
• Superposition and Power
X−U1
• Proportionality
2 +X 1 +
X−Y
3 =0
• Summary
Y −X
3 + (−U2 ) = 0
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Suppose we use variables instead of fixed values for all of the independent
• Linearity Theorem voltage and current sources. We can then use nodal analysis to find all
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition node voltages in terms of the source values.
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
(1) Label all the nodes
• Single Variable Source (2) KCL equations
• Superposition and Power
X−U1
• Proportionality
2 +X 1 +
X−Y
3 =0
• Summary
Y −X
3 + (−U2 ) = 0
(3) Solve for the node voltages
X = 13 U1 + 32 U2 , Y = 13 U1 + 11
3 U2
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Suppose we use variables instead of fixed values for all of the independent
• Linearity Theorem voltage and current sources. We can then use nodal analysis to find all
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition node voltages in terms of the source values.
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
(1) Label all the nodes
• Single Variable Source (2) KCL equations
• Superposition and Power
X−U1
• Proportionality
2 +X 1 +
X−Y
3 =0
• Summary
Y −X
3 + (−U2 ) = 0
(3) Solve for the node voltages
X = 13 U1 + 32 U2 , Y = 13 U1 + 11
3 U2
Steps (2) and (3) never involve multiplying two source values together, so:
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Suppose we use variables instead of fixed values for all of the independent
• Linearity Theorem voltage and current sources. We can then use nodal analysis to find all
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition node voltages in terms of the source values.
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
(1) Label all the nodes
• Single Variable Source (2) KCL equations
• Superposition and Power
X−U1
• Proportionality
2 +X 1 +
X−Y
3 =0
• Summary
Y −X
3 + (−U2 ) = 0
(3) Solve for the node voltages
X = 13 U1 + 32 U2 , Y = 13 U1 + 11
3 U2
Steps (2) and (3) never involve multiplying two source values together, so:
Linearity Theorem: For any circuit containing resistors and independent
voltage and current sources, every node voltage and branch current is a
P
linear function of the source values and has the form ai Ui where the Ui
are the source values and the ai are suitably dimensioned constants.
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Suppose we use variables instead of fixed values for all of the independent
• Linearity Theorem voltage and current sources. We can then use nodal analysis to find all
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition node voltages in terms of the source values.
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
(1) Label all the nodes
• Single Variable Source (2) KCL equations
• Superposition and Power
X−U1
• Proportionality
2 +X 1 +
X−Y
3 =0
• Summary
Y −X
3 + (−U2 ) = 0
(3) Solve for the node voltages
X = 13 U1 + 32 U2 , Y = 13 U1 + 11
3 U2
Steps (2) and (3) never involve multiplying two source values together, so:
Linearity Theorem: For any circuit containing resistors and independent
voltage and current sources, every node voltage and branch current is a
P
linear function of the source values and has the form ai Ui where the Ui
are the source values and the ai are suitably dimensioned constants.
Also true for a circuit containing dependent sources whose values are
proportional to voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit.
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts
• Linearity Theorem between its terminals for any current. It is
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition equivalent to a short-circuit or piece of wire
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
or resistor of 0 Ω (or ∞ S).
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts
• Linearity Theorem between its terminals for any current. It is
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition equivalent to a short-circuit or piece of wire
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
or resistor of 0 Ω (or ∞ S).
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts
• Linearity Theorem between its terminals for any current. It is
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition equivalent to a short-circuit or piece of wire
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
or resistor of 0 Ω (or ∞ S).
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
A zero-valued current source has no current
flowing between its terminals. It is equivalent
to an open-circuit or a broken wire or a
resistor of ∞ Ω (or 0 S).
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A zero-valued voltage source has zero volts
• Linearity Theorem between its terminals for any current. It is
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition equivalent to a short-circuit or piece of wire
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
or resistor of 0 Ω (or ∞ S).
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
A zero-valued current source has no current
flowing between its terminals. It is equivalent
to an open-circuit or a broken wire or a
resistor of ∞ Ω (or 0 S).
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and 10X − 3U − V − 6W = 0
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and 10X − 3U − V − 6W = 0
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
X = 0.3U + 0.1V + 0.6W
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and 10X − 3U − V − 6W = 0
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
X = 0.3U + 0.1V + 0.6W
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and 10X − 3U − V − 6W = 0
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
X = 0.3U + 0.1V + 0.6W
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and 10X − 3U − V − 6W = 0
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
X = 0.3U + 0.1V + 0.6W
• Proportionality
• Summary
We have XU = aU + b × 0 + c × 0 = aU .
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and 10X − 3U − V − 6W = 0
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
X = 0.3U + 0.1V + 0.6W
• Proportionality
• Summary
We have XU = aU + b × 0 + c × 0 = aU .
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and 10X − 3U − V − 6W = 0
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
X = 0.3U + 0.1V + 0.6W
• Proportionality
• Summary
We have XU = aU + b × 0 + c × 0 = aU .
4: Linearity and
Superposition
We can use nodal analysis to find X in terms of U , V and W .
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
KCL: X−U
2 + X−V
6 + X1 − W = 0
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and 10X − 3U − V − 6W = 0
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
X = 0.3U + 0.1V + 0.6W
• Proportionality
• Summary
We have XU = aU + b × 0 + c × 0 = aU .
Similarly, XV = bV and XW = cW ⇒ X = XU + XV + XW .
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Superposition:
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Find the effect of each source on its own
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation by setting all other sources to zero. Then
• Superposition and
dependent sources
add up the results.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Superposition:
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Find the effect of each source on its own
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation by setting all other sources to zero. Then
• Superposition and
dependent sources
add up the results.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary 6
6
XU = 7
2+ 76
U= 20 U = 0.3U
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Superposition:
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Find the effect of each source on its own
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation by setting all other sources to zero. Then
• Superposition and
dependent sources
add up the results.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary 6
6
XU = 7
2+ 76
U= 20 U = 0.3U
2
2
XV = 3
6+ 32
V = 20 V = 0.1V
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Superposition:
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Find the effect of each source on its own
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation by setting all other sources to zero. Then
• Superposition and
dependent sources
add up the results.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary 6
6
XU = 7
2+ 76
U= 20 U = 0.3U
2
2
XV = 3
6+ 32
V = 20 V = 0.1V
6 2 12
XW = 6+ 32
W× 3 = 20 W = 0.6W
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Superposition:
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Find the effect of each source on its own
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation by setting all other sources to zero. Then
• Superposition and
dependent sources
add up the results.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary 6
6
XU = 7
2+ 76
U= 20 U = 0.3U
2
2
XV = 3
6+ 32
V = 20 V = 0.1V
6 2 12
XW = 6+ 32
W× 3 = 20 W = 0.6W
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Superposition:
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Find the effect of each source on its own
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation by setting all other sources to zero. Then
• Superposition and
dependent sources
add up the results.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary 6
6
XU = 7
2+ 76
U= 20 U = 0.3U
2
2
XV = 3
6+ 32
V = 20 V = 0.1V
6 2 12
XW = 6+ 32
W× 3 = 20 W = 0.6W
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1
• Summary
Y = 2U1
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1 + 2U2
• Summary
Y = 2U1 + 6U2
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1 + 2U2 + 61 V
• Summary
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1 + 2U2 + 61 V
• Summary
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1 + 2U2 + 61 V
• Summary
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1 + 2U2 + 61 V
• Summary
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1 + 2U2 + 61 V
• Summary
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1 + 2U2 + 61 V
• Summary
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
4: Linearity and
Superposition
A dependent source is one that is determined by the voltage and/or current
• Linearity Theorem elsewhere in the circuit via a known equation. Here V , Y − X .
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation Step 1: Pretend all sources are independent
• Superposition and
dependent sources
and use superposition to find expressions for
• Single Variable Source the node voltages:
• Superposition and Power 10
• Proportionality X= 3 U1 + 2U2 + 61 V
• Summary
Y = 2U1 + 6U2 + 21 V
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Any current or voltage can be written X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . ..
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Any current or voltage can be written X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . ..
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Using nodal analysis (slide 4-2) or else
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation superposition:
• Superposition and
dependent sources X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 .
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Any current or voltage can be written X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . ..
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Using nodal analysis (slide 4-2) or else
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation superposition:
• Superposition and
dependent sources X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 .
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
Suppose we know U2 = 6 mA
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Any current or voltage can be written X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . ..
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Using nodal analysis (slide 4-2) or else
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation superposition:
• Superposition and
dependent sources X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 .
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
Suppose we know U2 = 6 mA, then
• Summary
X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 = 13 U1 + 4.
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Any current or voltage can be written X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . ..
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Using nodal analysis (slide 4-2) or else
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation superposition:
• Superposition and
dependent sources X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 .
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
Suppose we know U2 = 6 mA, then
• Summary
X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 = 13 U1 + 4.
If all the independent sources except for U1
have known fixed values, then
X = a1 U1 + b
where b = a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . . .
4: Linearity and
Superposition
Any current or voltage can be written X = a1 U1 + a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . ..
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources Using nodal analysis (slide 4-2) or else
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation superposition:
• Superposition and
dependent sources X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 .
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
Suppose we know U2 = 6 mA, then
• Summary
X = 31 U1 + 23 U2 = 13 U1 + 4.
If all the independent sources except for U1
have known fixed values, then
X = a1 U1 + b
where b = a2 U2 + a3 U3 + . . . .
4: Linearity and
Superposition
The power absorbed (or dissipated) by a component always equals V I
• Linearity Theorem where the measurement directions of V and I follow the passive sign
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition convention.
• Superposition Calculation
V2
• Superposition and
dependent sources For a resistor V I = R = I 2 R.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
The power absorbed (or dissipated) by a component always equals V I
• Linearity Theorem where the measurement directions of V and I follow the passive sign
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition convention.
• Superposition Calculation
V2
• Superposition and
dependent sources For a resistor V I = R = I 2 R.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power (U1 +U2 )2
• Proportionality Power in resistor is P = 10 = 6.4 W
• Summary
4: Linearity and
Superposition
The power absorbed (or dissipated) by a component always equals V I
• Linearity Theorem where the measurement directions of V and I follow the passive sign
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition convention.
• Superposition Calculation
V2
• Superposition and
dependent sources For a resistor V I = R = I 2 R.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power (U1 +U2 )2
• Proportionality Power in resistor is P = 10 = 6.4 W
• Summary
U12
Power due to U1 alone is P1 = 10 = 0.9 W
4: Linearity and
Superposition
The power absorbed (or dissipated) by a component always equals V I
• Linearity Theorem where the measurement directions of V and I follow the passive sign
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition convention.
• Superposition Calculation
V2
• Superposition and
dependent sources For a resistor V I = R = I 2 R.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power (U1 +U2 )2
• Proportionality Power in resistor is P = 10 = 6.4 W
• Summary
U12
Power due to U1 alone is P1 = 10 = 0.9 W
U22
Power due to U2 alone is P2 = 10 = 2.5 W
4: Linearity and
Superposition
The power absorbed (or dissipated) by a component always equals V I
• Linearity Theorem where the measurement directions of V and I follow the passive sign
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition convention.
• Superposition Calculation
V2
• Superposition and
dependent sources For a resistor V I = R = I 2 R.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power (U1 +U2 )2
• Proportionality Power in resistor is P = 10 = 6.4 W
• Summary
U12
Power due to U1 alone is P1 = 10 = 0.9 W
U22
Power due to U2 alone is P2 = 10 = 2.5 W
4: Linearity and
Superposition
The power absorbed (or dissipated) by a component always equals V I
• Linearity Theorem where the measurement directions of V and I follow the passive sign
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition convention.
• Superposition Calculation
V2
• Superposition and
dependent sources For a resistor V I = R = I 2 R.
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power (U1 +U2 )2
• Proportionality Power in resistor is P = 10 = 6.4 W
• Summary
U12
Power due to U1 alone is P1 = 10 = 0.9 W
U22
Power due to U2 alone is P2 = 10 = 2.5 W
You must use superposition to calculate the total V and/or the total I and
then calculate the power.
4: Linearity and
P
Superposition From the linearity theorem, all voltages and currents have the form ai Ui
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
where the Ui are the values of the independent sources.
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation If you multiply all the independent sources by the same factor, k , then all
• Superposition and
dependent sources voltages and currents in the circuit will be multiplied by k .
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power The power dissipated in any component will be multiplied by k 2 .
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
P
Superposition From the linearity theorem, all voltages and currents have the form ai Ui
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
where the Ui are the values of the independent sources.
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation If you multiply all the independent sources by the same factor, k , then all
• Superposition and
dependent sources voltages and currents in the circuit will be multiplied by k .
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power The power dissipated in any component will be multiplied by k 2 .
• Proportionality
• Summary
Special Case:
If there is only one independent source, U , then all voltages and currents
are proportional to U and all power dissipations are proportional to U 2 .
4: Linearity and
P
Superposition • Linearity Theorem: X = i ai Ui over all independent sources Ui
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
• Superposition and
dependent sources
• Single Variable Source
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality
• Summary
4: Linearity and
P
Superposition • Linearity Theorem: X = i ai Ui over all independent sources Ui
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources • Superposition: sometimes simpler than nodal analysis, often more
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
insight.
• Superposition and
dependent sources
◦ Zero-value voltage and current sources
• Single Variable Source ◦ Dependent sources - treat as independent and add dependency
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality as an extra equation
• Summary
4: Linearity and
P
Superposition • Linearity Theorem: X = i ai Ui over all independent sources Ui
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources • Superposition: sometimes simpler than nodal analysis, often more
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
insight.
• Superposition and
dependent sources
◦ Zero-value voltage and current sources
• Single Variable Source ◦ Dependent sources - treat as independent and add dependency
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality as an extra equation
• Summary
• If all sources are fixed except for U1 then all voltages and currents in
the circuit have the form aU1 + b.
4: Linearity and
P
Superposition • Linearity Theorem: X = i ai Ui over all independent sources Ui
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources • Superposition: sometimes simpler than nodal analysis, often more
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
insight.
• Superposition and
dependent sources
◦ Zero-value voltage and current sources
• Single Variable Source ◦ Dependent sources - treat as independent and add dependency
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality as an extra equation
• Summary
• If all sources are fixed except for U1 then all voltages and currents in
the circuit have the form aU1 + b.
• Power does not obey superposition.
4: Linearity and
P
Superposition • Linearity Theorem: X = i ai Ui over all independent sources Ui
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources • Superposition: sometimes simpler than nodal analysis, often more
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
insight.
• Superposition and
dependent sources
◦ Zero-value voltage and current sources
• Single Variable Source ◦ Dependent sources - treat as independent and add dependency
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality as an extra equation
• Summary
• If all sources are fixed except for U1 then all voltages and currents in
the circuit have the form aU1 + b.
• Power does not obey superposition.
• Proportionality: multiplying all sources by k multiplies all voltages and
currents by k and all powers by k 2 .
4: Linearity and
P
Superposition • Linearity Theorem: X = i ai Ui over all independent sources Ui
• Linearity Theorem
• Zero-value sources • Superposition: sometimes simpler than nodal analysis, often more
• Superposition
• Superposition Calculation
insight.
• Superposition and
dependent sources
◦ Zero-value voltage and current sources
• Single Variable Source ◦ Dependent sources - treat as independent and add dependency
• Superposition and Power
• Proportionality as an extra equation
• Summary
• If all sources are fixed except for U1 then all voltages and currents in
the circuit have the form aU1 + b.
• Power does not obey superposition.
• Proportionality: multiplying all sources by k multiplies all voltages and
currents by k and all powers by k 2 .