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1 Digital ModSig Pres
1 Digital ModSig Pres
1 DIGITAL MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
or
sBPSK t d t A cos 0t (1.4)
Transmitter / receiver / carrier recovery.
Fig. 1.1. Transmitter. receiver and Carrier recovery for BPSK signals.
1
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
2
0.5
A Tb
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-15 T -10
Tb-5 0 5 Tb 10
T 15
b b
(a)
2
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
2
0.5
A Tb/4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-50 -40
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20
30 40 50
(b)
Fig. 1.2. aPSD of the base band BPSK signal (a) and of the modulated BPSK signal (b)
The signal can be filtered such that to keep only the main lobe of the
2
sinc 2 function, reducing the bandwidth to ML
BBPSK , but in this case
Tb
3
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
d 2 n
d 1 0
Pc s1
P s1 n 0 P n 0 P n
2 2 2 2
e 2 2 dn0
(1.24)
n02 d 2 Eb
1 d 4 E
1 e 2 2 dn 1 Q 1 Q 1 Q b
1 Q
N
2 2
0
2 2N N0
d 0 4 0
2 2
where
x2
1
Q( x)
x 2
e 2 dx (1.25)
The overall error probability is then, assuming that the signals are equally
likely
1 1 2 Eb
Pc Pc Pc 1 Q
2 s1
2 s2 N
0
(1.27)
2 Eb
Pe 1 Pc Q
N 0
4
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
Therefore, in BPSK with squaring circuit carrier recovery, we are not able
to determine whether the transmitted base band signal have been d(t) or its
negative -d(t).This problem is known as 1800 phase ambiguity of BPSK.
The differential phase shift keying (DPSK) and differential encoded phase
shift keying (DEPSK) eliminates the 1800 phase ambiguity of BPSK;
moreover, DPSK does not need synchronous demodulation.
The DPSK modulator is shown in figure 1.5. The source data stream is
applied on one entry to an exclusive OR (XOR) gate; on the other entry is
applied the XOR output, delayed with one bit interval Tb . The XOR gate output
is then modulated on the high frequency carrier by multiplying with A cos 0 t
5
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
If we assign to “0” logic a value of -1V and to “1” logic a value of 1V, then
we observe that if we make the product between b t and b t Tb we obtain
the inverted value of d t , as shown in table 1.1. This observation will be
used in demodulation the DPSK signal.
Table 1.1.
d(t) b(t-Tb) b(t) b(t) b(t-Tb)
logic Voltage logic voltage logic level voltage
level level
0 -1V 0 -1V 0 -1V 1V
0 -1V 1 1V 1 1V 1V
1 1V 0 -1V 1 1V -1V
1 1V 1 1V 0 -1V -1V
6
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
7
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
(1.35)
d e 2 cos (2i 1) ; d o 2 sin ( 2i 1) (1.36)
4 4
This allows as introducing a phasor diagram that shows the signal changes, for
OQPSK and QPSK, as shown in figure 1.10.
8
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
sin sin
180 0
90 0 cos 90 0 cos
are:
1
p1 t t t 2Tb
2
1
(1.37)
p 2 (t ) (t Tb ) (t Tb )
2
Their Fourier Transforms are
9
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
1 e j 2Tb Tb 2 j sin Tb e jTb 2Tb sinc Tb e jTb Ts sinc Ts e j 2
Ts
1 1
P1
2 j 2 jTb 2 2
P2
1 1
e jTb e jTb Tb 2 j sin Tb 2Tb sinc Tb Ts sinc Ts
2 j 2 jTb 2 2
(1.38)
the
The baseband average power spectral density
A2 A2 T
P1 P2 A 2Ts sinc 2 s
2 2
G z ( ) (1.39)
Ts Ts 2
so the bandwidth of the QPSK is twice the bandwidth of BPSK. The aPSD of
the QPSK and BPSK modulated signals are represented in figure 1.12. The
aPSD of the modulated signal is
1 1
GBPSK ( f ) Gz ( f f 0 ) Gz ( f f 0 ) (1.40)
4 4
aPSK(dB)
BPSK
QPSK
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-10 -5 0 5 10
-1/Tb -1/Ts 1/Ts 1/Tb
Fig.1.12. The base band average Power Spectral Density of QPSK / BPSK
Note: As in BPSK case the side lobes of the sinc 2 function decrease with 6
db / octave. It can be proven that 99% of the energy of the base band signal is
16 8
comprised in a bandwidth of 99%
BBPSK around origin. However, in
Ts Tb
many practical applications we can consider that is transmitted only the main
2 1
lobe of the aPSD. so ML
BBPSK . In this case Inter Symbol Interference
Ts Tb
10
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
two orthogonal vectors that establish the coordinate system. They are
2 1
1 (t ) cos 0 t cos 0 t , t 0,2Tb (1.41)
Ts Tb
2 1
2 (t ) sin 0t sin 0t , t Tb , Tb (1.42)
Ts Tb
It can be proven that they are orthogonal one another and normalized,
Ts Ts Ts
12 (t ) 1;
0
22 (t ) 1;
0
0
1 (t ) 2 (t ) 0 (1.43)
11
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
where the noise components no(t), ne(t) are independent Gaussian variables with
N0
zero mean and variance 2
2
2 2 d 2 2
e 2 dn1 d 2 2
e 2 dn2
2 2 (1.47)
2
d d
Q2 1 Q
2 2
12
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
-5
QPSK
-10
-15
-20
10* log10(Pe)
BPSK
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eb/N0 dB
we take N bits at a time, we will form an N bit symbol, with the symbol
period Ts= N Tb, creating M=2N possible symbols that differ in phase by
2/M. Within a symbol period, the MPSK signal is, then,
sMPSK (t ) t 0,T A cos(0t m ) A cosm cos 0t A sin m sin 0t
s
pe ( in phase ) po ( quadrature )
(1.53)
m (2m 1) ; M 0, M 1
M
The MPSK transmitter block diagram is shown in figure 1.15. The Serial to
parallel (S/P) converter stores N bits of a symbol, that comes serially from
the data source, and transmits them in parallel; its output stays unchanged
on a duration of NTb = Ts sec. At each Ts time the S/P converter output is
updated. Then, the Digital–to– Analog (D/A) converter generates an output
voltage with 2N = M different values, in one to one correspondence to the
possible symbols applied at the input. The output signal, (sm), depends on the
transmitted symbol sm (m = 0.. M-1). Finally the sinusoidal source generates
13
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
po t cos 2m 1
M ; t 0, Ts ; Ts NTb
(1.55)
pe t sin 2m 1 ; t 0, Ts Ts NTb
M
The MPSK receiver and carrier recovery schemes are shown in figure 1.16.
It can be shown, by mathematical induction, that
1
cos M 0 t ( 2m 1) ... M 1 cos M 0 t ( 2m 1)
M low freq components
2 M
1
(1.55)
... M 1 cos M 0 t ( 2m 1)
low freq components
2
14
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
The demodulator separates at the integrator outputs the I/O components that
changes every TS=MTb by using an integrate and dump converter on every Ts
interval. The integrate and dump circuits outputs are
Ts
AT
A cos cos t sin sin t cos t 2
0
m 0 m 0 o
s
cos m
Ts (1.56)
AT s
A cos m cos 0t sin m sin 0t sin o t sin m
0
2
the power spectral densities of the base band in phase and quadrature signals
are
1 2 T T
Go ( ) P0 ( ) 2 A2TS sinc 2 S cos 2 m A2TS sinc 2 S
TS 2 1
2
2
(1.57)
1 2 T T
Ge ( ) Pe ( ) 2 A2TS sinc 2 S sin 2 m A2TS sinc 2 S
TS 2 1 2
2
15
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
1 1 T
S zz Go Ge 2 A 2TS sinc 2 S (1.58)
Ts Ts 2
2 2
so the bandwidth is B T
NTb .
S
0 QPSK
10
16PSK
-1
8PSK
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
1/4Tb 1/3Tb 1/2Tb 1/Tb
Fig.1.17. The base band average Power Spectral Density of BPSK, QPSk, 8PSK, 16PSK
the MPSK signal transmitted into a given symbol interval is can be written as
TS T
sm (t ) pe 1 (t ) po S 2 (t ) (1.60)
2 2
where p e cos 2m 1 , m = 0. M-1 represents the in phase data and
M
po sin 2m 1 is the quadrature data. The signal coordinates are
M
16
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
T TS
s 0 A S cos , A sin
2 M 2 M
T 3 TS 3
s1 A S cos , A sin
2 M 2 M (1.61)
......
T TS
s M 1 A S cos 2 , A sin 2
2 M 2 M
Taking into account that
TS A 2TS
A ES (1.62)
2 2
The distance between two neighboring signal points is
d 2 E S sin 4 E S sin 2 (1.63)
M M
2(t)
s1
sS0
2/M
/M R0
/M 1(t)
sM-1
ES
It is obvious that, as the number of points increases, the distance between two
adjacent points decreases. For small values of /M, we can approximate
4 2 E S 4 2 NEb
sin so that d 2 (1.64)
M M M2 M2
where it has been taken into account that TS NTb and 2 N M
17
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
Assuming that s1 was transmitted, an error occurs when, due to the noise, the
received signal corresponding vector is placed outside the decision region R1
4 NEb 2Q 2 NEb
2 2
d d d
P e | s1 P n 2 P n 2Q 2Q (1.65)
2 2 2 2 N0 N0M 2
4M
2
4 2 NE
1 2Q 2 NE2 b
2
d d
P c | s1 P n 1 2Q 1 2Q b
2 2 4M 2 0N N0M
2
(1.66)
so the upper limit for the error probability is
1 M
1 2 2 NE
Pc
M
P c | si M
MP c | s1 1 2Q
N0M 2
b
i 1
2 2 NE
Pe 1 Pc 2Q b
N0M 2
(1.67)
If we want to keep the error probability unchanged as the number of signals
increases we must impose
2 NEb 2 NEb
k const. (1.67)
N0 M 2 N0 22N
leading to
Eb k 2 2 N
(1.68)
N0 2 N
This relation shows that signal to noise ratio increases in exponential manner
with N
One idea to decrease the error probability is to let the in phase and quadrature
components might have different amplitudes, keeping thus the distance
18
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
between signal points constant. In this case the signal obtained will be
modulated both in amplitude
The transmitted signal in any k-the symbol interval is one of the M=2N
possible ones
2
S i (t ) Ai cos 0t Bi sin 0t , kTs t k 1Ts
TS (1.77)
Ai , Bi a, 3a, ,
M 1 a , M 2 N
where a is a parameter chosen such that the average energy is the same for all
signals. Assuming that the signals are equally likely, results
M
Ai , Bi (2i 1)a | i 1,
2
(1.78)
1
p Ai p Bi
M
Using
n
n( n 1)
i 1 2
n (1.79)
n( n 1)(2n 1)
1
i2
6
(1.80)
The symbol energy is, then,
2 Ai Bi
TS TS 2 2
2
ES si2 (t )dt Ai cos 0t Bi sin 0t dt
2
TS
TS TS 2 2
0 0 (1.81)
2 2 a 2 (2M 1) a 2 (2M 1)
Ai Bi
3 3
3E
resulting the parameter a 2(2 M S 1) , where ES =NEb average energy per
symbol.
19
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
In the following we will consider the case of 16QAM (M=16, N=4). This
means that, for each symbol, four bits are taken from the source.
Ae t , Ao t a, 3a , t 0, Ts , Ts 4Tb (1.82)
Those signals are then multiplied with the in phase and quadrature carrier
components and summed in order to be transmitted. The block diagram is shown
in figure 1.19. The 16QAM transmitted signal is
s16QAM t A Ae t cos 0 t Ao t sin 0 t (1.83)
20
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
21
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
2 2
B (1.86)
Ts NTb
N0
where the variance of noise vector projections on both axes is nI2 nq2
2
22
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
In BFSK modulation scheme, the binary data waveform d(t) generates the
signal
vBFSK t A cos0t d t t ; t 0, Tb (1.92)
dt 1 vBFSK t s H t A cos 0 t , t 0, Tb
d t 1 vBFSK t s L t A cos 0 t t o, Tb
(1.93)
23
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
+1V +1V 0
-1V 0 +1V
the BFSK signal can be generated by using two balanced modulators, one for
multiplying p H t with cos H t and the other for multiplying p L t with
cos L t , The block diagram of BFSK modulator is shown in figure 1.22.
pH t A p H t cos H t
A cos H t
s BFSK t
A cos L t A p L t cos L t
pL t
Envelope
detector
H
FTB
sBFSK(t)
Comparator
B=2fb
Envelope
detector
L
FTB
24
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
1 1
pL t p L (t ); p ' L t 1,1
2 2
1 1
(1.95)
p H t p H (t ); p ' H t 1,1
2 2
The BFSK signal can be rewritten as
s BFSK t A cos H t A cos L t A p H t cos H t A p L t cos L t (1.96)
The first two terms in (1.96) produce a power spectral density which
consists of two Dirac-type impulses, one at H and one at L. The last two terms
produce the spectrum of two BPSK signals centered arround H and L. The
power spectral density of BFSK signal is shown in figure 1.23.
since, in this case, the two main lobe of the sinc functions does not overlap, so
we can distinguish, without difficulty, the binary waveform of d(t). The occupied
bandwidth, dictated by the main lobe of the DSP is, in this case
8 4
2BBFSK ,min BBFSK ,min 4 fb (1.98)
Tb Tb
25
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
These vectors are m-th and n-th harmonics of the (fundamental) bit frequency fb.
Different harmonics (m ± n) are orthogonal over the interval of the fundamental
period Tb = 1/fb, since their scalar product
1 2 b
Tb T Tb
1 , 2 1 t 2 t dt cos 2 m n f b t dt cos 2 m n f b t dt
2 Tb 0
0 0
1 sin 2 m n f t Tb
sin 2 m n f b t
Tb
b
0
Tb 2 m n f b 0
2 m n f b 0
(1.100)
Selecting f H mf b , f L nf b , from (1.97) we have mn 2. The
corresponding signal vectors are
sH t Eb 1 t
(1.101)
sL t Eb 2 t
A 2Tb
where Eb is the bit energy. The signal space representation is shown in
2
figure 1.23.
2 t
sL t
d 2Eb
Eb
1 t
Eb sH t
The signals, like the unit vectors are orthogonal. The distance between signal
end points is d = 2 Eb , smaller then the distance separating end points of
BPSK signals, which are antipodal. The error probability is
d d Eb
Pe P n Q Q
(1.102)
2 2 N 0
26
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
The error probability in dB versus the signal to noise ratio for BPSK and BFSK
signals is represented in figure 1.24. It can be seen that BPSK acieves better
performances then BFSK, since the distance between the two signal points is
larger.
-5
-10
-15
BFSK
-20
-25
10*log10(Pe)
BPSK
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Eb/N0 dB
Fig. 1.24. Error probablity in dB versus signal to noise ratio for BPSK and BFSK
The MFSK modulator block diagram is shown in figure 1.25. The data
stream is converted into a N bit symbol by the Serial to Parallel (S/P)
converter; its outpus stays unchanged on a duration of Ts NTb sec. The
Digital to Analog (D/A) converter generates an output voltage, v s m , with
27
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
0
1 Sine wave
v(sm) source with SMFSK(t)
d(t) S/P D/A
the frequency
Converter Converter
controlled by
(sm)
N-1
28
Chapter 1. Digital Modulation Techniques
f 0 kf S ; f1 k 2 f S ; f 2 k 4 f S ; f 2 k 3 f S ; ... f N k 2 N f S (1.105)
The power spectral density of the MFSK signal is shown in figure 1.27.
The occupied bandwidth is, in this case, minimum,
fb
B 2 Mf S 2 N 1 f S 2 N 1 (1.106)
N
In the case of orthogonal MFSK, the base vectors are the normalized
signal vectors
29
Data transmissions and multiple access techniques
2 1 1
1 t cos 2kf S t , fS
Tb TS NTb
2
2 t cos 2 k 2 f S t
Tb (1.107)
2
2 t cos 2 k 4 f S t
Tb
......
Es
2 Es
1 t
Es
Es
3 t
Since the signals are equally likely, the probability of correct reception for
all M signals is
M
M
1 d
Pc
i 1
p si P c | s i M
M 1 Q 2
(1.109)
30