Lecture - 7

2.6 Loo
op Antenna
The far fields of an eleectrically smaall loop anten
nna are depenndent on the looop area but are independdent of
the loop shape.
s Here we
w considered a square loop p, for finding out the far-fiield of an elecctrically smalll loop
antenna. The
T square lo oop, located in the x-y plaane and centeered at the cooordinate oriigin, is assum med to
have an arrea of l and carry a uniforrm current I 0 .
2

The squarre loop may be b viewed ass four segmen nts which eacch represent aan infinitesimmal dipole carrrying
current in
n a different direction.
d In th
he far field, th
he distance vvectors from tthe centers off the four segmments
become allmost parallell.
l
R1  r  sin  sin 
2
l
R2  r  sin  cos 
2
l
R3  r  sin  sin  (2..38)
2
l
R4  r  sin  cos 
2

metry for a squ

2.8 Geom uare loop
As always in far field expressions, the above approximations are used in the phase terms of the magnetic
vector potential, but we may assume that R1  R2  R3  R4  r for the magnitude terms. The far
field magnetic vector potential of a z-directed infinitesimal dipole centered at the origin is

 I 0l  jkr
A e az
4 r

The individual far field magnetic vector potential contributions due to the four segments of the current
loop are

 l 
 I l  jk  r  sin  sin  
A1  0 e  2 ax
4 r
 l 
 I l  jk  r  sin  cos 
A2  0 e  2 ay
4 r
 l 
 I l  jk  r  sin  sin  
A3  0 e  2 (a x )
4 r
 l 
 I l  jk  r  sin  cos 
A4  0 e  2 (a y )
4 r (2.39)

Combining the x-directed terms yields

  jk l sin  sin  jk l sin  sin  

 jkr e 2 e 2 
 I 0l 


a  I 0l  jkr  kl 
A1  A3  e x j e sin  sin  sin   a x
4 r 2 r 2 

Combining the y-directed terms yields

 jk l sin  cos   jk l sin  cos  

 jkr e 2 e 2 
 I 0l 


a  I 0l  jkr  kl 
A2  A4  e y  j e sin  sin  cos   a y
4 r 2 r 2 

For an electrically small loop (l << ), the arguments of the sine functions above are very small and may
be approximated according to

sin( x )  x x 1

which gives

k  I 0l 2  jkr
A1  A3   j e sin  sin  ax
4 r
 k  I 0l 2  jkr
A2  A4  j e sin  cos a y
4 r

The overall vector potential becomes

A  A1  A2  A3  A4
k  I 0 S  jkr
 j
4 r
e 
sin   sin  a x  cos  a y 

where S  l = loop area. The bracketed term above is the spherical coordinate unit vector
2 a .

k  I 0 S  jkr
A j e sin  a
4 r

This is far field magnetic vector potential for a electrically small current loop.

The corresponding far fields are

 k  I 0 S  jkr
E   j A  e sin  (2.40)
4 r
  k  I 0 S  jkr
H  j A   e sin  (2.41)
  4 r

k          2   k 2

Again the far field can be expressed as:
 k 2 I 0 S  jkr
E  e sin 
4 r
k 2 I 0 S  jkr (2.42)
H    e sin 
4 r
The fields radiated by an electrically small loop antenna can be increased by adding multiple turns. For
the far-field, the added height of multiple turns is immaterial and the resulting far fields for a multiple
turn loop antenna can be found by simply multiplying the single turn loop antenna fields by the number of
turn N. So the far-field for electrically small multiple turn current loop is

 k 2 NI 0 S  jkr
E  e sin 
4 r
(2.43)
k 2 NI 0 S  jkr
H    e sin 
4 r

After finding the field components, the other parameters of the antenna can be found out by using the
procedure discussed in Module – I and in the present Module (Module – II).