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Harbola Notes 001
Harbola Notes 001
2.1 (i)
y
T(y)
L
y
T(y+y)+
And taking limit y 0 leads to the differential equation for T(y). The equation
is
dT M
g
dy l
1
2.2 Torque r F
It is given that r 2iˆ ˆj and the force has magnitude 50N and acts in the direction
of vector 3iˆ 2 ˆj . Thus the force is 50 times the unit vector in the direction of the
given vector. This gives
3iˆ 2 ˆj
F 50
13
100N
100N
3 1
F 100 iˆ ˆj
2 2
The left end is at position r 2iˆ 2 ˆj and the force at this end is
2
3 1
F 100 iˆ ˆj
2 2
8iˆ 2 ˆ
j 100
2
3 ˆ
i
1 ˆ
2
j
ˆ 2 ˆ
2i j 100
2
3 ˆ
i
1 ˆ
2
j ˆ
10i 100
500k ˆ
(c) Torques about all the points are equal because the net force on the rod is zero.
3
2.4 (a)
TA TB
3m
A B
1m 0.5m
30N
70N 120N
(b) F y 0 gives
T A TB 220 (i)
Net torque about A is zero, which gives
3TB 1 70 1.5 30 2.5 120
415
(ii)
2.5 Component of force in the plane perpendicular to the axis is F cos at a distance of R
from the axis.
Therefore the torque about the axis is RF cos
4
N1
N2
N1, N2 and W are three forces in a plane. Thus they must pass through one common
point for equilibrium. So the equilibrium conditions are only the force conditions.
F horizontal 0 gives
N 1 sin N 2 cos
F vertical 0 gives
N 1 cos N 1 sin W
5
2.7 Free-body diagram of the plank
N 2m
Ry
1m 100N
0.2m
Rx
Nground
6
F 294 sin
0.2 294
59 N
This gives
R y 100 288 188 N
Minus sign in front implies that the direction is opposite to that shown in the free-body
diagram above.
N2
N1
F
W
leading to
25
F 8.8 N
8
2.9 Free body diagram of the painting
7
T
N1 N2
N1+N2
Fx
W W
N1 and N2 are equal because the component of torque perpendicular to the wall must vanish.
This gives
N1=N2=25N
Balancing the component of torque parallel to the wall taken about the lower end of the
painting gives
20 3 T 10 50
giving
25
T 14.4 N
3
8
2.10 We first calculate the forces at the ends of the rod. These forces are applied by the
supports. After finding the forces on the rod, we then calculate the forces and the
torques applied by the wall on the supports.
N1 N2
140cm
60cm
35N
F1 F2
1 2
5cm 5cm
N1 N2
N 1 N 2 35
140 N 2 60 35 N 2 15N
This gives
N 1 20 N
Now balancing vertical forces and the torque on the supports gives
9
For the left support F1=20N and 1 0.05 20 1Nm
For the right support F2=15N and 2 0.05 15 0.75 Nm
2.11
Ry 60cm
Rx
40cm
40N
To find the force applied by the plastic block, we balance torque about the upper left corner.
This leads to
40 N 30 40 N 30 N
10
30N
40cm
40N
30N
90cm
ĵ Rx Nx
Ny
Ry
iˆ 20N
To find Ny, we balance the torque on the table about its left hand edge to get
90 Ny 45 20 Ny 10 N
11
By balancing the vertical forces, we get Ry 10 N . The negative sign tells us that the force is
direction opposite to that shown above.
Free-body diagram of one of the rods
Ry
2
30
Rx
2
Sx
Sy
90cm
30 Nx
Ny
20N
2Sy 2Sx
To get Nx, we balance the component of the torque coming out of the paper on the entire system
about the lower hinge. This gives
30 3 Nx 45 20 Nx 10 3N
The negative sign again tells us that the direction of the force is opposite to that shown.
Balancing the horizontal component of the force on the table then gives Rx 10 3 N
12
Rx ˆ Ry ˆ
Note: The net force on each rod on its upper end is i j 5 3iˆ 5 ˆj which is along
2 2
the rod as it must be for the equilibrium of a rod held at its ends.
Balancing the horizontal and vertical components of forces on each rod gives
Rx
Sx 5 3N and Sy 5 N
2
Thus the net force on each rod is 10N compressive.
2.13 Free body diagrams of the two side portions and the portion AC over the pulley:
N
TA TC
TA
TC
RM
g
L
F
L2 M
g
L
L1 M
g
L
Tension TA and TC at both ends of the portion over the pulley is the same because the torque
L1
about the centre must vanish. This gives T A TC Mg
L
Free body diagrams of the portion AB and BC
13
Neffy Neffy
Neffx Neffx
TB TB
RM RM
g g
2L 2L
TA TC
Notice that Torque of the normal reaction about the centre of the cylinder vanishes because for
each small portion of the rope over the cylinder, the normal reaction is radial. Thus T A (or TC)
and TB cannot be equal because they together provide a torque to balance the torque due to the
weight of the rope. Balancing the torque about the centre on AB gives
R RM R M
R TA g R TB TB L1 g
2 2L 2 2 L
Thus if the net force by the cylinder on the rope is Neff at an angle from the horizontal then by
force balance
R M R M
N eff sin L1 g N eff cos L1 g
2 L 2 2 L
Note that Neff acts at a point different from the centre of BC because on different infinitesimal
portions it is different.
2.14 The support does not apply any torque about the x-axis. All other components and torques
are balanced by the support.
2.15 When forces are applied at two points of the rod, force balance demands that the force be
equal and opposite. However two such forces acting at two different points will give rise to
a couple moment. The couple moment is zero only if the forces point along the rod (see
figure below)
14
Couple moment non-zero Couple moment zero
2.16 Let cables OA and OC make angle 1 and OB and OD angle 2 with the vertical. Then
balancing the vertical forces gives
2T (sin 1 sin 2 ) 45000
2.17 The torque direction is given by the direction of cross product ˆF
n , which is
perpendicular to n̂ . This implies there is no component of the torque in the direction of
n̂ .
Therefore the force that must be applied to the plate to keep it in equilibrium is
F 120iˆ 50 ˆ
j . Since there are only three forces acting on the body, they must all pass
through the same point so that their net torque is zero. This is shown in figure below.
15
A B
D C
50
is at an angle tan
1
The force F 120iˆ 50 ˆ
j 22.6 from the line DC.
120
Thus it does not pass through O and intersects with side AD and diagonal BD of the square.
Therefore:
(i) It is not possible to keep the square in equilibrium by applying the third force at O.
(ii) It is possible to keep the square in equilibrium by applying the third force at a point
on BD.
Equation of BD with O as origin is y x
a 5 3a
Equation of line along which the third force acts is y x
2 12 2
3
Solving the two equations gives y x a
34
This gives the distance of point O = 0.125a
1 3
And from B = 2 a 0.58a
2 34
(iii) It is clear that for equilibrium, the force can be applied only on AD and BC.
16
Chapter 3
3.1 For the three trusses shown, m = 21, j = 12. Thus they all satisfy 2j-3 = m. Thus they are
all simple trusses.
3.2 Showing that pin E is in equilibrium
There are five forces acting on E of which two (FE and ED) are horizontal, two (CE and
the external load) are vertical and one (BE) is at an angle. We wish to check if the
horizontal and vertical forces add up to zero. It is solved in 3.1 that
5000 5000 2
FFE N Tensile , FBE N Tensile
3 3
10,000 10,000
FCE N Tensile , FDE N Tensile
3 3
Since all the forces are tensile, they all pull the pin. In addition there is the external load
of 5000N vertically down.
The net horizontal force is
F x FFE FBE cos 45 FDE
5000 1 5000 2 10000
3 2 3 3
0
3.3 (i) The truss has 4 members and 4 joints. Number of force balance equations therefore is
8 (2number of joints). On the other hand, number of forces available is only 7
(3+number of members), which implies that the truss will not be stable and will collapse.
In terms of stability condition 2 j 3 m which implies that the truss will collapse.
(ii) If we add one more member to the truss, i.e make m = 5, then 2 j 3 m is satisfied
and the truss becomes stable and a simple truss. Let us add a member across AC.
To find forces in each member we start by first finding the forces applied by the
external supports. The free-body diagram of the truss is as follows:
17
B C
NAy
NAx 5000N
A D
ND
The direction of the forces applied by the external supports has been anticipated as
shown. To find ND, we balance torque about A to get
2 N D ( 2 1.5 cos 60) 5000
N D 6875N
2.75 5000
Now balancing the vertical and horizontal forces on the truss gives
NAx = 0 and NAy = 1875N
The negative sign again tells us that the direction of the force is opposite to that
shown.
We begin to apply the method of joints from point D since at this point there are two
unknown forces FAD and FCD. Assuming these forces to be tensile gives the free body
diagram of joint D as follows
FCD
60
FAD
6875N
18
The negative sign shows that the force FCD is compressive and not tensile as assumed.
Balancing the horizontal forces on point D gives
FCD cos 60 FAD 0 FAD 3969 N
The negative sign again shows that the force FAD is compressive and not tensile as assumed.
Next we go to point A and balance the forces there. The free body diagram of point A is
FAB
FAC
60
3969N
1875N
In drawing the figure above, we have shown the direction of FAD according to it being a
compressive force.
The length of rod AC is = 2 1.5 cos 60 2 1.5 sin 60
2
3.04 m
So
1.5 sin 60 2 1.5 cos 60
sin 0.427 and cos 0.904
3.04 3.04
Now balancing the horizontal forces at A gives
FAB sin 60 FAC sin 1875
19
FAB = 0 FAC = 4390N (tensile) and FBC = 0.
Finally to check our answer we make the forces at point C and see if they all balance. The
free body diagram of point C is
7939N
60
5000N
4390N
20
Ry
B 30cm C
Rx
20cm
30N
N
A
Since point C is in equilibrium under one known and two unknown forces, both unknown
forces can be determined easily. The forces on C look as follows
FAC
FBC
30N
21
2
With sin this implies FAC = 54N (compressive)
13
Balancing the horizontal forces at C gives
3
FBC FAC cos 54 45N (tensile)
13
The only force left is at AB. We calculate this by balancing forces acting on pin A, which
look as follows.
FAB
N
FAC
This gives
FAB FAC sin 30 N
Additionally we can also solve for the normal reaction N and the forces Rx and Ry. These
are
N = 54N, Rx = 45N, and Ry = 30N
3.5 Rod AB provides a vertical force to hold pin A. However if it is removed and the vertical
force is provided by a fixed pin joint, the structure will remain stable because we need
3j=6 forces for equilibrium of 3 joints; two of these are provided by the fixed supports
and two by the two members. The forces in the members remain the same. So do the
forces by the two support except that the fixed point at A also provides a vertical fore of
30N that was earlier provided by member AB.
22
Ry
B C
Rx
N
A D
100N
Since pin D has only two unknown forces acting on it, we can start our calculations from this
point onwards. The forces on D are
FCD
FAD
100N
Next we go to pin C and balance the forces there. The forces acting on C are
23
FAC
FBC
100N
FAB
N
100 2 N
24
Ry
C D
Rx
B
500N
Ny
Nx
A E
(i) There are 4 reaction forces at the supporting pins at A and B. In addition the forces
generated by the members of the truss equal 6. This makes the total number of forces
available = 10. The number of joints in the truss is 5 that require exactly 10 number
of forces for equilibrium. Thus the truss is a stable one.
(ii) It is also statically determinate since the number of forces available is equal to the
number of equations to be satisfied for equilibrium.
(iii) First we find Nx by balancing the torque about point B. This gives
0.75 Nx 1.5 500 Nx 1000N
25
FED
FCD
500N
Nest we go to pin E because it has two unknown forces acting on it. The forces are as
follows
FCE
FAE
26
Next we go to pin at A. The forces there are
Ny
1000N
500N
FAC
and
Ny 500 N (tensile)
Finally we go to point C where only one force FBC is unknown. The forces on C are
FAC
FBC 500N
500N
27
3.8 Since each member of the truss weighs 50N, at each pin we take the load by each pin at
that point to be 25N. The free body diagram of the truss is as follows; here each small
arrow pointing down indicates the weight of the truss member, acting at its centre.
NBy
NBx
C
B
D
A
E
1000N
NE
We firs find NE. To do this we balance the torque about B. This gives
l 3l
l NE 150 l 50 100 2l 1000 N E 2275N
2 2
This immediately gives, by balancing forces on the entire truss
NBx = 0 and NBy = 925N
The negative sign showing that the force I opposite to the direction assumed in the figure
above.
We begin at pin D as there are two unknown forces there. The force diagram on pin D is as
follows (there are two members meeting at pin D that give a load of 225=50N there)
28
FCD
FDE
1050N
and
FDE 1050 N (compressive)
Next we go to pin E. The forces acting there are (including 325=75N from 3 members)
2275N
1050N FAE
FCE +75N
and
FAE 1050 N (compressive)
Next we go to pin A. The forces acting there are (including 325=75N from 3 members)
29
FAB FAC
1050N
75N
and
FAB 75 1050 N 975 N FAB 975 N (compressive)
Net we move to point B where the forces are (including 225N=50N from two members)
FAB
FBC
50N
925N
3.9 Free body diagram of the truss with the weight of each member included. The free body
diagram is then as follows.
30
B C
NA ND
A
F E D
Nx
5000N
Balancing the vertical and horizontal forces on the truss, this gives
11750
NA and Nx 0
3
For calculating force in members, we take the weight of each member shared equally at each
joint. The forces on A are (including the weight of two members)
11750
N
3
FAF
500N
FAB
F 10250
F x 0 gives FAF AB
2 3
N (tensile )
Next we go to point F. The forces at point F are (including the weight of three members)
31
FBF
10250
N
3 FFE
750N
4832N
FBC
750N
FBE
1000N
FBE 4832
F y 0 gives
2
1000 750
2
FBE 2357 N (tensile)
4832 2357
F x 0 gives FBC
2
2
0 FBC 5083N
Negative sign above means that the direction of the force is opposite to the one assumed. So
32
We next consider point C and balance the forces there. The forces at point C are (including
FCD
5083N
750N
FCE
FCD
F x 0 gives
2
5083 FCD 7188 N (compressiv e)
FCD
F y 0 gives FCE 750
2
5083 FCE 4333N (tensile )
16750
Next we go to pin D where the normal reaction is N and balance the forces there. The
3
force diagram there is (including 500N form the weight of two members)
16750
N
3
FED
500N
7188N
It is easily seen that the vertical forces balance at this point. This points to the correctness of our
33
As a final check we should check whether all the calculated forces balance at pin E. The forces
2357N 4333N
N
5083N
1000N
5000N
All these forces balance as can be seen by calculating the net x and y components of the
2000N
NBy
C
1000N
NBx B D
A E
NE
8000
3 N E 4 2000 NE
3
2000
NBx = 1000 N and NBy = N
3
Negative sign above means that the direction of the force is opposite to the one assumed.
34
We begin at pin D. The forces there are
FED
FCD
1000N
2000N
1 1.5 2 1
In the diagram above cos 0.667 and sin 0.745
1.5 1.5
Balancing the vertical forces gives
FED sin 2000 FED 2683N (compressive)
FAE
FCE
2683N
35
Next we go to pin A. The forces there are
FAC
1192N
FAB
895N
2789N
FBC
895N
The vertical forces are already balanced here. Balancing the horizontal forces gives
FBC 2 895 cos 2789 FBC 1596N(tensile)
To check our answers, we finally balance the forces at pin B and see if they all balance there.
At pin B the forces are as follows
36
895N
1596N
1000N
It is easily seen that all the forces above balance. So our answers are all consistent.
B C D
NAy NE
NAx
A H G F E
353000N
37
Let us now consider forces at each pin one by one. Each pin has the following forces
288000
acting on it: The weight of the road divided over 5 pins, which is 57600 N ;
5
the weight of the members at that pin; and the forces applied by the members.
Let us now balance forces at point E. The forces on pin E are (including the weight of
the members)
176500N
FEF
57600N FDE
5000N
Next we consider pin D. The forces on pin D are (including the weight of the
members)
38
142375N
FCD
FDF
7500N
Next we look at pin F. The forces there are (including the weight of the members)
106400N
FGF 85425N
57600N FCF
10000N
By symmetry of the problem, forces on the members to the left of member CG will be
exactly the same as on the corresponding members to its right. The only force that we
now have to calculate is on member CG. For this we consider point G. Two horizontal
39
forces at G are by HG and GF and are equal to 114525N each. The forces at point G are
then given as
FCG
114525N 114525N
57600N
7500N
Finally we check our answer at point C. The forces there (including the weight of 5
members meeting there) are
48500N 48500N
85425N 85425N
65100N FCF
12500N
As is easily seen, the forces at C balance and therefore our calculations have been
consistent throughout.
40
2000N 1000N
NA NE
C
B D
RA
A H G F E
1000N
FEF
E
FDE
41
Nest we go to pin D. The forces there are
FDF
2236N
D
FCD
FDF = 0
FCF
0N
FGF
F 2000N
42
2000N
FAH
A
FAB
Next we go to point B. Here there are four forces acting and each pair (FBH and 2000N; and
FBC and 4472N) has two forces in opposite directions. Thus without solving the detailed
force balance equations, we can directly write
FBH = 2000N (compressive) and FBC = 4472N (compressive)
Next we go to point H and balance the forces there. The forces there are as follows
FCH
45
2000N
4000N H
2000N
43
2236N
4472N
1000N
2000 2 N
As is easily seen, the horizontal a n vertical forces all balance at C. Thus our answers are all
correct.
To calculate the forces by method of sections, we make a cut through the truss so that it
passes the concerned members. In the present case we take the following section of the truss
and show various forces on that section.
2000N
2000N
FCB
B FCH
FGH
A H
In the figure above, FCH is determined easily by taking torque about A since the torque due to
FCB and FGH both vanish about A. This gives
FCH
AH AH 2000 FCH 2000 2 N (tensile)
2
To find FCB, we balance the vertical component of the forces to get
FCH 2000
FCB sin 0 FCB 4472N
2 sin
Negative sign here means that the force is opposite to the direction assumed and therefore is
compressive in nature.
Finally, balancing the horizontal forces leads to
44
FCH
FGH FCB cos 0 FGH 2000 4472 0.894 2000 N (tensile)
2
3.13 The free-body diagram of the truss on one side is as follows (Notice that the weight of the
truck is equally divided between the two trusses)
B C D
NE
NA
A E
RA
H G F
50kN
FCD D
37.5 kN
E
FGF F
FGD
50kN
To find FGF, we balance torque about point D about which the torques due to FCD and FGD
vanish. This gives
45
4 37.5 5 FGF FGF 30kN (tensile)
To obtain FCD, we take torque about point where FDG and FGF intersect, which is point G.
This leads to
5 FCD 8 37.5 4 50 FCD 20kN (compressive)
Now we balance the horizontal and vertical forces on the truss. Balancing horizontal forces
gives
4
FGD 20 30 0 FGD 16kN
41
Negative sign here means that the force is opposite to the direction assumed and therefore is
compressive in nature.
To find the forces in the members BC and BG, we make a cut through the members BC, BG
and HG as follows and then calculate the forces.
B FBC
12.5 kN
A
FGH
H
FBG
To obtain FBC, we take torque about point where FGH and FBG intersect, which is point G.
This leads to
5 FBC 8 12.5 FBC 20kN (compressive)
Finally we get FBG by balancing vertical and horizontal forces. Horizontal force balance
gives
4
FBG 10 FBG 16kN (tensile)
41
Finally to find FCG, we make the following cut through the truss
46
B FCG D
37.5kN
12.5kN
A E
H G F
50kN
47
Chapter 4
4.1
N
s
Frictional
force
F Applied force
max
4.2 Since the block is in equilibrium under three forces, the three forces must pass through
the same point. Thus the normal reaction will be at the point where the arrow showing
the weight meets the inclined plane. This is shown below.
f
N
mg
48
N
F
f
mg
Since the maximum frictional force f max N , for equilibrium we should have
mg
F sin mg F cos F
sin cos
4.4 We consider two different situations when the weight on the table is about to move to the
left or to the right. When it is about to move to the left, its free body diagram will look
as follows
10g
mg
50g
49
Since
f N
We have
f 10 g mg 0.1 50 g 5m
Thus the minimum value of m is 5kg when the frictional force is at its maximum pointing to the
right. As m is increased above 5kg, frictional force becomes less and less, eventually changing
direction and attaining its maximum value pointing left. In that situation, the free body diagram
of the block on the table is as follows.
10g
mg
50g
Thus
5 m 15
4.5 Taking the x axis along the plane and the y axis perpendicular to the plane, the free-body
diagram of the block looks as follows.
50
Y
N
X
F 30º
30º
F
100g
4.6 Free body diagram of the box when it is about to move (i.e. the frictional force is at its
maximum) is shown below
N
F
h b
N
mg
51
When the box is about to move, the friction is at its maximum and is equal to N. The force F
also equals N at this point. This creates a couple that is counterbalanced by the couple formed
by the weight of the box mg and N (=mg). This is the reason that N shifts towards the direction
a
of the push. However, the maximum couple moment that can be created by mg and N is mg .
2
Thus for the box not to topple, the couple created by F and the friction should remain less than
a
mg . Thus implies
2
a a
h mg mg h
2 2
4.7 suppose each break show makes an angle at the centre as shown below
The force F is assumed distributed uniformly over the shoe. Then the torque due to the
frictional force will be
2 F b 3 a 3 2 F a 2 ab b 2
b
Fr
r dr
2 3 b 2 a 2 a b
a
2
b a 2 3
4 F a 2 ab b 2
3 a b
4.8 It is given that mass M is balanced by mass m. The contact angle is π. Since each time the
string is wound once more around the rod, the mass M that can be balanced by m becomes
twice as large, we have
M m exp( )
2M m e xp(3
) 2 e xp(2 )
4M m e xp(5 )
52
L1
4.9 Neglecting the length of the rope passing over the pulley, we have mass M on one
L1 L2
L2
side of the pulley that is balanced by mass M on the other side. Thus we have
L1 L2
L1 L2
Mg exp( ) Mg L1 exp( ) L2
L1 L2 L1 L2
An interesting possibility exists if a person had pulled the weight down and then slowly
brought it to equilibrium. In that case the tension will work in the other direction and
m 5 exp(0.2 / 2) 3.65kg
4.11 There is a range of M2 that exists because frictional force can act with its maximum value
in one direction to the maximum in the other direction. Largest value of M2 is when the
mass M1 is about to slide up the plane. The free body diagram of M1 in that case is as
follows
53
N
T
M1g
The contact angle between the rope and the pulley is
2
Since the rope has a tendency to move clockwise, the frictional force due to the pulley will be
acting counterclockwise. Thus we have
M 2 g T exp 2 M 2 g M 1 g sin 1 cos exp 2
2 2
Thus
M 2 M 1 sin 1 cos exp 2
2
The other extreme is when the mass M1 is about to slide down the plane. In that case the free
body diagram of M1 is
N
T
M1g
Thus we have
T M 1 g sin 1 M 1 g cos M 1 g (sin 1 cos )
54
Now the rope has a tendency to move counterclockwise, the frictional force due to the pulley
will be acting clockwise. Thus we have
M 2 g exp 2 T M 2 g M 1 g sin 1 cos exp 2
2 2
Thus
M 2 M 1 sin 1 cos exp 2
2
4.12 Free body diagram of the tire when it is loaded and is about to roll is as follows
f
W N
55
56